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[Extract from the Preface] The 12th International Coral Reef Symposium (ICRS 2012), held in Cairns, Queensland, Australia from July 9-13th, 2012, was attended by nearly 2000 delegates. The program included over 1500 talks and posters. We are pleased to present the Proceedings, which contains almost 200 contributions from scientists around the world arising from the Symposium. The Proceedings encompass a broad spectrum of coral reef science, and demonstrates a growing expansion from the biological and earth sciences to non-traditional disciplines, including the social sciences and economics. The trend in earlier ICRS Symposia, towards a larger contribution from the fields of conservation planning and management, continued in Cairns in 2012. The Symposium also included an increased focus on climate change and ocean acidification, as well as reef management and governance issues including the Coral Triangle Initiative. For the first time in the history of ICRS Symposia, the organizers of the meeting invited submission of manuscripts for peer review prior to the Symposium so that delegates could receive the Proceedings when they arrive at the Symposium. We hope the benefits of rapid publication will allow prompt dissemination of the latest breakthroughs in coral reef science, and stimulate further advances in the knowledge necessary for sustaining the world's coral reefs. An additional advantage of rapid publication is the benefit of immediately placing the Proceedings online on the ICRS 2012 website (http://www.icrs2012.com/), where it is freely accessible to a global audience. The Symposium website will also archive many other outcomes of ICRS 2012, including video recordings of the Plenary Talks. We thank the WorldFish Center in Penang, Malaysia, for agreeing to upload the ICRS 2012 Proceedings to ReefBase (http://www.reefbase.org) along with earlier ICRS Symposia.
Scientists at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore have discovered a surprisingly simple way to create exotic light structures called optical skyrmions using a 200-year-old optical effect known as the Poisson spot。 Instead of relying on expensive, highly engineered materials, they simply shine a laser at a tiny circular disc, producing sta
A new particle detector called PLATON could replace millions of tiny detector components with a single block of light-producing material。 Using a light-field camera, highly sensitive photon sensors, and AI, it reconstructs particle paths in fast, detailed 3D。 Simulations suggest it could match or surpass today’s best detectors while being far easie
Researchers have achieved a major milestone by creating a long-sought two-dimensional quantum material and confirming its unusual conducting edge states。 The ability to control these states through strain could make the material a promising platform for future room-temperature quantum electronics
Researchers are applying evolutionary theory to cancer by changing treatments before tumors have time to develop resistance。 Mathematical models suggest that rapid, carefully timed switches between multiple therapies could improve cure rates
A new review highlights exciting progress in atomically thin quantum materials where light and magnetism work together in ways never before possible。 In these materials, light-generated excitons can interact directly with magnetic behavior, creating opportunities to control magnetic states using light alone。 Scientists believe this could pave the w
NASA has chosen 41 commercial technology projects that could solve critical challenges for future missions to the Moon and Mars。 From powering lunar outposts to protecting spacecraft from Moon dust, the innovations are designed to push both space exploration and the commercial space economy forward
A new study suggests the brain begins making decisions much earlier than scientists previously thought。 Researchers found that even primary sensory regions are influenced by higher brain areas through rapid feedback loops, rather than simply passing information forward。 This more dynamic view of brain function could help engineers design future AI
A catastrophic asteroid breakup may have triggered a huge wave of impacts across the inner solar system about 800 million years ago。 The debris was launched from near a gravitational gateway controlled by Jupiter, sending fragments toward Earth, the Moon, and Mars。 The bombardment may explain ancient lunar craters and could have contributed to majo
Scientists have created a programmable optical chip that can slow light on demand, giving engineers far greater control over how optical signals propagate through a circuit。 The technology could provide the delays, synchronization, and buffering functions needed to make light-based computing more practical。 A single chip could eventually perform se
NatGeo's Pompeii: Out of Time fuses historical fact and imagination to bring city's last 24 hours to life
A newly discovered turning point in the Sun’s 11-year cycle could allow scientists to predict future solar activity years earlier than before。 At this “switch-off” point, the most violent space weather abruptly ends, and the remaining number of sunspots offers clues about the next cycle’s strength。 Early projections suggest Solar Cycle 26 may be mo
A new book claims AI has been built on a flawed assumption dating back to Alan Turing's famous 1950 paper。 Denning argues that the most important parts of human intelligence, including common sense, intuition, culture, and practical know-how, cannot be encoded into computers。 He believes this makes true human-level AI impossible, regardless of how
Scientists are testing two promising ways to destroy PFAS, the stubborn “forever chemicals” that can accumulate in water and resist normal treatment。 One method uses collapsing vapor bubbles to generate extreme heat and reactive molecules, while the other uses cold plasma and rising gas bubbles to pull PFAS to the surface and break them apart