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This book should be of interest to practicing bridge designers and researchers investigating the seismic design of bridges. It is appropriate for graduate courses or upper level undergraduate courses in seismic design of bridges. The approach relies heavily on the principles of capacity design, where a strength hierarchy is established in a bridge to ensure that damage is controllable and occurs only where the designer intends. This approach, which is well established for seismic design of buildings, has been extended and modified to reflect the special demands and characteristics of bridges. Particular emphasis is placed on designing adequate displacement and ductility capacity into new bridges, with less significance placed on strength. The book is developed around two alternative design strategies: the traditional force-based approach where force levels are related to acceleration spectra, with checks to ensure adequate displacement capacity exists, and the newer displacement-based design approach, where displacements are the starting point in the design. Introductory chapters discuss design philosophy and its impact on the performance of bridges in recent earthquakes, seismicity and soils effects, including liquefaction, in a form facilitating understanding by structural engineers, and the importance of rational consideration, from a seismic design viewpoint, of the various structural configuration possibilities in the conceptual design phase. Extensive discussion of analysis is provided in Chapter 4, with emphasis on the importance of realistic modeling assumptions and appropriate choice of analytical tools. Chapters 5 to 8 provide detailed information on the design of new bridges and the assessment and retrofit of existing bridges. A separate chapter is devoted to design and retrofit using seismic isolation and dissipation devices. Many design and analysis examples, some quite extensive in scope, are included. Design aids in the form of charts and tables are also provided. An index is provided.

Over 500 failures of bridge structures in the United States between 1989 and 2000 were studied. The age of the failed bridges ranged from 1 year (during construction) to 157 years, with an average of 52.5 years. The most frequent causes of bridge failures were attributed to floods and collisions. Flood and scour, with the major flood disaster in 1993, contributed to the frequency peak of bridge failures (almost 53% of all failures). Bridge overload and lateral impact forces from trucks, barges/ships, and trains constitute 20% of the total bridge failures. Other frequent principal causes are design, detailing, construction, material, and maintenance. Comparison made among three periods of similar studies (1977–1981, 1982–1988, and 1989–2000) revealed almost similar trends, with most failures occurring during the bridge’s service life. Also, human-induced external events occurred frequently in all three periods, but were most dominant in the first and third periods. Technological advances in information systems have a great impact on data collection and analysis.

Abstract Bridge regression, a special family of penalized regressions of a penalty function Σ|βj|γ with γ ≤ 1, considered. A general approach to solve for the bridge estimator is developed. A new algorithm for the lasso (γ = 1) is obtained by studying the structure of the bridge estimators. The shrinkage parameter γ and the tuning parameter λ are selected via generalized cross-validation (GCV). Comparison between the bridge model (γ ≤ 1) and several other shrinkage models, namely the ordinary least squares regression (λ = 0), the lasso (γ = 1) and ridge regression (γ = 2), is made through a simulation study. It is shown that the bridge regression performs well compared to the lasso and ridge regression. These methods are demonstrated through an analysis of a prostate cancer data. Some computational advantages and limitations are discussed.

The writers compare the flutter phenomena of the suspension bridge and the airfoil and employ a free-oscillation experimental method to measure model bridge flutter coefficients analogous to airfoil flutter coefficients. They employ the airfoil as a check on the experimental method, both as a theoretical backdrop and to test out the nature of aerodynamic oscillatory forces under exponentially modified motion. A short catalogue of bridge deck flutter coefficients is then experimentally obtained and presented covering a range of bridge deck forms. Detailed results are described to account for a number of phenomena observed in the wind tunnel and in the field.

During El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, the atmospheric response to sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the equatorial Pacific influences ocean conditions over the remainder of the globe. This connection between ocean basins via the ‘‘atmospheric bridge’ ’ is reviewed through an examination of previous work augmented by analyses of 50 years of data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction– National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis project and coupled atmospheric general circulation (AGCM)–mixed layer ocean model experiments. Observational and modeling studies have now established a clear link between SST anomalies in the equatorial Pacific with those in the North Pacific, north tropical Atlantic, and Indian Oceans in boreal winter and spring. ENSO-related SST anomalies also appear to be robust in the western North Pacific during summer and in the Indian Ocean during fall. While surface heat fluxes are the key component of the atmospheric bridge driving SST anomalies, Ekman transport also creates SST anomalies in the central North Pacific although the full extent of its impact requires further study. The atmospheric bridge not only influences SSTs on interannual timescales but also affects mixed layer depth (MLD), salinity, the seasonal evolution of upper-ocean temperatures, and North Pacific SST variability at lower frequencies. The model results indicate that a significant fraction of the dominant pattern of low-frequency (�10

This paper argues that the bridges and tails seen in some multiple galaxies are just tidal relics of close encounters. These consequences of the brief but violent tidal forces are here studied in a deliberately simple-minded fashion: Each encounter is considered to involve only two galaxies and to be roughly parabolic; each galaxy is idealized as just a disk of noninteracting test particles which initially orbit a central mass point. As shown here, the two-sided distortions provoked by gravity alone in such circumstances can indeed evolve kinematically into some remarkably narrow and elongated features: (i) After a relatively direct passage of a small companion, the outer portions of the primary disk often deform both into a near-side spiral arm or "bridge" extending toward this satellite, and into a far-side "counterarm." (ii) A similar encounter with an equal or more massive partner results typically in a long and curving "tail" of escaping debris from the far side of the victim disk, and in an avalanche of near-side particles, most of which are captured by the satellite. Besides extensive pictorial surveys of such tidal damage, this paper offers reconstructions of the orbits and outer shapes of four specific interacting pairs: Arp 295, M51 + NOC 5195, NGC 4676, and NOC 4038/9. Those models can be found in the fairly self-explanatory figures 19, 21, 22, and 23. Also discussed are some closely related issues of eccentric bound orbits, orbital decay, accretion, and forced spiral waves.

Condensation of 1,4-dimethoxybenzene (DMB) with paraformaldehyde in the presence of BF3.O(C2H5)2 gave novel para-bridged pentacyclic pillar DMB (DMpillar[5]arene). Moreover, para-bridged pentacyclic hydroquinone (pillar[5]arene) was prepared. Pillar[5]arene formed 1:1 host-guest complexes with dialkyl viologen and alkyl pyridinium derivatives. However, pillar[5]arene did not form complexes with the diadamantyl viologen derivative since a bulky adamantyl group was unable to thread the cavity of pillar[5]arene.

A hydrogen bond, X-H...A, is an interaction wherein a hydrogen atom is attracted to two atoms, X and A, rather than just one and so acts like a bridge between them. This attraction always increases with increasing electronegativity of X and A, and in the classical view all hydrogen bonds are highly electrostatic and sometimes even partly covalent. Gradually, the concept of a hydrogen bond became more relaxed to include weaker interactions, provided some electrostatic character remains. In the limit, these weak hydrogen bonds have considerable dispersive-repulsive character and merge into van der Waals interactions. A great variety of hydrogen bonds are observed in the solid state and the aim of this article is to highlight some features common to all these bonds and further to suggest that the term hydrogen bridge is perhaps a better descriptor for them. Such a description recognizes an interaction without borders and one that admits of much variation in its relative covalent, electrostatic, and van der Waals content.

The performance of a high-power, high-power-density DC-to-DC converter based on the single-phase dual active bridge (DAB) topology is described. The dual active bridge converter has been shown to have very attractive features in terms of low device and component stresses, small filter components, low switching losses, high power density and high efficiency, bidirectional power flow, buck-boost operation, and low sensitivity to system parasitics. For high output voltages, on the order of kilovolts, a cascaded output structure is considered. The effects of snubber capacitance and magnetizing inductance on the soft switching region of control are discussed. Various control schemes are outlined. Coaxial transformer design techniques have been utilized to carefully control leakage inductance. The layout and experimental performance of a prototype 50 kW 50 kHz unit operating with an input voltage of 200 V DC and an output voltage of 1600 V DC are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging manual has become the benchmark for classifying patients with cancer, defining prognosis, and determining the best treatment approaches. Many view the primary role of the tumor, lymph node, metastasis (TNM) system as that of a standardized classification system for evaluating cancer at a population level in terms of the extent of disease, both at initial presentation and after surgical treatment, and the overall impact of improvements in cancer treatment. The rapid evolution of knowledge in cancer biology and the discovery and validation of biologic factors that predict cancer outcome and response to treatment with better accuracy have led some cancer experts to question the utility of a TNM-based approach in clinical care at an individualized patient level. In the Eighth Edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, the goal of including relevant, nonanatomic (including molecular) factors has been foremost, although changes are made only when there is strong evidence for inclusion. The editorial board viewed this iteration as a proactive effort to continue to build the important bridge from a "population-based" to a more "personalized" approach to patient classification, one that forms the conceptual framework and foundation of cancer staging in the era of precision molecular oncology. The AJCC promulgates best staging practices through each new edition in an effort to provide cancer care providers with a powerful, knowledge-based resource for the battle against cancer. In this commentary, the authors highlight the overall organizational and structural changes as well as "what's new" in the Eighth Edition. It is hoped that this information will provide the reader with a better understanding of the rationale behind the aggregate proposed changes and the exciting developments in the upcoming edition. CA Cancer J Clin 2017;67:93-99. © 2017 American Cancer Society.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRelation between the singlet-triplet splitting and the copper-oxygen-copper bridge angle in hydroxo-bridged copper dimersVan H. Crawford, H. Wayne. Richardson, John R. Wasson, Derek J. Hodgson, and William E. HatfieldCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1976, 15, 9, 2107–2110Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50163a019https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50163a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2401Altmetric-Citations876LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

UNLABELLED: Microarray technology has become a standard molecular biology tool. Experimental data have been generated on a huge number of organisms, tissue types, treatment conditions and disease states. The Gene Expression Omnibus (Barrett et al., 2005), developed by the National Center for Bioinformatics (NCBI) at the National Institutes of Health is a repository of nearly 140,000 gene expression experiments. The BioConductor project (Gentleman et al., 2004) is an open-source and open-development software project built in the R statistical programming environment (R Development core Team, 2005) for the analysis and comprehension of genomic data. The tools contained in the BioConductor project represent many state-of-the-art methods for the analysis of microarray and genomics data. We have developed a software tool that allows access to the wealth of information within GEO directly from BioConductor, eliminating many the formatting and parsing problems that have made such analyses labor-intensive in the past. The software, called GEOquery, effectively establishes a bridge between GEO and BioConductor. Easy access to GEO data from BioConductor will likely lead to new analyses of GEO data using novel and rigorous statistical and bioinformatic tools. Facilitating analyses and meta-analyses of microarray data will increase the efficiency with which biologically important conclusions can be drawn from published genomic data. AVAILABILITY: GEOquery is available as part of the BioConductor project.

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a heterodimeric cytokine produced mostly by phagocytic cells in response to bacteria, bacterial products, and intracellular parasites, and to some degree by B lymphocytes. IL-12 induces cytokine production, primarily of IFN-gamma, from NK and T cells, acts as a growth factor for activated NK and T cells, enhances the cytotoxic activity of NK cells, and favors cytotoxic T lymphocyte generation. In vivo IL-12 acts primarily at three stages during the innate resistance/adaptive immune response to infection: 1. Early in the infection, IL-12 is produced and induces production from NK and T cells of IFN-gamma, which contributes to phagocytic cell activation and inflammation; 2. IL-12 and IL-12-induced IFN-gamma favor Th1 cell differentiation by priming CD4+ T cells for high IFN-gamma production; and 3. IL-12 contributes to optimal IFN-gamma production and to proliferation of differentiated Th1 cells in response to antigen. The early preference expressed in the immune response depends on the balance between IL-12, which favors Th1 responses, and IL-4, which favors Th2 responses. Thus, IL-12 represents a functional bridge between the early nonspecific innate resistance and the subsequent antigen-specific adaptive immunity.

Aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with poor long-term survival after relapse or resistance to chemotherapy. We report a case of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma refractory to first-line R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) and second-line R-DHAP (rituximab, dexamethasone, cytarabine, and cisplatin) chemotherapy treatments. The patient achieved remission with single-agent pixantrone, and received a consolidation with high-dose BEAM (BCNU, etoposide, cytarabine, and melphalan) chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation. He received consolidation radiotherapy on the site of bulky disease. At 20 months from transplant, the disease is in continuous complete remission. The successful use of pixantrone as a bridge to transplant is highlighted, together with the absence of serious side effects.

Although the performance of person Re-Identification (ReID) has been significantly boosted, many challenging issues in real scenarios have not been fully investigated, e.g., the complex scenes and lighting variations, viewpoint and pose changes, and the large number of identities in a camera network. To facilitate the research towards conquering those issues, this paper contributes a new dataset called MSMT171 with many important features, e.g., 1) the raw videos are taken by an 15-camera network deployed in both indoor and outdoor scenes, 2) the videos cover a long period of time and present complex lighting variations, and 3) it contains currently the largest number of annotated identities, i.e., 4,101 identities and 126,441 bounding boxes. We also observe that, domain gap commonly exists between datasets, which essentially causes severe performance drop when training and testing on different datasets. This results in that available training data cannot be effectively leveraged for new testing domains. To relieve the expensive costs of annotating new training samples, we propose a Person Transfer Generative Adversarial Network (PTGAN) to bridge the domain gap. Comprehensive experiments show that the domain gap could be substantially narrowed-down by the PTGAN.

The half-bridge series-resonant, parallel-resonant, and combination series-parallel resonant converters are compared for use in low-output-voltage power supply applications. It is shown that the combination series-parallel converter, which takes on the desirable characteristics of the pure series and the pure parallel converter, avoids the main disadvantages of each of them. Analyses and breadboard results show that the combination converter can run over a large input voltage range and a large load range (no load to full load) while maintaining excellent efficiency. A useful analysis technique based on classical AC complex analysis is introduced.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

The Institute of Medicine study Crossing the Quality Chasm (2001) recommended that an interdisciplinary summit be held to further reform of health professions education in order to enhance quality and patient safety. Health Professions Education: A Bridge to Quality is the follow up to that summit, held in June 2002, where 150 participants across disciplines and occupations developed ideas about how to integrate a core set of competencies into health professions education. These core competencies include patient-centered care, interdisciplinary teams, evidence-based practice, quality improvement, and informatics. This book recommends a mix of approaches to health education improvement, including those related to oversight processes, the training environment, research, public reporting, and leadership. Educators, administrators, and health professionals can use this book to help achieve an approach to education that better prepares clinicians to meet both the needs of patients and the requirements of a changing health care system.

The origin, termination, and length of axonal growth after focal central nervous system injury was examined in adult rats by means of a new experimental model. When peripheral nerve segments were used as "bridges" between the medulla and spinal cord, axons from neurons at both these levels grew approximately 30 millimeters. The regenerative potential of these central neurons seems to be expressed when the central nervous system glial environment is changed to that of the peripheral nervous system.

In an El Nin o event, positive SST anomalies usually appear in remote ocean basins such as the South China Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the tropical North Atlantic approximately 3 to 6 months after SST anomalies peak in the tropical Pacific. Ship data from 1952 to 1992 and satellite data from the 1980s both demonstrate that changes in atmospheric circulation accompanying El Nin o induce changes in cloud cover and evaporation which, in turn, increase the net heat flux entering these remote oceans. It is postulated that this increased heat flux is responsible for the surface warming of these oceans. Specifically, over the eastern Indian Ocean and South China Sea, enhanced subsidence during El Nin o reduces cloud cover and increases the solar radiation absorbed by the ocean, thereby leading to enhanced SSTs. In the tropical North Atlantic, a weakening of the trade winds during El Nin o reduces surface evaporation and increases SSTs. These relationships fit the concept of an ''atmospheric bridge'' that connects SST anomalies in the central equatorial Pacific to those in remote tropical oceans.