搜索结果：tropicale

Ipê trees (Bignoniaceae), mainly belonging to the genus Handroanthus, are widely used in urban landscaping and reforestation programs in Brazil. Anthracnose, typically associated with species of Colletotrichum, represents one of the major diseases affecting ipê seedlings and ornamental trees. However, the etiological agents involved have not yet been fully clarified using modern phylogenetic tools. In this study, we identified Colletotrichum species associated with anthracnose in ipê trees from Pernambuco, Brazil. A total of 22 isolates were obtained from symptomatic leaves of Handroanthus impetiginosus and H. chrysotrichus. Species identification was based on multilocus phylogenetic analyses using CAL, GAPDH, GS, and TUB2 loci. The isolates were assigned to three species: Colletotrichum siamense, C. tropicale, and C. karsti. Colletotrichum siamense was the most prevalent species (50%), followed by C. tropicale (36.3%), while C. karsti represented 13.7% of the isolates. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that all isolates were pathogenic to both ipê species, producing typical anthracnose symptoms. Aggressiveness differed between hosts, with H. impetiginosus showing higher susceptibility, as indicated by larger lesion development, whereas H. chrysotrichus exhibited lower disease aggressiveness. Thus, our findings represent the first multilocus-based identification of Colletotrichum species causing anthracnose in ipê trees, providing new insights into the diversity and epidemiology of this disease in urban environments.

International travel during pregnancy represents a clinical challenge due to patient vulnerability and the scarcity of interventional studies in pregnant women. Although the second trimester is considered the safest period, every travel plan requires a thorough benefit-risk assessment. This article synthesizes obstetric issues, such as transportation safety, access to care, and the risks of complications inherent to the gestational age. It also addresses infectious risks in tropical regions, including malaria, dengue fever, and Zika virus, the severity of which is exacerbated by pregnancy. A specialized travel medicine consultation is essential to define personalized preventive measures (vaccination, vector protection, and food hygiene) and to facilitate informed decision-making. Le voyage international chez la femme enceinte représente un défi clinique en raison de la vulnérabilité de la patiente et de la rareté des études interventionnelles sur cette population. Si le deuxième trimestre reste la période la plus sûre, chaque projet nécessite toutefois une évaluation du rapport bénéfice/risque. Cet article synthétise les enjeux obstétricaux, tels que la sécurité des transports, l’accès aux soins et les risques de complications inhérents au terme. Il traite également des risques infectieux en zone tropicale, notamment la malaria, la fièvre dengue ou le virus Zika, dont la sévérité est exacerbée par la grossesse. Une consultation spécialisée en médecine des voyages est utile pour définir des mesures de prévention personnalisées (vaccination, protection contre les vecteurs et hygiène alimentaire) et permettre une prise de décision éclairée.

Forests are at the frontline of both climate and biodiversity crises: forests are fundamental to the regulation of Earth's atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, and tropical forests alone harbour over half of all terrestrial species. Consequently, forests are at the centre of global efforts to both prevent extinctions of species and sequester carbon to mitigate climate change. Most carbon sequestration initiatives do not measure how effective they are in terms of biodiversity protection, largely because it is expensive, complex and often not required. Compounding this problem is the lack of reliable biodiversity baselines, against which positive changes due to conservation and negative changes due to human pressure could be measured. The Soundscape Baselines Project is a global initiative to collect and analyse bioacoustic baselines in some of the world's remaining intact forests. The baseline data are collected using a modular system of passive acoustic monitoring and ancillary data that can be expanded and integrated with other technologies. It is managed by local teams of scientists, conservation practitioners and community members. Emphasis is on the usability of data and equipment beyond the project, community engagement and building an interconnected network of scientists across forested countries, particularly historically underexplored partnerships between tropical forest countries. In this paper, we describe the initiative and share initial results to demonstrate how the project could be used for biodiversity conservation purposes in the future and outline steps towards operationalization. We also draw a list of priority areas for additional baseline locations across remaining intact forests. We discuss how bioacoustic baselines established now and in the future will become invaluable in a rapidly changing climate and the resulting unprecedented change in Earth's forests. Establishing rigorous biodiversity baselines using bioacoustics and other technologies and approaches through collaborative science is fundamental to ground biodiversity conservation in evidence, equity and transparency. Los bosques se encuentran en primera línea tanto de la crisis climática como de la de la biodiversidad, siendo fundamentales para regular los niveles de dióxido de carbono en la atmósfera terrestre; además, los bosques tropicales, por sí solos, concentran más de la mitad de todas las especies terrestres. Por consiguiente, los bosques ocupan un lugar central en los esfuerzos mundiales tanto para prevenir la extinción de especies como para capturar carbono con el fin de mitigar el cambio climático. La mayoría de las iniciativas de secuestro de carbono no miden su eficacia en términos de protección de la biodiversidad, en gran medida por su alto coste, su gran complejidad y porque frecuentemente no es un requisito. A este problema se suma la falta de líneas de base fiables sobre la biodiversidad, con las que se pudieran medir tanto cambios positivos debidos a la conservación como cambios negativos asociados a la presión humana. El Proyecto Soundscape Baselines es una iniciativa global para recopilar y analizar líneas de base bioacústicas en algunos de los bosques intactos que aún quedan en el mundo. Estos datos de línea de base se recopilan mediante un sistema modular de monitoreo acústico pasivo además de datos complementarios que pueden ampliarse e integrarse con otras tecnologías. El proyecto está gestionado por equipos locales de científicos, profesionales de la conservación y miembros de comunidades. Asimismo, se pone especial énfasis en la utilidad de los datos y los equipos más allá del proyecto, en la participación de las comunidades y en la creación de una red interconectada de científicos en países con bosques, en particular en colaboraciones históricamente poco exploradas entre países con bosques tropicales. En este artículo, describimos esta iniciativa y compartimos los resultados iniciales para demostrar cómo el proyecto podría utilizarse en el futuro con fines de conservación de la biodiversidad, y esbozamos los pasos para su puesta en marcha. También elaboramos una lista de áreas prioritarias para establecer nuevas líneas de base en los bosques intactos restantes. Analizamos cómo las líneas de base bioacústicas establecidas ahora y en el futuro resultarán inestimables en un clima en rápida evolución y el consecuente cambio sin precedentes en los bosques de la Tierra. Establecer líneas de base rigurosas de biodiversidad utilizando la bioacústica, junto con otras tecnologías y enfoques a través de la ciencia colaborativa, es fundamental para asentar la conservación de la biodiversidad en la evidencia, la equidad y la transparencia.

During a survey investigating fungal diversity in the Chishui River Basin, Guizhou Province, China, four fungal specimens were collected from submerged wood in freshwater habitats. Based on detailed morphological observations and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses, two novel species, Chloridium chishuiensis and Xylolentia chishuiensis, are herein described and illustrated in detail. Chloridium chishuiensis is phylogenetically closely related to C. crousii, C. kirkii, C. tropicale, and C. xishuangbannaense but differs from these taxa by producing multiple conidiogenous loci and possessing longer conidiophores. Xylolentia chishuiensis forms a sister lineage to X. oblongispora and is distinguished by its smaller, ellipsoid to subglobose conidia. Additionally, a new host record of Rhamphoriopsis aquimicrospora is reported, accompanied by a new geographical record of Xylolentia yibinensis. These findings enriched the fungal diversity of the Chishui River Basin.

Actin filaments are essential for plant cellular functions, and their dynamics are altered in response to fungal infection, contributing to defense responses. However, the mechanisms by which pathogens suppress actin-mediated immunity remain largely unknown. Here, we report that infection by the adapted fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum induces actin fragmentation in Arabidopsis thaliana leaf cells. Imaging analyses revealed that actin fragmentation with increased apparent actin thickness occurred following C. higginsianum inoculation. Actin fragmentation was observed 2 days after inoculation, preceding hyphal invasion on Day 3. Rhodamine-phalloidin staining confirmed that endogenous actin filaments were disrupted in infected cells. Pretreatment with latrunculin B, which induces actin fragmentation, significantly increased the rate of C. higginsianum hyphal invasion, suggesting that fragmented actin filaments may facilitate fungal entry. Notably, actin fragmentation occurred even in pattern recognition receptor mutants, indicating that it is not triggered by pathogen-associated molecular pattern perception. No obvious changes in microtubule organization were observed. Inoculation with the nonadapted Colletotrichum tropicale did not induce actin fragmentation in A. thaliana. In contrast, C. higginsianum induced actin fragmentation in cucumber and Brassica crops, whereas Colletotrichum orbiculare did not, despite being pathogenic to cucumber. These findings suggest that C. higginsianum employs a distinctive infection strategy involving actin fragmentation that is independent of canonical immune recognition.

After three centuries of devastation caused by yellow fever, which hindered trade and colonization, a live attenuated vaccine was produced and is still in use today. Its development took place in a context of commercial and colonial rivalry between Europeans and Americans. The history of this vaccine, widely used in endemic areas and among travelers, has been marked by specific challenges, including international health regulations governing its use and its integration into childhood immunization programs in endemic regions. Shortages triggered by the resurgence of epidemics in Africa and Latin America led to measures such as extending the validity of vaccination and reducing the administered dose. Many uncertainties remain regarding the significance and mechanisms of the adverse effects observed after vaccination, which are rare but potentially fatal. The development of a vaccine that is equally effective but easier to produce and associated with fewer side effects is a central issue in the present and future history of this nearly century-old vaccine. L’aventure du vaccin contre la fièvre jaune. Après trois siècles de ravages causés par la fièvre jaune, un vaccin vivant atténué a été finalement mis au point et demeure encore utilisé aujourd’hui. Son élaboration s’est inscrite dans un contexte marqué par les rivalités entre les puissances commerciales et coloniales européennes et américaines. Largement utilisé aussi bien dans les zones d’endémie que chez les voyageurs, son utilisation a été encadrée par le Règlement sanitaire international, et intégrée aux programmes de vaccination préventive des enfants dans les régions endémiques. La pénurie provoquée par la reprise d’épidémies en Afrique et en Amérique latine a conduit à allonger la durée de validité de la vaccination et à réduire la dose administrée. De nombreuses incertitudes persistent néanmoins quant à l’ampleur et aux mécanismes de ses effets indésirables, parfois mortels. La mise au point d’un vaccin plus facile à produire, tout en étant aussi efficace, mais associé à moins d’effets secondaires, se trouve au cœur de l’histoire présente et future de ce vaccin presque centenaire.

We describe four new cryptic Ptychadena species from rainforest habitats in the Guinean Forests of West Africa, a renowned biodiversity hotspot. The new taxa are diagnosed based on morphological and molecular data (the mitochondrial markers 12S and 16S, and the nuclear gene RAG1), including museomic data from the types of the morphologically most similar taxon, P. aequiplicata, which was believed to range from West Africa into western Central Africa. The four new species form a clade that is sister to a clade of Ptychadena species from East, West and Central Africa that contains the type specimens of P. aequiplicata. We consequently restrict the distribution of P. aequiplicata to records from western Central Africa. The similar morphology and colour pattern of P. aequiplicata and the four new species are most likely a convergent adaptation to their habitat, leaf litter of rainforests. All four new species depend on primary forests and seem to tolerate little to no forest alteration. This habitat preference and very small 'Areas of Occupancy' qualify all four new species as Endangered, according to IUCN Red List criteria. The new West African Ptychadena species comprise two clades with two species each, both including an eastern and a western species that may differ in their preference of different forest environments. The four new species thus seem to be a very promising model system to investigate the forest history of West Africa. At least in parts, they have a reproductive strategy adapted to unpredictable rainfall and high air humidity, which is distinctly different from the rest of the genus. The new species confirm the assumption that West Africa is home to a unique amphibian fauna that is markedly distinct from the rest of the continent.

Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) causes cervical precancerous lesions and cancer. While molecular HPV DNA testing offers superior sensitivity over cytology as a primary screening method, its limited specificity leads to unnecessary follow-up procedures. Therefore, identifying surrogate biomarkers to distinguish transient infections from clinically relevant, persistent ones is essential for improving risk stratification. A comprehensive literature search across PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases up to December 2025 identified studies evaluating HR-HPV viral load in cervical lesion progression. Oncogenic HPV viral load, the quantity of HPV genomes in a sample, is a promising biomarker. Levels correlated positively with HR-HPV persistence, increasing the risk of high-grade lesions and invasive cervical cancer. Furthermore, quantification provides prognostic information regarding disease severity, therapeutic response, and post-treatment recurrence. Recent standardization and validation of multiplex real-time PCR techniques supports integrating HPV viral load into clinical pratice. Incorporating viral load assessment into screening and management algorithms could significantly enhance diagnostic precision, enable personalized follow-up, and guide therapeutic decisions for women with HR-HPV-associated cervical disease. Refining these protocols will ultimately minimize over-treatment while ensuring rigorous monitoring for high-risk patients.

Afzelia corallina A.Bianchi, S.Orsenigo & Baldesi (Fabaceae: Detarioideae) is described from the coral rag forests of the Tondooni Peninsula in the Ngezi-Vumawimbi Forest Reserve on Pemba Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Morphologically distinct from all known members of the genus, this large, emergent tree shows the closest affinities to Afzelia quanzensis but differs in several vegetative and floral characters, including its falcate leaflets, highly branched terminal inflorescences, petal colour, the colour of stamens, and the number of extra staminodes. The species is currently known only from a restricted coastal limestone habitat, indicating a micro-endemic distribution. An updated diagnostic key to East African Afzelia species is provided. This discovery highlights the botanical uniqueness and conservation importance of Pemba's remaining forest ecosystems.

DNA barcoding for timber species identification requires comprehensive reference datasets, informative DNA barcodes, and cost-effective protocols. We developed a workflow leveraging Hyb-Seq (target capture sequencing and genome skimming) to address these challenges, and we tested it on four genera from the mahogany family (Meliaceae). We sequenced up to 350 nuclear and 177 plastid loci from 132 herbarium specimens representing leaf samples of 22 species. We determined the DNA barcoding potential of each locus by looking at species recovery and monophyly in gene trees. We then selected 13 short regions (candidate barcodes) within high-potential loci and tested their PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing on wood DNA. Three candidate barcodes emerged as the most reliably sequenced from wood DNA and as providing the most accurate species-level identifications, with species monophyly rates above 80%. Failure to obtain sequences from some wood DNA extracts was more often associated with potential DNA impurity (as inferred from DNA color) than with DNA degradation. Our reference data and candidate barcodes provide a foundation to support the DNA barcoding of mahogany and its relatives. Our workflow illustrates how the wealth of Hyb-Seq data currently generated from global herbaria may be leveraged to monitor plant diversity.

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a major public health issue. Its prevalence is likely underestimated in many parts of the world, and experts project a substantial future increase. In settings with limited access to diagnostic tools, clinical screening questionnaires may improve the efficiency of patient management. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the main OSAHS screening questionnaires in an Afro-Caribbean population. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study, in a high-risk population of patients referred to the Sleep and Home Respiratory Assistance Unit of the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Martinique, using home respiratory polygraphy as the reference standard. RESULTS: Among the 134 included patients, 60 (37.3%) were men. The mean age was 57 ± 14.9 years, the mean BMI was 30.5 ± 7.5 kg/m², and the median apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) was 11.5 [6.3–25.4]. The most frequent comorbidities were hypertension (45%), allergies (29%), asthma (25%), and diabetes (19%). For detecting OSAHS (AHI ≥ 5), the area under the curve (AUC) was above 0.7 for the NoSAS, No-Apnea, STOP-BANG (moderate risk) and GOAL questionnaires, while the Berlin Questionnaire had an AUC of 0.65. The poorest performance was observed for the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (AUC = 0.55). For moderate (AHI ≥ 15) and severe OSAHS (AHI ≥ 30), No-Apnea and NoSAS achieved AUCs above 0.70, whereas GOAL and STOP-BANG showed 0.67 and 0.63, respectively. Threshold optimization using the Youden index identified higher cut-offs than standard values for some scores: No-Apnea = 6 (vs. 4), NoSAS = 10 (vs. 8), and GOAL = 3 (vs. 2). A model combining age, BMI, and neck circumference achieved an AUC of 0.81. CONCLUSION: In an Afro-Caribbean population, NoSAS and No-Apnea were the most effective screening questionnaires in this referred high-risk population for OSAHS. Based on a multivariable model combining age, BMI, and neck circumference, we developed the MASOS score (Age ≥ 70 years + 2; BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² +1; neck circumference ≥ 39 cm + 1; threshold ≥ 2), which showed a higher discriminative performance (AUC = 0.79) but still requires validation.

Dry eye disease affects quality of life and generates significant health care costs. Severe forms, refractory to conventional treatments, are responsible for visual impairment and disability. Autologous serum eye drops (ASEDs) are proven to be a therapeutic alternative. We carried out a national inventory of ASEDs preparation practices that highlights low supply (13 producer centers in France) and preparation heterogeneity. The general objective was to develop a national consensus-based protocol for ASEDs preparation in French university hospitals using a Delphi method, with the goal of improving ASEDs quality, safety, and supply. Method for consensus reaching is Delphi method. Four protocol parts are covered: blood sampling and controls, preparing and packaging the eye drops, postproduction controls, and storage and conservation. Expert panel are hospital pharmacists. Steps were as follows: questionnaire construction, mailing with link access to Google Forms®, response analyses, consensus rate calculation, result synthesis, and anonymous referral to experts. With 12 answering experts, after 4 rounds: out of 39 proposals initially submitted, the work resulted in a 26 validated item protocol at the final. In sampling and controls: 15 items were validated, 5 dropped. Preparation: 5 were validated, 1 dropped. Postcompounding Control: 3 were validated, 4 dropped. Storage and Conservation: 3 were validated. The four rounds took 86 days. A standardized protocol for ASEDs preparation was proposed. This could improve the supply of care across the country. Method strengths are a consultation of dedicated experts on the draft questionnaire of the Delphi survey and qualified experts on the topic, anonymity avoiding opinion leader.

In tropical marine ecosystems, cyanobacteria are key components of phytoplankton communities, yet their diversity and spatio-temporal dynamics in tropical lagoons remain poorly documented. Here, we use the Nouméa lagoon (New Caledonia) as a model system to genetically characterize cyanobacterial communities in a subtropical lagoon subjected to both natural and anthropogenic pressures. Using metabarcoding, we investigated seasonal and spatial variations along environmental gradients, spanning from estuarine zones to oligotrophic reef areas. A single Synechococcus ASV dominated most communities, particularly in nutrient-enriched coastal waters. Beyond this dominant lineage, we uncovered a diverse "minor cyanosphere," which comprised Synechococcus subclusters 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3, several Prochlorococcus ecotypes, an as-yet-uncultivated group of picocyanobacteria, and various diazotrophic cyanobacteria. This assemblage exhibited spatial structuring, suggesting environmental filtering and thereby underscoring its potential as a bioindicator of water masses in lagoon systems. We also assessed the impact of Cyclone Uesi (February 2020), which triggered shifts in community composition. Floodwaters resulted in an atypical surge of fast-growing estuarine Synechococcus strains, which were subsequently transported to offshore reef zones, as confirmed by buoy tracking. These findings suggest that increasingly frequent cyclones could influence plankton dynamics and, consequently, reef health under climate change scenarios. Overall, this study highlights the complex structuring of cyanobacterial communities in the Nouméa lagoon, shaped by spatial gradients, seasonal changes, and episodic extreme disturbances, and emphasizes the ecological significance of reef passages, which help maintain the trophic gradient within the lagoon following cyclonic events.

Orthohepanaviruses are viruses that infect a number of mammals, including humans and non-human primates. However, previous studies in great apes in Gabon in 2001 found one strain of hepadnavirus (HBV ChBassi strain) displaying genetic recombination between human, gorilla and chimpanzee strains, suggesting cross-species transmissions among primates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of HBV DNA in non-human primates (NHPs) and to compare it with human HBV strains in order to assess the zoonotic potential. We analyzed feces from 1891 NHPs, collected in forests in Gabon, to find human HBV-related hepadnaviruses by amplifying a portion of the S gene using hemi-nested techniques, followed by sequencing. A total of 51 samples were PCR-positive. Thirteen of the fourteen sequences obtained after sequencing were phylogenetically more closely related to chimpanzee HBV strains, while the fourteenth sequence was associated with the ChBassi HBV strain. This study shows that HBV infection is endemic in wild-born great apes in Gabon. The detection of a strain genetically close to the Bassi strain (a potential zoonotic strain) highlights the need for more in-depth studies to provide an effective response as part of the 'One Health' initiative.

Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a major neglected tropical disease for which current chemotherapies are limited by toxicity and variable efficacy. In the present work, a new series of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine-based thiosemicarbazones was designed, synthesized, and evaluated as potential antikinetoplastid agents. Then, 24 derivatives were prepared through systematic functionalization at the 2- or 3-position of the heterocyclic core and variation of aromatic substituents on the thiosemicarbazone moiety. Phenotypic in vitro screening against T. cruzi trypomastigotes (from cell culture) and intracellular amastigotes revealed several compounds with sub-micromolar to low-micromolar activity. A pronounced positional effect was observed, with 2-substituted derivatives displaying superior potency compared with their 3-substituted counterparts. Compound 10f, bearing a para-nitrophenyl thiosemicarbazone at the 2-position, emerged as the most promising lead among the series, exhibiting half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values of 2.35 μM against trypomastigotes and 4.06 μM against amastigotes, together with a favorable selectivity index relative to benznidazole. Selected compounds also showed moderate activity against Trypanosoma brucei. Preliminary in vivo toxicity assessment using Galleria mellonella larvae indicated good tolerability for the active compounds. Molecular docking studies suggested cruzain as a potential molecular target, and enzymatic assays confirmed non-covalent, mixed-mode inhibition of cruzain by representative derivatives. Overall, this study identifies 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine thiosemicarbazones, and particularly compound 10f, as a promising chemotype for further medicinal chemistry optimization toward new treatments for Chagas disease.

BACKGROUND: Only 14 crowned sifaka (Propithecus coronatus), a critically endangered lemur species, are currently held in zoological institutions. Hydatigera kamiyai is a newly described cryptic species within the Hydatigera taeniaeformis complex. CASE PRESENTATION: A 3-year-old crowned sifaka presented with acute right hemiparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging exam revealed a two-centimetre diameter left thalamic mass with severe oedema, suggestive of an abscess. Intravenous antimicrobial therapy was initiated with metronidazole and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxypyridazine and continued for one month, as blood culture results were inconclusive. Clinical follow-up included unremarkable complete blood work and repeated MRI exams. The latter revealed an 80% reduction in the size of the mass, associated with full clinical recovery within 60 days. Because some tapeworms, such as Taenia martis, can cause nodular lesions in various locations in humans and non-human primates, a deworming treatment was implemented. Simultaneous immunological testing for hydatidosis and cysticercosis was strongly positive (ELISA, serum immunoglobulin G: 1.741). Oral praziquantel at 25 mg/kg led to severe lethargy after a single dose. Abdominal ultrasound under volatile general anaesthesia revealed two three-centimetre diameter heterogeneous hepatic cavitary structures containing linear hyperechoic elements, with a 0.8-centimetre-thick wall. Oral deworming treatment was readjusted and consisted in 15 days of praziquantel, followed by one-month of albendazole. Four months following the appearance of the first clinical signs, the animal suddenly became comatose and died despite intensive care. Post-mortem exam revealed multiple 12-centimetre-long pseudosegmented larvae (strobilocerci) within hepatic lesions. Brain histology revealed a resolving chronic abscess inconsistent with a parasitic aetiology. The larvae isolated in the liver were identified as Hydatigera kamiyai through morphological and molecular approaches. This cryptic species, belonging to the Hydatigera genus, most likely uses rodents as intermediate hosts and domestic cats as definitive hosts to complete its life cycle. CONCLUSION: Based on a thorough literature review, this report is the first description of an infection by this cestode in a non-human primate. Non-human primates may serve as aberrant intermediate hosts for Hydatigera kamiyai, which raises concerns regarding its potential zoonotic risk. This case also underscores the importance of parasitological surveillance in zoological institutions and the relevance of One Health considerations.

暂无摘要（点击查看详情）

Invasive aspergillosis is a rare but severe complication of liver transplantation. Incidence varies from 1·2% to 5·6% and mortality is greater than 50%. Few studies have investigated this complication. We aimed to describe cases of, and identify the factors associated with, invasive aspergillosis occurrence and mortality. This nationwide, retrospective, matched case-control study included cases of invasive aspergillosis occurring after liver transplantation between Jan 1, 2007, and Dec 31, 2021, matched 1:1 on centre and transplantation period to control individuals without invasive aspergillosis across 15 liver transplantation centres in France. Cases were patients aged 18 years or older who presented with proven or probable invasive aspergillosis. The matched control was the next patient who received a transplant at the same transplantation centre after the case. Cases were retrospectively identified in each centre using the mycology laboratory database and the French Medicalised Information System Programme. Data were retrieved from hospital charts. The primary outcome was the identification of risk factors associated with the development of invasive aspergillosis following liver transplantation. Multivariable analysis using conditional logistic regression with a random effect for study centres was done to establish risk factors. Among 14 332 liver transplantations, 196 recipients with invasive aspergillosis (62 [32%] female and 134 [68%] male) were identified and matched with 196 control individuals (54 [28%] female and 142 [73%] male). Invasive aspergillosis occurred at a median of 29 days (IQR 7-173) after liver transplantation. Risk factors for developing invasive aspergillosis were history of chronic kidney disease (adjusted odds ratio 4·13 [95% CI 2·35-7·24]), liver transplantation for acute liver disease (3·41 [1·44-8·06]), post-liver transplantation renal replacement therapy (3·82 [1·96-7·42]), and post-liver transplantation vasopressor support for longer than 24 h (2·82 [1·70-4·68]). This study identifies three patient populations at risk of invasive aspergillosis after liver transplantation: patients with history of chronic kidney disease, those who have received a transplant for acute liver disease, and those who had a post-operative period marked by organ failure. This identification could lead to new invasive aspergillosis prophylactic strategies. None.

Approximately 20 years ago, studies conducted in the city of Bouaké revealed a high level of malaria transmission, primarily due to the Anopheles gambiae vector increasing during the rainy season. The National Malaria Control Program implemented control efforts involving the distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). However, the political and military crisis from 2002 to 2011 caused many residents to leave the city, leaving the natural environment largely undisturbed. The subsequent return of the population to Bouaké necessitated implementing new LLIN-based control programs. New research studies are needed to collect data on malaria transmission parameters. This study is conducted within this context. The objective is to assess vector-borne malaria transmission by determining entomological parameters in the city's three health districts. Investigations were conducted in urban areas during the rainy season from June 10 to 29, 2016, in Bouaké's three health districts (Northwest, Northeast, and South). Mosquitoes were collected from human-biting samples and identified. We examined the feeding behavior of female vectors and estimated the entomological parameters of malaria transmission. We determined the physiological age of the female vectors by dissecting their ovaries and detected mosquitoes infected with Plasmodium falciparum using the ELISA-CSP test. Only the malaria vector species An. gambiae was collected. The species exhibited a tendency toward endophagy and had an average parturition rate exceeding 90% in all districts. Aggressive densities of the species were 3.6, 15.5, and 14.4 bites/ person/night (b/p/n) in the Northwest, Northeast, and South districts, respectively. The infection rates were 4.2%, 2.9%, and 1.9% in the Northwest, Northeast, and South districts, respectively, with entomological inoculation rates of 0.15, 0.45, and 0.22 b/p/n. Malaria transmission occurs in all three districts of Bouaké, with levels twice as high in the Northeast District. This transmission is carried out by the An. gambiae species, which exhibited a tendency toward endophagous feeding at all sites. Des travaux réalisés dans la ville de Bouaké il y a environ 20 ans ont montré un fort niveau de transmission du paludisme essentiellement dû au vecteur Anopheles gambiae, avec une recrudescence manifestée en saison pluvieuse. Des efforts de lutte à travers la distribution de moustiquaires imprégnées d’insecticides à longue durée d’action (MILDA) ont été menés par le Programme national de lutte contre le paludisme. Cependant, la crise politico-militaire de 2002 à 2011 a provoqué un important flux migratoire des habitants de cette ville, laissant le milieu naturel préservé. Le retour des populations à Bouaké a donc nécessité la mise en place de nouveaux programmes de lutte avec l’utilisation des MILDA. De nouvelles études de recherche sont maintenant nécessaires afin de recueillir des données sur les paramètres de transmission du paludisme. La présente étude s’inscrit dans ce contexte. Elle a pour objectif d’évaluer la transmission vectorielle du paludisme à travers la détermination de paramètres entomologiques dans les trois districts sanitaires de la ville de Bouaké. Les investigations ont été menées en milieu urbain pendant la saison pluvieuse, du 10 au 29 juin 2016, dans les trois districts sanitaires de Bouaké (Nord-Ouest, Nord-Est, Sud). Les moustiques ont été collectés par captures sur sujet humain et identifiés. Le comportement trophique des femelles vectrices a été examiné et les paramètres entomologiques de la transmission du paludisme ont été estimés. L’âge physiologique des femelles vectrices a été déterminé après la dissection de leurs ovaires et les moustiques infestés par Plasmodium falciparum ont été détectés par le test ELISA-CSP. An. gambiae a été la seule espèce vectrice du paludisme collectée. Elle a présenté une tendance à l’endophagie et un taux moyen de parturité supérieur à 90 % dans tous les districts. Les densités agressives de l’espèce étaient respectivement de 3,6, 15,5 et 14,4 piqûres/homme/nuit (p/h/n) dans les districts Nord-Ouest, Nord-Est et Sud. Les taux d’infestation étaient en moyenne de 4,2 %, 2,9 % et 1,9 % pour les districts Nord-Ouest, Nord-Est et Sud avec des taux d’inoculation entomologique de 0,15, 0,45 et 0,22 p/h/n respectivement. La transmission du paludisme existe dans les trois districts de la ville de Bouaké avec un niveau deux fois supérieur dans le district Nord-Est. Cette transmission est assurée par l’espèce An. gambiae qui a présenté une tendance à l’endophagie dans tous les sites.