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The genus Hymenogaster has significant ecological value and serves as a food source for numerous small mammals. Although numerous species have been reported from China, most lack confirmation by molecular evidence. In this study, six species of Hymenogaster were newly reported in China based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses, five of which are new to science, and one of which is new to China. The descriptions and illustrations for new species are provided.

Myriolecis represents one of the richest genera in species diversity within Lecanoraceae. In this study, approximately 700 specimens collected from high-altitude, temperate continental arid-climate regions in northwestern China, including the Kunlun Mountains, the southern Tianshan Mountains, and the Karakoram Range, were examined. A total of six species were identified, among which three are described as new to science: Myriolecis convexa, M. incisa, and M. kunlunica; and three are newly recorded in China: M. fugiens, M. mons-nivis, and M. wetmorei. All species were identified based on morphological, anatomical, and molecular data. Phylogenetic analyses using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) sequences confirm the placement of these species within Myriolecis and support the current species delimitations. Detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations, distribution data, chemical information, and ecological notes are provided for each species, along with comparisons with morphologically similar and phylogenetically related species within the genus. A dichotomous key to 22 species of Myriolecis from China is presented.

Geastrum is a typical saprotrophic genus with nearly 130 species distributed worldwide, yet its infrageneric classification has traditionally relied on morphological characteristics whose phylogenetic significance remains uncertain. Here, we revisit infrageneric concepts in Geastrum using Chinese material, integrating detailed morphological observations with multi-locus phylogenetic analyses. Eight specimens collected from temperate forests in Northeast and East China yielded three new species: G. capillitiononramosum sp. nov., G. villopannosum sp. nov., and G. kunyuense sp. nov. These species share a sessile endoperidial body lacking a collar and apophysis, a distinctly delimited fibrillose peristome, and globose to subglobose basidiospores with columnar ornamentation but differ mainly in the structure of the mycelial layer and the branching and ornamentation of capillitial hyphae. Phylogenetic analyses based on a concatenated ITS-nrLSU-rpb1 dataset recovered 12 well-supported clades and confirmed the distinct phylogenetic positions of the three new species. The resulting topology further demonstrates that several traditional infrageneric groupings defined by key morphological traits, such as the hygroscopic behavior of the exoperidium and debris-encrusted mycelial layers, are only partially congruent with molecular relationships, reflecting repeated character evolution across distant lineages. Nevertheless, specific combinations of peristome structure, mycelial layer features, and capillitial morphology remain informative at the species level. With the descriptions of three new species and an updated key to 43 Chinese taxa, this study refines current knowledge of Geastrum diversity in China and provides new evidence for reassessing infrageneric classification within the genus.

Tricholomopsis is a genus of tricholomoid fungi, typically saprotrophic, characterized by a fibrillose to squamulose pileus, yellow lamellae, and prominent cheilocystidia. In this study, two new species of Tricholomopsis, namely T. roseorubra and T. cortinata, are described based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of ITS-28S sequences. Tricholomopsis roseorubra is characterized by purplish-red, squamulose basidiomata and prominent cheilocystidia forming a sterile gill edge, whereas T. cortinata is distinguished by small basidiomata, globose basidiospores, and a well-developed cortinate annulus. The latter represents the first record of a cortinate annulus in Tricholomopsis.

The family Inocybaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) comprises ecologically important ectomycorrhizal fungi widely distributed across temperate and tropical forests. Pakistan hosts a diverse representation of this family, particularly species of the genus Inocybe. This study presents a comprehensive checklist of members of the family Inocybaceae reported from Pakistan. Based on the latest published data, the country contains 55 species of Inocybaceae, including 28 of the genus Inocybe, six of Inosperma, ten of Mallocybe, and 11 of Pseudosperma, while no records of Auritella, Nothocybe, or Tubariomyces have been documented in the country to date. Additionally, two new species, Inocybe khalidii and Inocybe floribundae, are described herein based on integrated morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses. Phylogenetically, I. khalidii forms a distinct and strongly supported clade within the genus, confirming its relationship to allopatric species from Mexico, Japan, and the USA, while I. floribundae forms a well-supported clade within the Xanthomelas group, sister to European I. corsica and I. diabolica. Basidiomata of I. khalidii are differentially characterized by a vivid orange-brown subglabrous pileus, large and broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid basidiospores, and a near absence of caulocystidia. Basidiomata of I. floribundae are morphologically distinct from their phylogenetic relatives by the beige to brown, distinctly scaly pileus, bulbous but weakly marginate stipe, apically restricted caulocystidia, utriform-obclavate hymenial cystidia, and subisodiametric, bluntly nodulose basidiospores. Morphological descriptions, illustrations, micrographs, and sequences of ITS+LSU- and tef1-based phylogenetic analyses are presented in this article with reference to the newly described species.

Distoseptispora comprises ecologically significant species that are predominantly saprobic, inhabiting freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems, where they contribute to nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition. Recent taxonomic studies have revealed several new Distoseptispora species, highlighting its high diversity. In this study, we describe two new species, Distoseptispora guanxiensis and D. longiconidiophora, isolated from decaying wood in southern China, thereby further expanding the known species richness of the genus. Based on multi-locus phylogenetic analyses integrated with the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the large ribosomal subunit of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (LSU), the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α), our isolates of D. guanxiensis formed a well-supported lineage sister to D. rayongensis, while D. longiconidiophora formed a basal position relative to the clade comprising D. cangshanensis, D. cylindricospora, D. hongheensis and D. pulchra. Morphological characteristics of the new species are compared with their phylogenetically close relatives, and detailed descriptions, illustrations, and phylogenetic data are provided. This study highlights the high diversity and distribution of Distoseptispora species, and emphasizes the importance of integrating morphological and molecular data for accurate species identification.

In a survey of pyrenomycetes in the north of Iran, a total of 20 specimens were collected and characterized via an integrative approach. Sequences derived from the ITS, LSU, rpb2, and tub2 loci were amplified, sequenced, and analyzed in a molecular phylogenetic framework using maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses. Additional morphological and chemotaxonomic evidence analyzed in tandem revealed two new species, which we coined Hypoxylon hyrcanense sp. nov. and H. pseudoinvestiens sp. nov., as well as four new records for Iran, namely Hypomontagnella submonticulosa, Hypoxylon crocopeplum, H. larissae, and H. ticinense. We further discuss recent additions to Hypoxylon and report the anamorph of H. larissae for the first time. All species are illustrated, described, and discussed.

King George Island, one of the most rapidly warming regions in maritime Antarctica, has experienced pronounced expansion of ice-free areas and proliferation of cryptogamic vegetation in recent decades. This accelerated ecological greening has been accompanied by repeated reports of Arrhenia, Galerina, and Omphalina species. However, despite their frequent occurrence, comprehensive taxonomic assessments of these Antarctic mushrooms remain limited and unresolved. We applied an integrative systematic framework combining morphological examination, multilocus phylogenetic reconstruction, species delimitation analyses, and chemical analyses to 50 mushroom specimens collected from vegetated ice-free areas of King George Island. By integrating polyphasic evidence, we confirmed four species (Arrhenia antarctica, Galerina fallax, Galerina venenata, and Omphalina frigida) and resolved several historical taxonomic uncertainties related to these species. This study provides the first phylogenetic analysis of Arrhenia antarctica, a first mushroom species documented from Antarctica. Additionally, regarding Antarctic Omphalina, for which several new species have recently been reported from Antarctica, we verified that the real species diversity has been inflated and have rectified it. Lastly, LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed amanitin production in materials identified as Galerina pseudomycenopsis, thereby clarifying previous taxonomic ambiguity within the Galerina marginata species complex by synonymizing Galerina pseudomycenopsis with Galerina venenata. Divergence-time estimation further suggests that Antarctic lineages diversified before current climate warming, likely in association with repeated glacial-interglacial cycles that reshaped ice-free habitats in Antarctica. By clarifying species identities and integrating multilocus phylogenetics with temporal inference, this study revises the taxonomy of key Antarctic mushrooms and provides a robust framework for future investigation in their diversity, ecological roles, and potential adaptive mechanisms associated with Antarctic greening in extreme environments.

Pleosporales is the largest order of Dothideomycetes and is widely distributed in terrestrial and aquatic environments. During a survey of saprobic fungi in southwestern China, we collected and isolated some Pleosporales taxa. Based on morphological comparisons and multi-gene (SSU-ITS-LSU-tef1) phylogenetic analyses, we describe two new species, Pleopunctum xizangense and Pseudolophiostoma yunnanense, as well as a new host record, Pleopunctum pseudoellipsoideum, that were collected from the plant family Fagales. Pseudolophiostoma yunnanense was found in its asexual state, the first such account for this genus. In this study, we compare and discuss morphologically similar species and phylogenetically related taxa, providing comprehensive illustrations and descriptions of the isolates.

Natural rubber is an important biopolymer utilized in more than 4,000 commercial products. Nevertheless, the accumulation of waste rubber poses a significant environmental challenge due to its resistance to natural degradation. The present study sought to isolate and identify fungi from discarded rubber materials and assess their potential involvement in the early-stage surface deterioration of natural rubber. An initial screening of 69 fungal strains for extracellular enzyme production, including esterases, lipases, proteases, and laccases, was conducted. Following preliminary qualitative assays, 36 enzyme-producing isolates were further assessed for their capacity to modify natural rubber using rubber disc assays. Four isolates (L-12A, L-25, L-33, and T-21) showed measurable surface alterations associated with early-stage deterioration, as evidenced by limited mass loss, positive Schiff's reagent staining, and surface alterations observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After 2 months of incubation, rubber mass loss ranged from 0.77% ± 0.27% to 1.24% ± 0.25%. Schiff's reagent staining indicated oxidative modification of the rubber surface, and SEM analysis revealed surface cracking, erosion-like features, and fungal colonization. Combined morphological characteristics and multilocus phylogenetic analyses identified these strains as Neocosmospora bostrycoides (L-12A), Neocosmospora sp. (T-21), Paracremonium laticis (L-25), and Schizophyllum commune (L-33). Descriptions, illustrations, and phylogenetic analyses of the four species are presented. This study provides preliminary evidence that these fungi may contribute to early-stage surface deterioration and oxidative modification of natural rubber.

During an ongoing investigation of bambusicolous fungi within the Xylariomycetidae, three microfungal specimens belonging to the family Cainiaceae were collected from southern China. Based on detailed morphological observations and phylogenetic analyses of combined internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU) sequence data, these collections were identified as two new species of Amphibambusa, namely Amphibambusa fangchenggangensis and Am. yunnanensis, and one new species of Arecophila, Ar. viscosa. Comprehensive descriptions, micrographs, and a phylogenetic tree of the new species are provided, highlighting bamboo forests as a rich reservoir of fungal diversity.

Wood-inhabiting fungi represent a highly diverse group of microorganisms that play essential roles in forest ecosystems. However, the species diversity of wood-inhabiting fungal taxa in the order Russulales has not been systematically documented in the high-altitude forests of Yunnan Province, China. In the present study, the detailed morphological characteristics and combined multi-locus phylogeny of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and the large subunit (nrLSU) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) revealed two new species in Russulales, viz., Gloeopeniophorella luteola and Scytinostroma tenuissimum. Gloeopeniophorella luteola is characterized by its membranaceous, thin basidiomata with a smooth hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with simple septa, generative hyphae, and gloeocystidia, and thick-walled basidiospores measuring 4-4.9 × 3.8-4.4 µm. Scytinostroma tenuissimum is characterized by its soft membranaceous basidiomata with a cream to pale pink hymenial surface, a dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 10.1-13.2 × 7.1-9.3 µm. Phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated ITS + nLSU dataset demonstrated that the two new species grouped within the order Russulales, in which G. luteola grouped into the family Russulaceae, while S. tenuissimum grouped into the family Peniophoraceae, and G. luteola was sister to G. bambusicola, and S. tenuissimum grouped together with S. acystidiatum and S. bambusinum. Comprehensive descriptions, micrographs, and phylogenetic analyses of the two new species are provided.

Wood-decaying fungi are among the most important groups of macrofungi with crucial ecological roles and economic value. In this study, phylogenies were reconstructed using ITS + nLSU genetic loci of Phlebiopsis, and ITS + nLSU + tef1 genetic loci of Sicyoideibasidia. Two new wood-decaying fungal species on Arundo donax, Phlebiopsis arundinacea sp. nov. and Sicyoideibasidia luteocystidia sp. nov. are illustrated and described from Guangxi, southern China. Phlebiopsis arundinacea is characterized by resupinate, membranaceous basidiomata with smooth and grayish brown hymenial surface when fresh, a pseudodimitic hyphal system with simple-septate generative hyphae, the presence of brown skeletocystidia and lamprocystidia, and subcylindrical to oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores. Sicyoideibasidia luteocystidia is characterized by resupinate, membranaceous basidiomata with smooth and white to cream hymenial surface when fresh, a monomitic hyphal system bearing clamp connections on generative hyphae, the presence of fusiform to subulate and slight yellow clavate to capitate cystidia, and ellipsoid, thick-walled basidiospores. The phylogenetic analyses showed that P. arundinacea was closely related to P. crassa, with strong support based on the ITS + nLSU genetic loci. Scopuloides hainanensis was sister to S. yunnanensis and was grouped with other species of Sicyoideibasidia, both relationships strongly supported by ITS + nLSU + tef1 genetic loci. A full description, illustrations, and phylogenetic analysis results of the two new species are provided here. In addition, Sicyoideibasidia yunnanensis is secondly recorded after its original description, and it was found on Arundo donax from Guangxi Autonomous Region, Southern China.

Hyperparasitism in fungi remains poorly understood and documented, despite its ecological significance. In this study, a hyperparasitic fungus associated with Ophiocordyceps jilinensis was collected in Jilin Province, China. A new genus, Sorobiellomyces gen. nov., is proposed to accommodate Sorobiellomyces jilinensis sp. nov., which is parasitic on an entomopathogenic host. Morphological observations and multilocus phylogenetic analyses based on ITS, SSU, LSU, tef1-α, rpb1, and rpb2 sequence data placed S. jilinensis within Polycephalomycetaceae as a distinct lineage. Sorobiellomyces is characterized by a white to yellowish hyphal covering, absence of synnemata, and cylindrical to subulate phialides producing hyaline, ovoid conidia. Ophiocordyceps jilinensis is redescribed and illustrated. In addition, Niveomyces pseudoalbus sp. nov. is introduced based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence. These results expand the diversity of Polycephalomycetaceae and Cordycipitaceae and provide new data on fungal hyperparasitism.

The Ophiocordyceps ravenelii complex (Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales) predominantly parasitizes Coleopteran larvae, yet its species diversity remains poorly documented, particularly on non-scarabaeid hosts. Based on morphological comparisons and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses (nrSSU, nrLSU, tef1-α, rpb1, rpb2), we present a taxonomic revision of this complex from Yunnan Province, southwestern China. Specimens CXAC 0024 and CXAC 0025 are identified as Ophiocordyceps jinguangensis, for which an emended description is provided, documenting its occurrence on Elateroidea larvae and expanding its known morphological variability. Ophiocordyceps rubroflava is described as a new species distinguished by stromata arising from the host's back, immersed perithecia, and cylindrical part-spores. Both taxa form well-supported independent lineages within the O. ravenelii clade, closely related to O. formosana, O. melolonthae and O. neovolkiana. These findings expand the known diversity and host range of the O. ravenelii complex in East Asia and underscore the need for continued surveys of Coleopteran-associated Ophiocordyceps in under-explored regions.

Based on a combination of morphological, chemical, and phylogenetic analyses, we report four new species from China: Acarospora carbonacea, A. rorida, Sarcogyne knudsenii, and S. xizangensis. These four species are characterized by endolithic thalli, apothecia with carbonized epihymenial accretions, an Acarospora-type ascus, and the absence of secondary metabolites. Acarospora carbonacea sometimes can develop a white epilithic ecorticate thallus, whereas such a thallus is not observed in the other three species. Comprehensive descriptions, detailed illustrations, and phylogenetic analyses of the four new species are provided. In addition, a compiled species checklist summarizing the diagnostic features of the eight reported species of Acarosporaceae with carbonized epihymenial accretions in China is presented.

Dacryobolus (Dacryobolaceae) is a brown-rot corticioid genus distributed mainly in temperate and subtropical regions. In this study, specimens of Dacryobolus collected on Pinus yunnanensis from Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces, southwestern China, were studied by morphological and molecular methods. As a result, three new lineages within the clade of the genus were recognized based on the concatenated ITS-nrLSU phylogenetic tree. Accordingly, three new species, Dacryobolus caesius, D. odontoides, and D. yunnanensis, are described and illustrated for these new lineages. Morphologically, Dacryobolus caesius and D. odontoides have odontoid hymenophores and lack cystidia, whereas D. yunnanensis has smooth hymenophores and possesses thick-walled skeletocystidia. The taxonomy and phylogeny of Dacryobolus are discussed, and a key to all known species of the genus worldwide is provided. This study enriches knowledge about the species diversity of Dacryobolus and brown-rot corticioid fungi in China.

Xylobolus subpileatus, a corticioid fungus associated with white rot in woody angiosperms, represents a valuable resource for pharmaceutical and industrial applications due to its production of antitumor and neuroprotective compounds. It plays a significant ecological role in lignin decomposition and the global carbon cycle. Assessing the impact of climate change on its distribution is essential for germplasm conservation. This study employed the MaxEnt model with CMIP6 climate data to project potential suitable habitats across several periods: the Mid Holocene, the present (1970-2000), and future decades (2030s-2090s). The model performed reliably, with current predictions aligning well with known occurrences. Annual precipitation, precipitation of the driest quarter, and annual mean temperature were identified as the dominant factors shaping its distribution. The total suitable area under current conditions is approximately 2944.21 × 104 km2, categorized into low, moderate, and high suitability zones, with the most highly suitable regions concentrated in North America. Over time, the suitable area showed an initial expansion followed by a contraction. These projections help identify previously unexplored potential habitats and provide a scientific basis for the conservation and sustainable management of this species.

Nigrochaete is a small fungal genus responsible for bamboo rot. Although recent research has clarified its classification through integrated phylogenetic and morphological analyses, the species diversity of Nigrochaete in the high-altitude forests of Yunnan Province, China, remains insufficiently explored. This study collected five Nigrochaete specimens from decaying bamboo in the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture and examined their morphological characteristics. Genomic DNA was extracted, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (nrLSU), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1) gene were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic relationships within Nigrochaete were inferred using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. These analyses identified three novel species: N. albobadia, N. ellipsoidea, and N. tenuis. Detailed morphological descriptions, micrographs, and phylogenetic results are presented. This research expands the known species diversity of Auriculariales in China and provides a foundation for the conservation and sustainable utilization of fungal resources.