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To clarify the taxonomic identities of newly-collected Selaginella specimens from Guizhou, south-western China, we briefly reviewed the Selaginella species recorded in Guizhou and conducted a study integrating morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analyses. The specimens from a total of 26 Selaginella populations which we collected in 2024 were grouped into 16 taxonomic entities, based on morphological comparisons, including ten species with established names and six taxa of uncertain identity. Phylogenetic analyses, based on plastid regions (rbcL, atpI, psbA) with broad sampling and plastid CDS with focused sampling, confidently placed 15 newly-collected specimens within the phylogeny: one specimen (S. davidii) within the Kungiselaginella clade and the remaining 14 distributed amongst three subclades of the Hypopterygiopsis clade. By integrating morphology and molecular evidence, we recognise one new species (S. dushanensis), one new provincial record (S. parachrysocaulos) to Guizhou and four cryptic species (S. amblyphylla, S. qingchengshanensis and two lineages of S. vaginata); where "cryptic species" denotes morphologically indistinguishable, but phylogenetically distinct lineages. Amongst these, S. amblyphylla and S. qingchengshanensis are also new records to Guizhou. The new species S. dushanensis is described and illustrated. It is morphologically very similar to S. monospora and S. submonospora, but differs mainly in median leaves with a long-aristate apex. As a result, the known diversity of Selaginella in Guizhou now records 43 species, including the four cryptic and one putative new taxon (S. cf. xipholepis). Further studies are needed to confirm the identities of the cryptic species and the remaining unidentified taxon.

Fissidens is one of the most diverse genera of mosses in China. Most members of this genus are terrestrial, with a few preferring tree trunks as substrates. Fissidens pokhrensis is newly discovered in China, occurring at the base of a tree in Yunnan Province. Morphological descriptions and photographs of this species are provided. In addition, an updated identification key is presented for Chinese species of Fissidens characterized by semilimbate leaves and papillose or mammillose laminal cells, including F. pokhrensis.

Oreocharis fulvovillosa, a new species of Gesneriaceae, is described and illustrated. This new species has only been discovered on the rock walls of an isolated karst hill at its type locality in Mang City, western Yunnan, China.

This updated checklist of Mongolian Pottiaceae is based on a thorough review of over 2,000 specimens from HIMC, UBA, and MO, along with published records. A total of 1,030 occurrence records were verified at the sum level, where "sum" refers to an administrative unit, identifying 99 taxa, including 93 species and six varieties in 26 genera. Didymodon is the most species-rich genus, with 27 species and two varieties. The update adds one genus and 20 taxa (16 species and four varieties) to the Mongolian flora, while excluding nine previously reported taxa. Three names remain doubtful pending voucher confirmation. For each accepted taxon, evidence and distribution details are provided at the province/city and sum levels, together with an identification key to the genera of Mongolian Pottiaceae. The geographic summaries also reveal strong documentation unevenness among provinces, with observed richness closely tracking collecting intensity. The checklist is therefore intended as a voucher-based national baseline and a guide for future gap-filling surveys.

Ayenia nathaliae Dorr, sp. nov. is described and illustrated, and its relationships are discussed. It is known only from the Magdalena Medio subregion of Antioquia department, Colombia. Morphologically, it is similar to A. saligna Dorr, another Colombian endemic from the Bajo Cauca and Nordeste subregions of Antioquia and also restricted to riparian habitats. The new species is tentatively assigned to A. subsect. Stipulares Cristóbal, an early diverging lineage of species within Ayenia s.str. found in northern South America and Central America. However, the boundaries of this subsection and other subsections are unclear. In addition, after reviewing the species of Ayenia L. and Byttneria Loefl. known from Colombia, three additional species of the latter genus are transferred to the former.

Didymocarpus xuanlienensis, a new species from Vietnam, is described and illustrated here. It is morphologically similar to D. brevipedunculatus and D. purpureobracteatus in terms of corolla size and color but differs from D. brevipedunculatus in leaf blade shape, bract shape, indumentum, and calyx shape and differs from D. purpureobracteatus in peduncle indumentum, bract shape, and calyx shape. A detailed morphological description of the new species and a key to all Didymocarpus species in Vietnam are provided.

Taxonomic studies in cycad genera using multiple approaches have refined the delimitation of many species. In the case of Dioon Lindl., a Mesoamerican genus, a reliable classification has been achieved through taxonomic work carried out since the description of the genus and pioneering studies in Mexico during the 1980-90s. Here, we describe a new species from Guerrero based on evidence collected from populations encountered during fieldwork carried out in 2019. These populations had previously been considered morphologically similar to Dioon holmgrenii De Luca, Sabato & Vázq. Torres, which has a markedly disjunct distribution in Oaxaca. After studying herbarium specimens and making extensive observations on vegetative and reproductive structures from different populations in Oaxaca, we have concluded that the disjunct populations analysed in 2019 represent a distinct and new species of Dioon, separate from the two most phenotypically similar species-namely, D. stevensonii Nic.-Mor. & Vovides and D. holmgrenii. A key to geographically proximal and morphologically similar species as well as to the other species occurring in Guerrero and Oaxaca States is also presented. The proposed new species, Dioon nuusaviorum Mart.-Domínguez, Nic.-Mor. & D.W.Stev., is endemic to Guerrero and inhabits pine and pine-oak forest. Its conservation status, assessed on the based IUCN guidelines and criteria, qualifies as Endangered.

The genus Lathyrus L. (Fabaceae) is represented in Belgium by several native and alien species, amongst which the Lathyrus sylvestris-latifolius complex has long posed taxonomic difficulties. Since the 1940s, plants with intermediate morphological characters between L. sylvestris and L. latifolius have been observed in Belgium, combining the smaller corollas of the former with the broader, rounded leaflets of the latter. To clarify their identity, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of four chloroplast markers (trnS-G, trnL-F, rbcL, trnH-psbA) and the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), complemented by genome-wide SNP data obtained through DArTseq genotyping for 20 individuals representing L. latifolius, L. heterophyllus, L. sylvestris and the enigmatic Belgian specimens. Phylogenetic analyses, based on the five markers, together with analysis of the SNP data (Principal Coordinates Analysis, Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction and multispecies coalescent species delimitation), all revealed four well-supported genetic lineages corresponding to these taxa. The enigmatic specimens form a monophyletic clade sister to L. sylvestris, genetically distinct from both L. heterophyllus (including var. unijugus) and L. latifolius. These results exclude hybrid origin and support recognition of these plants as an independent evolutionary lineage, which can, thus, be regarded as a distinct species. In light of both morphological and molecular evidence, we reinstate the name Lathyrus platyphyllos (Retz.) W.D.J.Koch for this taxon. Lathyrus platyphyllos differs from L. sylvestris by its broader leaflets with rounded apices and its wider stipules and stem wings. The species is non-native in Belgium, first recorded in 1943 and now locally naturalised along railway lines and other disturbed sites. Recognition of L. platyphyllos restores taxonomic clarity within the L. sylvestris-latifolius complex and highlights the need for further study of its native range, introduction pathways and potential invasiveness.

Sida gathwalarum (Malvaceae), a new species from Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India, is described and illustrated based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence. Morphologically, the new species is similar to Sida angustifolia Mill. but consistently differs from it in leaf shape, varying from narrowly lanceolate to ovate; base cuneate to rounded; petioles without spiny emergence (spur) at the base; stipules linear-lanceolate and dissimilar in shape; and yellow styles of different sizes. The species is further characterized by indehiscent fruits with the fruiting calyx soft and compressible, the corolla retuse to nearly entire at the apex, and 5(-6) markedly heteromorphic mericarps that are trigonous-globose, coarsely rugose-tuberculate, and bear a shallow U-shaped apical notch. The seeds are subtrigonous, asymmetrical, and uniformly dull brown to grayish brown. These stable diagnostic traits from different populations support its recognition as a new species, Sida gathwalarum Sumit Malik, Inam Malik & Vijai Malik, sp. nov. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ribosomal DNA (internal transcribed spacer) sequence data of 14 Sida species supports the phylogenetic position of the new species, Sida gathwalarum, within sect. Sidae. The results of molecular phylogenetic analysis show that Sida gathwalarum is closely related to S. acuta.

Primula xingyiensis Z.K.Wu & C.Y.Deng, a new species of Primulaceae from Guizhou, China, is described and illustrated. Morphological evidence places P. xingyiensis within Primula sect. Carolinella, a section characterised by plants completely efarinose but bearing pubescent or glandular hairs; leaf base cordate to rounded, rarely broadly cuneate, with distinct petioles; calyx campanulate or narrowly campanulate, longer than its diameter, split to 1/3-1/2 of its length; and capsule oblong, dehiscing nearly calyptrate at maturity. The new species is distinguished by its gracile habit, shortened stem, small leaves with long villous hairs on both surfaces, long-styled homostylous flowers, and a corolla that is 7-8 times as long as the calyx. Information on the distribution, morphological comparisons with closely related species, and the conservation status of the new species is also provided, along with a key to the known species of Primula sect. Carolinella.

Columnea puipuiense R.Rojas & Vásquez, sp. nov., and Columnea valenzuelai, R.Rojas & Vásquez, sp. nov., two new species of Gesneriaceae endemic to the Bosque de Protección Pui Pui, central Peru, are described and illustrated. Their morphological affinities with related species of the genus Columnea are discussed, and complete descriptions are provided, including diagnostic characters, ecological information, and geographic distribution. With the recent discovery of Columnea yanachagaensis R.Rojas, A.Monteagudo & J.Flores and C. cesarii R.Rojas, Vásquez & L. Valenz, along with the discovery of Columnea puipuiense and Columnea valenzuelai, the number of Columnea species recorded for Peru increases to 36. These findings raise the documented diversity of Peruvian Gesneriaceae to 227 species. ResumenSe describen e ilustran Columnea puipuiense R.Rojas & Vásquez, sp. nov., y Columnea valenzuelai R.Rojas & Vásquez, sp. nov., dos nuevas especies de Gesneriaceae endémicas del Bosque de Protección Pui Pui, selva central del Perú. Se comparan sus afinidades morfológicas con especies relacionadas del género Columnea, y se presenta una descripción completa que incluye caracteres diagnósticos, información ecológica y datos sobre su distribución geográfica. Con los recientes descubrimientos de Columnea yanachagaensis R.Rojas, A.Monteagudo & J.Flores y Columnea cesarii R.Rojas, Vásquez & L. Valenz, junto con Columnea puipuiense y Columnea valenzuelai, el número de especies de Columnea registradas para el Perú se incrementa a 36. Estos hallazgos elevan la diversidad documentada de Gesneriaceae peruanas a 227 especies.

Craticula scientiacivica Moyón & S. Blanco, sp. nov., is a new diatom species discovered during the CiDIA-micro citizen science project at the University of León, Spain, which evaluates the environmental impact of biodegradable packaging on periphytic diatom communities. This initiative involved secondary school students and teachers in sampling experimental aquaria inoculated with natural benthic algae from Laguna Sentiz (León, Spain), revealing the novel taxon in a control treatment under alkaline conditions (pH 9, low nutrients). Valves are linear-lanceolate, panduriform, with concave margins and protracted rostrate apices, measuring 32.0-35.7 μm long and 3.9-6.3 μm wide. Striae are uniseriate, 18-19 in 10 μm, and weakly radiate, with circular central areolae (37-46 in 10 μm) transitioning to elliptical forms apically. The raphe is filiform, with expanded, unilaterally deflected proximal endings and terminal hooks extending onto the mantle. Teratological forms were found in 26% of individuals, featuring deformed outlines, misaligned raphe, and aberrant copulae, possibly linked to culture conditions despite the absence of chemical stressors. Morphologically, C. scientiacivica aligns with Craticula (Stauroneidaceae) via its shallow mantle, apically elongated external foramina, and deflected central raphe endings, but its unique panduriform shape and dimensions distinguish it from congeners. Molecular data are pending, but its occurrence in a single experimental tank suggests aerial propagule dispersal. This discovery underscores the role of citizen science in uncovering hidden biodiversity, bridging education and taxonomy in diatom research.

Telipogon teuscheri, a rare orchid species from southwestern Ecuador, was described by Garay in 1958, but has long been forgotten after being placed in synonymy with T. tesselatus by Dodson in 1989. Revision of type material, herbarium specimens, field observations, and collecting itineraries, along with genetic analyses, has revealed that T. teuscheri is morphologically and genetically distinct from T. tesselatus. Furthermore, our revision of herbarium material and iconography indicates that T. isabelae, described by Dodson in 2004, is conspecific with T. teuscheri and should be treated as a synonym, thereby resolving a long-standing taxonomic confusion. We present a detailed morphological description, illustrations, a distribution map, the phylogenetic position, and notes on habitat, phenology, and conservation status of T. teuscheri. ResumenTelipogon teuscheri, una rara especie de orquídea del suroccidente de Ecuador, fue descrita por Garay en 1958, pero ha sido olvidada por largo tiempo después de haber sido sinonimizada con T. tesselatus por Dodson en 1989. Revisiones de materiales tipo, registros de herbario, observaciones de campo e itinerarios de colecta, junto con análisis genéticos revelan que T. teuscheri es morfológica y genéticamente distinta a T. tesselatus. Adicionalmente, nuestra revisión de material de herbario e iconografía indica que T. isabelae, descrita por Dodson en 2004, es conespecífica con T. teuscheri y debe ser tratada como su sinónimo, resolviendo una confusión taxonómica de larga data. Proveemos una descripción morfológica detallada, ilustraciones, un mapa de distribución, evidencia filogenética y notas sobre el hábitat, la fenología y el estado de conservación para T. teuscheri.

Recent phylogenomic studies have consistently shown that Orostachys s.l. is polyphyletic and that the traditional subsections Appendiculatae and Orostachys represent distinct lineages. New generic name, Spinella H.-R. Lee & K.-S. Cheon was proposed to refer to species previously placed in O. subsect. Appendiculatae. We argue that this generic treatment is nomenclaturally incorrect. Orostachys is a conserved name with a conserved type corresponding to O. chlorantha (= O. spinosa), which is placed in subsect. Appendiculatae. Therefore, the name Orostachys must apply to the lineage traditionally treated as subsect. Appendiculatae, not to subsect. Orostachys. Consequently, Spinella is not the correct generic name for species of O. subsect. Appendiculatae, and should be treated as the heterotypic synonym of Orostachys.

A new species of Gesneriaceae, Hemiboea siccinvolucris B.Pan & Y.B.Lu, sp. nov., from Guangxi, China, is described. This species is morphologically similar to H. cavaleriei, H. subcapitata, and H. liana but can be distinguished by its densely pubescent adaxial surface and sparsely pubescent abaxial surface (vs. adaxially glabrous to sparsely pubescent and abaxially glabrous in H. cavaleriei; adaxially nearly glabrous to pubescent and abaxially glabrous to pubescent in H. subcapitata; glabrous on both surfaces in H. liana) and by its green abaxial surface (vs. pale green or purplish in H. cavaleriei and H. subcapitata; lilac in H. liana). The terminal cyme has only 1-3 flowers (vs. pseudoterminal or axillary cymes with three or more flowers in H. cavaleriei and H. subcapitata; terminal, usually 1-flowered, occasionally 2-flowered in H. liana). The spherical involucre dries early before anthesis (vs. spherical, with no records of early involucre desiccation in H. cavaleriei and H. subcapitata; trigonous, with no records of early involucre desiccation in H. liana); the stigma is reniform (vs. obtuse in H. cavaleriei and H. subcapitata; shallowly bilobed in H. liana). Phylogenetic analyses based on both ITS sequences and chloroplast genome data show that all sampled individuals of this taxon form a well-supported monophyletic group, supporting its recognition as a new species. Detailed morphological descriptions, line drawings, comparative diagnostic characters, and molecular phylogenetic analyses are provided.

Vaccinium fangianum, a new species of Ericaceae from Yunnan Province, China, is described and illustrated. This species was previously misidentified as Vaccinium ardisioides. Morphologically, the new species is similar to Vaccinium ardisioides in its epiphytic habit, pseudo-whorled leaves with entire blade margins, and axillary racemose inflorescences but differs in having wider leaf blades, a deeply lobed calyx limb, a yellowish-green corolla that is villous internally, and spurless anthers with tubules ca. 1.7× as long as thecae. Detailed descriptions, analytical photographic plates, conservation status information, and a distribution map of the two species are also provided. In addition, V. rubescens was confirmed to be a synonym of V. ardisioides in this study.

Rhododendron luohanbaense, a new species of Ericaceae, is described from Zhaotong City in northeastern Yunnan Province, China. Morphologically, it is most similar to both R. pachytrichum and R. maculiferum and can be classified into the subgen. Hymenanthes sect. Pontica subsect. Maculifera. However, it can be easily distinguished by markedly smaller and narrower leaves with acuminate apex, abaxial midribs densely covered with woolly indumentum, yellowish-green corollas speckled with green or purple dots, inflorescences bearing up to 7 flowers, flowers with ovary densely pilose, capsule densely brown setose. Phylogenomic evidence, based on a coalescent-based species tree reconstructed from 5358 single-copy nuclear orthologous genes, also supports recognition of the new taxon.

The taxonomy of three Garcinia species-G. bancana, G. costata, and G. parvifolia (section Brindonia, Clusiaceae)-is revised for Thailand. Morphological descriptions, illustrations, and photographs are provided, along with notes on distribution, phenology, conservation status, etymology, vernacular names, uses, specimens examined, habitats, and ecology. All three species are restricted to Peninsular Thailand and produce edible fruits. Six names are lectotypified here, including G. bancana and its three synonyms (G. lamponga, G. leucandra, and G. oxyedra), as well as G. parvifolia and its synonym (G. globulosa). Garcinia costata is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) under IUCN criterion D1, whereas G. bancana and G. parvifolia are assessed as Least Concern (LC).

Rhododendron jiucaipingensis Jian Xu & M. T. An, sp. nov. (Ericaceae), a new species of R. subgen. Hymenanthes, subsect. Argyrophylla, from northwestern Guizhou, China, is described and illustrated. It is an evergreen shrub 1.5-3.0 m tall, characterized by green, densely white-tomentose current-year branchlets, leaves crowded at branch apices (5.5-9.5 × 2.5-4.0 cm) with 8-11 pairs of lateral veins, 10 stamens, and cylindric capsules 1.2-2.0 cm long. The new species is morphologically most similar to R. hypoglaucum and R. argyrophyllum, but it is readily distinguished by having densely white-tomentose current-year branchlets, fewer lateral veins (8-11 pairs), a double-layered white indumentum on the abaxial surfaces of young leaves, and 10 stamens. Phylogenetic analysis based on a whole-genome SNP dataset robustly resolves R. jiucaipingensis as a distinct lineage within subsect. Argyrophylla, positioned as sister to the monophyletic clade of five congeneric species with high support (SH-aLRT = 100%, UFBoot = 100%). This molecular evidence, congruent with diagnostic morphological characters, supports the recognition of R. jiucaipingensis as a species new to science.