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Polygonatum kiangnanense (Asparagaceae), a new species from southeastern China, a newly identified species native to southeastern China, is herein described and illustrated in detail. It bears the closest morphological affinity to P. odoratum, yet can be clearly differentiated by a suite of distinct traits: a terete rhizome measuring 9-14 mm in thickness, stem angled, oblong leaf blades (8.0-13.0 × 3.5-5.0 cm), racemose inflorescences typically bearing 1-2 (occasionally 3) flowers, yellowish-green campanulate-cylindrical perianths with a constricted mid-section, perianth lobes 6-8 mm in length (accounting for half of the total flower length), filaments adnate to the lower two-thirds of the perianth (12-14 mm long, smooth, with no apical saccate protrusions), and black berries (6-8 mm in diameter) containing 2-4 seeds. The complete chloroplast genome of the sampled individuals of this new species ranges from 154,571 to 154,593 bp in length. Phylogenetic analyses based on chloroplast genome sequences confirm that P. kiangnanense is genetically distinct from morphologically similar congeners.

Rhododendron jiucaipingensis Jian Xu & M. T. An, sp. nov. (Ericaceae), a new species of R. subgen. Hymenanthes, subsect. Argyrophylla, from northwestern Guizhou, China, is described and illustrated. It is an evergreen shrub 1.5-3.0 m tall, characterized by green, densely white-tomentose current-year branchlets, leaves crowded at branch apices (5.5-9.5 × 2.5-4.0 cm) with 8-11 pairs of lateral veins, 10 stamens, and cylindric capsules 1.2-2.0 cm long. The new species is morphologically most similar to R. hypoglaucum and R. argyrophyllum, but it is readily distinguished by having densely white-tomentose current-year branchlets, fewer lateral veins (8-11 pairs), a double-layered white indumentum on the abaxial surfaces of young leaves, and 10 stamens. Phylogenetic analysis based on a whole-genome SNP dataset robustly resolves R. jiucaipingensis as a distinct lineage within subsect. Argyrophylla, positioned as sister to the monophyletic clade of five congeneric species with high support (SH-aLRT = 100%, UFBoot = 100%). This molecular evidence, congruent with diagnostic morphological characters, supports the recognition of R. jiucaipingensis as a species new to science.

Ornithoboea brachycarpa C.Xiong, F.Wen & Y.G.Wei, a new cave-dwelling species discovered in Guangxi, China, is described and illustrated. It is morphologically distinctive within the genus by its stamens bearing a beard on the sterile projection, a character not observed in any other known species of Ornithoboea. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS and trnL-F sequences places it as sister to O. feddei (H.Lév.) B.L.Burtt. Currently, only one population comprising approximately 150-200 mature individuals has been confirmed at the type locality. According to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, it is provisionally assessed as Endangered (EN D).

The new species Breynia phongquangensis from Vietnam is described and illustrated. The new species is compared with three similar species in an identification key and a table of detailed morphological characters. Breynia phongquangensis differs from the morphologically similar species B. macrantha, B. phuongiana, and B. spatulifolia by a unique combination of characters, including fleshy sepals in the staminate flowers (vs. non-fleshy in the other three species); staminate flowers 4.9-5.8 mm in diameter (vs. ca. 3.3 mm in B. spatulifolia); outer sepals of pistillate flowers 3.7-4.6 mm long (vs. 6-7 mm long in B. macrantha); and a markedly longer ovary, 3.7-4.9 mm long (vs. < 2.8 mm long in the other three species). It further differs in having fruits ca. 27.0 mm long (vs. &#x2264; 25.0 mm long in the other species), pistillate flower pedicels 16-53 mm long (vs. 2.5-4.0 mm long in B. phuongiana and 0.3-3.0 mm long in B. spatulifolia), globose fruits (vs. starfish-shaped in B. phuongiana), and fewer lateral veins (6-8 pairs vs. 9-15 pairs in B. spatulifolia).

Ophiorrhiza saxatilis M.T.An & G.L.Li, sp. nov., a new species of the genus Ophiorrhiza (Rubiaceae) discovered in the karst regions of Guizhou, China, and provides its taxonomic basis from a morphological perspective. The new species is morphologically similar to Ophiorrhiza lignosa, but differs from the latter by having an inflorescence in that its young branches are uniformly pubescent (vs. bifariously pubescent in O. lignosa); the abaxial leaf surface is pubescent (vs. puberulent only along the midrib and secondary veins in O. lignosa); the bracteoles are 5-6 mm long (vs. 1.5-3 mm long in O. lignosa); the petioles are 2-5.8 mm long (vs. 6-20 mm long in O. lignosa); the stamens are inserted at the base of the corolla tube (vs. inserted near the middle of the corolla tube in O. lignosa); the flowers are distylous (vs. monomorphic with pin flowers in O. lignosa), and the styles of long-styled flowers are 6-8 mm long (vs. 10-11 mm long in O. lignosa). These stable and significant morphological differences, combined with a comprehensive and detailed morphological description of the new species and a comparison of diagnostic characters with similar species, firmly support the recognition of Ophiorrhiza saxatilis as a distinct new species.

A new species, Microlicia almedae, is described and illustrated from the species-rich campo rupestre vegetation of Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil. The taxonomic novelty is morphologically related to M. giuliettiana and M. pulchra, which are also restricted to Chapada Diamantina. Microlicia almedae differs from the latter two species in leaf shape and size, hypanthium indumentum, calyx lobe shape and size, and petal size. In addition, M. almedae differs from M. giuliettiana by its uniformly magenta petals and from M. pulchra by its capsules with deciduous columellae. Variation in leaf shape among M. almedae, M. pulchra, and M. giuliettiana was quantified using elliptic Fourier analysis, which revealed near-complete separation among the three species.

A new fern species, Cyrtomium lacrimipinnum (Dryopteridaceae), is described and illustrated from limestone ridges of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, central Vietnam. It is most similar to C. pachyphyllum in having lateral pinnae with deeply cordate bases but is distinguished by its pinnae with acute and attenuate apices (vs. obtuse) and the presence of black or dark brown microscales on both surfaces of the pinnae (vs. confined to the abaxial surface). Spore counts of 64 per sporangium suggest a sexual reproductive mode.

Nomenclatural types serve as reference points in biodiversity research, providing a stable foundation for species naming and identification. Despite their critical role in taxonomy, these specimens are often from old collections and are inaccessible for study using modern methodologies, such as molecular phylogenetics and reproductive biology. This gap can be bridged by recollecting new topotypic materials from type localities. In 2025, the "Vietnamese Pteridophyte Topotype Project" was launched using this approach to advance systematics studies. Here, the first results of this project are presented, including a detailed analysis of Vietnamese pteridophyte types, with emphasis on their historical background, taxonomic composition, and systematic significance. In addition, lectotypes are designated for Pteris quadriaurita var. parviloba Christ and Trichomanes javanicum var. glabra Bonap.

Subantarctic islands constitute some of the most remote terrestrial environments on Earth and represent the southernmost limits of non-glaciated land. Despite their comparatively low vascular plant diversity, several taxa are reported as widely distributed across multiple archipelagos without detailed comparative taxonomic assessment. In Carex sect. Uncinia (Cyperaceae), the broadly circumscribed C. brevicaulis and C. austrocompacta complexes, have long been assumed to represent single species with wide and disjunct distributions across remote oceanic islands far from continental landmasses. In this study, a comparative morphometric approach was employed to reassess species limits within these complexes across subantarctic and Pacific archipelagos. Multivariate analyses revealed consistent morphological discontinuities corresponding to geographically structured lineages. The results support the recognition of four distinct species within the C. brevicaulis complex and five within the subantarctic C. austrocompacta complex, some of them newly described here. These findings reveal substantial hidden diversity in oceanic Carex and demonstrate the effectiveness of quantitative morphology in resolving taxonomic complexity in morphologically reduced groups.

Five new species of Impatiens, viz. Impatiens flavispicata, I. filcyii, I. ninanii, I. xanthopetala, and I. berchmansiensis, are described from the southern Western Ghats of Kerala. I. flavispicata resembles I. courtallensis and I. herbicola; I. filcyii is similar to I. periyarensis and I. aliciae; I. ninanii is allied to I. cheruthoniensis; I. xanthopetala shows similarity to I. flavescens and I. inconspicua and I. berchmansiensis is similar to I. herbicola. The newly described taxa are readily distinguished from their allied species by strong character combinations. Detailed descriptions, along with SEM analysis of pollen, photographs, and distribution maps, are provided.

Oreocharis fulvovillosa, a new species of Gesneriaceae, is described and illustrated. This new species has only been discovered on the rock walls of an isolated karst hill at its type locality in Mang City, western Yunnan, China.

A checklist of the vascular flora of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has been assembled, based on literature, online databases, and herbarium collections. It includes 10,260 species (38 lycophytes, 347 monilophytes, 16 gymnosperms, and 9,859 angiosperms), belonging to 246 families. The five largest families are Fabaceae (11.8% of specific richness), followed by Rubiaceae (6.7%), Asteraceae (6.6%), Poaceae (6.1%), and Orchidaceae (5.6%). Strict endemics of the DRC amount to 1,099 species, i.e., 10.7%. Families represented by > 120 species and comprising a high proportion of endemics include Commelinaceae (endemism rate: 24%), Euphorbiaceae (21%), Asteraceae (16%), and Fabaceae (16%). A total of 461 introduced species are recorded outside cultivation in the country, i.e., 4.5% of the total flora. Solanaceae, Brassicaceae, and Amaranthaceae stand out with their higher-than-average proportions of introduced species. Herbs represent the most frequent life form (54%), followed by (sub)shrubs (17%), trees (14.5%), climbers (10%), and epiphytes (4%). The IUCN conservation status was retrieved for 2,633 species (25.7%), of which two species are extinct and 448 (17%) are assigned to a threat category (CR [Critically Endangered]: 36; EN [Endangered]: 184; VU [Vulnerable]: 228). IUCN status was retrieved for 184 (17%) of the endemic species, of which 135 (73%) are considered extinct or threatened.

The genus Rubus is among the most taxonomically complex and species-rich groups of vascular plants in Europe, owing to extensive morphological variation, polyploidy, facultative apomixis and frequent hybridisation. An updated checklist of the genus Rubus in Poland, presented here, comprises 113 taxa, including 106 native species and seven established alien taxa; 12 species occur exclusively in Poland and are treated as regional endemics. An illegitimate later homonym, Rubus magurensis, is replaced here with the new name, Rubus subbeskidensis. Using 88,934 verified records from the ATPOL database, spatial patterns of species richness are analysed and seven regional micro-hotspots of Rubus diversity in Poland are identified. The highest concentrations of species are located in south-western Poland, particularly in the Kotlina K&#x142;odzka Basin, the Moravian Gate and the forelands of the northern Carpathians. Phytogeographical analyses of the distribution patterns of all brambles occurring in Poland allow the recognition of four distinct geographical elements, comprising species reaching their northern, north-eastern, western and southern distribution limits in Poland. The distribution patterns of selected species groups depend mainly on specific bioclimatic factors determining the occurrence of individual species.

In this study, the somatic chromosome numbers for 30 populations representing 14 Rungia species from China were investigated. Chromosome counts for eleven of these species are reported for the first time, excluding Rungia pectinata, R. hirpex and R. flaviflora. The genus presents rich cytological diversity, with chromosome numbers of 2n = 20, 22, 26, 28, 40, 42, 50, 52 and 56. Polyploidy is prevalent, occurring in ten populations representing six species and accounting for approximately 33% of the studied populations. Based on the integration of the present data with previous reports, five basic chromosome numbers (x = 10, 11, 13, 14 and 25) were identified for the 16 species with available data. This pattern of base numbers is largely congruent with some key morphological data, such as capsule type and anther size. These findings confirm the significance of chromosomal data in the systematic analysis of Rungia, particularly for infrageneric classification, while also highlighting the need for further molecular and micromorphological studies to draw more comprehensive conclusions.

Ophiorrhiza xinchengensis (Rubiaceae), a new species from the middle part of Guangxi, China, is described and illustrated on the basis of morphological evidence. This new species resembles Ophiorrhiza longanensis in its densely pubescent stems, linear stipules, terminal or upper axillary inflorescences, but it can be distinguished by its elliptic or oblanceolate leaf blade, base attenuate (vs. oval, ovate to broadly ovate, base cuneate), its 2-3 mm long stipules (vs. 3.8-6.5 mm long), its 3-5 mm long bracteoles (vs. 6-10 mm long) its 10-12 mm long corolla tubes (vs. 2-3 mm long) and its filaments adnate at the middle of corolla tube, styles 12-15 mm long (vs. adnate to the base of corolla tube and styles ca. 3 mm long). The new species is currently known from a single population with approximately 60-100 mature individuals. Following IUCN Criteria, it is provisionally assessed as Critically Endangered. Photographs, an illustration and a distribution map are also provided.

Timmia is a small moss genus with only eight currently accepted species. However, the boundaries and taxonomic status of some taxa remain uncertain and controversial, which has significantly hindered studies on its species diversity. During our 2025 expeditions to the Sanjiangyuan Region in Qinghai Province, China, we discovered a moss resembling T. sphaerocarpa with globose capsules, distinguishable by several morphological characters: stomata confined to the capsule base; vegetative and perichaetial leaves with a distinctly differentiated sheathing base; limb laminal cells with distinct mamillae; naked antheridia; sinuose exothecial cells; and spores 2-3 times larger than those of T. sphaerocarpa. Morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses, based on two chloroplast markers (atpB-rbcL spacer and trnL-trnF) and the nuclear 26S region, suggest that this moss represents a new species, herein described as T. sanjiangyuanensis. A new section, sect. Pseudosphaerocarpa, is established to accommodate this species. Descriptions, illustrations and SEM photographs of the peristome and spores of this new species, along with an updated key to Timmia species in China, are provided.

Recent phylogenomic studies have consistently shown that Orostachys s.l. is polyphyletic and that the traditional subsections Appendiculatae and Orostachys represent distinct lineages. New generic name, Spinella H.-R. Lee & K.-S. Cheon was proposed to refer to species previously placed in O. subsect. Appendiculatae. We argue that this generic treatment is nomenclaturally incorrect. Orostachys is a conserved name with a conserved type corresponding to O. chlorantha (= O. spinosa), which is placed in subsect. Appendiculatae. Therefore, the name Orostachys must apply to the lineage traditionally treated as subsect. Appendiculatae, not to subsect. Orostachys. Consequently, Spinella is not the correct generic name for species of O. subsect. Appendiculatae, and should be treated as the heterotypic synonym of Orostachys.

A new species of Gesneriaceae, Hemiboea siccinvolucris B.Pan & Y.B.Lu, sp. nov., from Guangxi, China, is described. This species is morphologically similar to H. cavaleriei, H. subcapitata, and H. liana but can be distinguished by its densely pubescent adaxial surface and sparsely pubescent abaxial surface (vs. adaxially glabrous to sparsely pubescent and abaxially glabrous in H. cavaleriei; adaxially nearly glabrous to pubescent and abaxially glabrous to pubescent in H. subcapitata; glabrous on both surfaces in H. liana) and by its green abaxial surface (vs. pale green or purplish in H. cavaleriei and H. subcapitata; lilac in H. liana). The terminal cyme has only 1-3 flowers (vs. pseudoterminal or axillary cymes with three or more flowers in H. cavaleriei and H. subcapitata; terminal, usually 1-flowered, occasionally 2-flowered in H. liana). The spherical involucre dries early before anthesis (vs. spherical, with no records of early involucre desiccation in H. cavaleriei and H. subcapitata; trigonous, with no records of early involucre desiccation in H. liana); the stigma is reniform (vs. obtuse in H. cavaleriei and H. subcapitata; shallowly bilobed in H. liana). Phylogenetic analyses based on both ITS sequences and chloroplast genome data show that all sampled individuals of this taxon form a well-supported monophyletic group, supporting its recognition as a new species. Detailed morphological descriptions, line drawings, comparative diagnostic characters, and molecular phylogenetic analyses are provided.

The genus Asplenium is known for its high morphological diversity and complex evolutionary history. Two South American species, Asplenium brasiliense and A. douglasii, possess unusual morphological traits, including simple fronds, anastomosing venation, and paired indusia opening toward each other, which have historically led to their assignment to several satellite genera, such as Antigramma, Hemidictyum, Phyllitis, and Scolopendrium. However, their phylogenetic positions have never been rigorously tested using molecular data. In this study, four chloroplast markers were employed to infer the phylogenetic placement of these two enigmatic species. The phylogenetic analyses robustly resolved both species as members of the Asplenium schaffneria clade, where they form a strongly supported monophyletic group that is sister to the A. varians subclade. This study provides the first molecular phylogenetic evidence clarifying the phylogenetic relationships of A. douglasii and A. brasiliense, demonstrating that their morphological peculiarities represent specialized evolutionary derivations within Asplenium s.l. rather than providing justification for generic segregation.