搜索结果：Troops

To mobilize support for war and to control dissent, governments draw upon deeply engrained discourses regarding soldiering and the citizen's duty to support the troops. We identify the cultural and political evolution of the discursive legacy of “support the troops” from the Vietnam War through the Iraq War. Using longitudinal and comparative organizational analyses, we analyze how this discursive legacy was engaged by U.S. peace movement organizations (PMOs). PMOs frequently made positive references to U.S. troops during both the Gulf War and Iraq War, creating a stable discourse centered around supporting the troops. Moreover, during the Gulf War the movement expanded the web of support by asking who else should be cared about beyond the troops, thus de-coupling the support discourse from the nation and the state. During the Iraq War, PMOs also developed an elaborated “discourse of betrayal” by redefining what it means to support the troops. Here they deployed proactive, anticipatory discourses, turning the tables on the Bush administration. PMOs also increasingly criticized the troops during the Iraq War due to well publicized human rights abuses. The findings demonstrate that movement discourses are both stable and flexible, influenced by past rounds of discursive contention as well as contemporary political events. We highlight the cultural constraints imposed on movements by dominant discursive legacies, and the strategic responses made by movements in response to emerging discursive opportunities.

Baboons are not included in the growing body of documentation on primate spatial defense. Instead, most field studies of baboons suggest that troops occupy overlapping undefended home ranges. In southwestern Africa we found defense of space by two troops living in a Namib Desert canyon and by a population of troops on the Okavango Swamp flood—plain in Botswana. Two desert troops encountered one another at contiguous ends of their linear home ranges and established a defended boundary near a waterhole. One troop also dominated a third, a smaller troop at the opposite end of its home range. In the swamp, large troops, living in a more energy and plant species—rich environment, occupied small home ranges relative to troops studied elsewhere in Africa. Here space was defended along well—defined boundaries. Size and configuration of troop space and the arrangement of resources within each space influence the likelihood of intertroop encounters and the expression of spatial defense.

Abstract This work examines support the troops discourses in the US and UK during the war on terror (2001–2010). These practices are important in their own right and a window into a broader transformation in liberal military-society relations. Few people now serve in the armed forces but gendered and sexualized cultural narratives of warfare continue to reproduce a strong connection between military service, citizenship, and normative heteromasculinity—the liberal military contract. It argues that supporting the troops reflects a gendered civilian anxiety arising from non-service in wartime, wherein normative citizenship and normative masculinity are apparently inaccessible to a large number of citizens. The book works through the ways that support the troops discourses attempt to address and resolve this anxiety by recasting support for the military as itself the hallmark of citizenship and masculinity. On that basis, supporting the troops is not really about the military at all, or even the legitimacy of war, but rather society’s maintenance of appropriate civil-military relations. Support is also increasingly transnationalized, as a seemingly apolitical vector for racialized, colonial hierarchy. Military support is the new military service—with a number of negative implications for democratic dissent. War opposition is sharply constrained, as martial obligation makes it possible to contest one war, on behalf of the troops, but not the practice of war itself. Overall, the book demonstrates the importance of gendered solidarism and loyalty, rather than solely dynamics of enmity and antagonism, in producing political community, the transnational liberal order and liberal wars.

Dengue fever (DF) was considered to be a potential cause of febrile illness in U.S. troops deployed to Somalia during Operation Restore Hope in 1992-1993. A prospective study of hospitalized troops with fever and a seroepidemiologic survey of 530 troops were conducted. Among 289 febrile troops hospitalized, 129 (45%) did not have an identified cause of their fever. Dengue (DEN) virus was recovered from 41 (43%) of 96 of these patients by inoculation of admission sera into C6/36 cell cultures. Thirty-nine (41%) of the isolates were identified as DEN-2 and two (2%) as DEN-3 by an indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay. An additional 18 (49%) of 37 culture-negative cases were shown by immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to have anti-DEN virus antibody. All identified DF cases recovered within 1-2 weeks; no case of dengue hemorrhagic fever or shock syndrome was observed. A seroepidemiologic survey of a unit (n = 494) with 17 culture or serologically identified DF cases and a 13% attack rate of unidentified febrile illness revealed a 7.7% prevalence of anti-DEN virus IgM antibody. Failure to use bed nets was the only identified risk factor for DEN infection (adjusted odds ratio = 2.2, 95% confidence interval = 1.4-3.0). These data indicate that DF was an important cause of febrile illness among US troops in Somalia, and demonstrate the difficulties in preventing DEN infection in troops operating in field conditions.

This review summarizes information on the behavioural ecology of mixed-species troops (interspecific associations) formed by different species of callitrichines, small New World monkeys, in western and central Amazonia. The formation of mixed-species troops is an integral part of the biology of several species of this subfamily. Niche separation between associated species is obtained through vertical segregation which results in differences in the prey spectrum. The degree of niche separation is a predictor for the stability of mixed-species troops. Individuals may benefit from the formation of mixed-species troops through increased safety from predators, increased foraging efficiency, and/or increased resource defence. Costs of mixed-species troop formation are probably very low and mainly relate to patterns of interspecific behavioural interactions. We point to gaps in our knowledge and suggest pathways for future research into mixed-species troops.

Two Provisioned Japanese monkey troops, the Takasakiyama A and B troops have extraordinary large population sizes, consisting of about 1000 and 300 monkeys respectively. Dominance tests were conducted among identified adult females of the Takasakiyama A and B troops. Because many pairs showed indefinite dominance relationships and the linear dominance rank order was not observed, individuals were given"dominance rank by ratio".Information of the dominance tests was obtained about two other troops.Indefiniteness of the cominance relationships increased quantitatively and qualitatively with the increase of the population size of the troop. The discrepancy up to now in the reports about the process of troop divisions is related to the population size of the troops and the occurence of indefinite dominance pairs.