搜索结果：Surprise-Filled

In the era of large language models, creative writing quality lacks a computable theoretical anchor. The dominant approaches are rubric scoring -- decomposing holistic aesthetic judgment into sub-scores -- and RLHF preference signals -- replacing quality with group votes. Both bypass the statistical structure of the text itself. This paper provides an information-theoretic foundation to fill this gap. We propose 'calibrated surprise' as the information-theoretic essence of excellent creative writing. This judgment matches reading intuition and covers its opposite. This literary judgment admits a precise mathematical formulation. Under full-dimensional constraints Y, feasible writing choices are forced into an extremely narrow space. The rare survivors are, from the unconstrained perspective, exactly the least predictable choices. Both are measured precisely by Shannon mutual information I(X;Y) = H(X) - H(X|Y) -- 'calibrated' corresponds to H(X|Y) approaching 0; 'surprising' corresponds to H(X) going high. The subtraction structure of the formula naturally separates 'well-grounded surprise' from 'pure noise'. We use token-level logprobs from Qwen1.5-7B as an operational proxy for th

Large language models (LLMs) face a dual challenge in creative capability evaluation: existing benchmarks (e.g., Story Cloze Test, HellaSwag) measure models' discriminative ability over narrative continuation using multiple-choice recognition paradigms, rather than directly measuring creative generation capability; rubric-based scoring and LLM-as-Judge methods rely on subjective dimension assessment or natural language model outputs, and cannot provide objective, automated scoring mechanisms. This paper proposes QUIET (Quality Understanding via Interlocked Evaluation Testing), a diagnostic benchmark for LLM creative capability based on multi-blank cascaded story cloze. QUIET sets N blanks (10-20) in a story with complete structure, with each blank accompanied by an explicit content constraint, and cascade dependency relationships between blanks -- the content filled into earlier blanks constrains the feasible solution space for later blanks. The evaluated model (or human participants) fills all blanks in open-ended generation mode; the results are scored by an information-theoretic automated scoring protocol without human grading. The scoring protocol directly operationalizes the "

Previous work examining the Uniform Information Density (UID) hypothesis has shown that while information as measured by surprisal metrics is distributed more or less evenly across documents overall, local discrepancies can arise due to functional pressures corresponding to syntactic and discourse structural constraints. However, work thus far has largely disregarded the relative salience of discourse participants. We fill this gap by studying how overall salience of entities in discourse relates to surprisal using 70K manually annotated mentions across 16 genres of English and a novel minimal-pair prompting method. Our results show that globally salient entities exhibit significantly higher surprisal than non-salient ones, even controlling for position, length, and nesting confounds. Moreover, salient entities systematically reduce surprisal for surrounding content when used as prompts, enhancing document-level predictability. This effect varies by genre, appearing strongest in topic-coherent texts and weakest in conversational contexts. Our findings refine the UID competing pressures framework by identifying global entity salience as a mechanism shaping information distribution i

A large class of correlated quantum materials feature strong Hund's coupling. Yet cold-atom quantum simulators have so far focused primarily on single-orbital Fermi-Hubbard systems near a Mott insulator. Here we show that repulsively interacting fermions loaded into the $p$-bands of a hexagonal lattice offer a unique platform to study the interplay of "Hundness" and "Mottness." Our theory predicts that the orbital degrees of freedom, despite geometric frustration, produce a rich phase diagram featuring a competing itinerant ferromagnetic (FM) metal and a spin-1 antiferromagnetic (AFM) insulator, with a surprising first-order transition between them controlled by density near half-filling. Ferromagnetism emerges at low fillings from the flat band and persists to stronger interactions and higher fillings via a double-exchange mechanism, where spins align to avoid Hund-rule penalties at the expense of Dirac-fermion kinetic energy. We further argue that the paramagnetic regime is a correlated "Hund metal." $p$-orbital Fermi gases thus provide an ideal experimental setting to investigate competing exchange mechanisms in multi-orbital systems with coexisting localized and itinerant spins

The observed fractional quantum Hall (FQH) plateaus follow a recurring hierarchical structure that allows an understanding of complex states based on simpler ones. Condensing the elementary quasiparticles of an Abelian FQH state results in a new Abelian phase at a different filling factor, and this process can be iterated \textit{ad infinitum}. We show that condensing clusters of the same quasiparticles into an Abelian state can instead realize non-Abelian FQH states. In particular, condensing quasiparticle pairs in the $ν=\frac{2}{3}$ Laughlin state yields the anti-Pfaffian phase at half-filling. We moreover show that the successive condensation of Laughlin quasiparticles produces quantum Hall states whose fillings coincide with the most prominent plateaus in the first excited Landau level of GaAs. More generally, such condensation can realize any non-Abelian FQH state that admits a parton representation. This surprising result is supported by an exact analysis of explicit wavefunctions, field theory arguments, conformal-field theory constructions of trial states, and numerical simulations.

Fractional Chern insulators (FCI) are exotic phases of matter realized at partial filling of a Chern band that host fractionally charged anyon excitations. Recent numerical studies in several microscopic models reveal that increasing the bandwidth in an FCI can drive a direct transition into a charge-2e superconductor rather than a conventional Fermi liquid. Motivated by this surprising observation, we propose a theoretical framework that captures the intertwinement between superconductivity and fractionalization in a lattice setting. Leveraging the duality between three field-theoretic descriptions of the Jain topological order, we find that bandwidth tuning can drive a single parent FCI at $ν= 2/3$ into five different superconductors, some of which are intrinsically non-Abelian and support Majorana zero modes. Our results reveal a rich landscape of exotic superconductors with no normal state Fermi surface and predict novel higher-charge superconductors coexisting with neutral non-Abelian topological order at more general filling fractions $ν= p/(2p+1)$.

We refer here to the surprising construction made by Giuseppe Peano in 1890. He gave an example of a continuous function (called now the Peano curve) from the unit interval to the whole unit square. We show here the existence of a more general space-filling curve with additional convexity properties. More precisely: by T ? R2 we denote a convex closed and bounded set and we show that there exists a continuous surjection f : [0; 1] 7! T for which the image of any interval is a convex set.

We critically analyze the recently reported observation of integer (IQAHE) and fractional (FQAHE) quantum anomalous Hall effects at zero applied magnetic field in pentalayer graphene. Our quantitative activation and variable range hopping transport analysis of the experimental data reveals that the observed IQAHE and FQAHE at different fillings all have similar excitation gaps of the order of $5-10$ K. In addition, we also find that the observed FQAHE manifests a large hidden background contact series resistance >10 k$Ω$ of unknown origin whereas this contact resistance is much smaller ~500 $Ω$ in the observed IQAHE. Both of these findings are surprising as well as inconsistent with the well-established phenomenology of the corresponding high-field integer and fractional quantum Hall effects in 2D semiconductor systems.

We construct $d$-dimensional polyhedral chains such that the distribution of tangent planes is close to a prescribed measure on the Grassmannian and the chains are either cycles (if the barycenter of the prescribed measure, considered as a measure on $\bigwedge^d \mathbb{R}^n$, is $0$) or their boundary is the boundary of a unit $d$-cube (if the barycenter of the prescribed measure is a simple $d$-vector). Such fillings were first proved to exist by Burago and Ivanov [Geom. funct. anal., 2004]; our work gives an explicit construction, which is also flexible to generalizations. For instance, in the case that the measure on the Grassmannian is supported on the set of positively oriented $d$-planes, we can construct fillings that are Lipschitz multigraphs. We apply this construction to prove the surprising fact that, for anisotropic integrands, polyconvexity is equivalent to quasiconvexity of the associated $Q$-integrands (that is, ellipticity for Lipschitz multigraphs) and to show that strict polyconvexity is necessary for the atomic condition to hold.

Recently, a kind of finite-temperature pseudo-transition was observed in several quasi-one-dimensional models. In this work, we consider a genuine one-dimensional extended Hubbard model in the atomic limit, influenced by an external magnetic field and with the arbitrary number of particles controlled by the chemical potential. The one-dimensional extended Hubbard model in the atomic limit was initially studied in the seventies and has been investigated over the past decades, but it still surprises us today with its fascinating properties. We rigorously analyze its low-temperature behavior using the transfer matrix technique and provide accurate numerical results. Our analysis confirms that there is an anomalous behavior in the half-filled band, specifically occurring between the alternating pair (AP) and paramagnetic (PM) phases at zero temperature. Previous investigations did not deeply identify this anomalous behavior, maybe due to the numerical simplicity of the model, but from analytical point of view this is not so easy to manipulate algebraically because one needs to solve an algebraic cubic equation. In this study, we explore this behavior and clearly distinguish the pseudo-

Observation of filling factor 6/13 is one of the surprising fractional quantum Hall states in the second Landau level because, in contrast to the standard wisdom, the fractions ($ν< 1/2$) with lower numerators, namely 4 and 5, have not yet been observed. We find that a state indeed forms at $ν=6/13$ as an intermittent topological state between two prominent states at $ν=1/2$ and $ν= 2/5$ with lower numerators. Also, we predict that a state forms at $ν=5/13$ as an intermittent to $ν= 2/5$ and $ν=3/8$. Our proposed wave functions for $ν=6/13$ and $5/13$ have excellent overlaps with the corresponding exact ground state wave functions. The Chern-Simons coupling matrices deduced from the form of these wave functions are analyzed to predict the topological properties, which may be experimentally verified.

Effective quantification of uncertainty is an essential and still missing step towards a greater adoption of deep-learning approaches in different applications, including mission-critical ones. In particular, investigations on the predictive uncertainty of deep-learning models describing non-linear dynamical systems are very limited to date. This paper is aimed at filling this gap and presents preliminary results on uncertainty quantification for system identification with neural state-space models. We frame the learning problem in a Bayesian probabilistic setting and obtain posterior distributions for the neural network's weights and outputs through approximate inference techniques. Based on the posterior, we construct credible intervals on the outputs and define a surprise index which can effectively diagnose usage of the model in a potentially dangerous out-of-distribution regime, where predictions cannot be trusted.

First, this article develops the theory of weaves and their cluster structures for the affine cones of positroid varieties. In particular, we explain how to construct a weave from a reduced plabic graph, show it is Demazure, compare their associated cluster structures, and prove that the conjugate surface of the graph is Hamiltonian isotopic to the Lagrangian filling associated to the weave. The T-duality map for plabic graphs has a surprising key role in the construction of these weaves. Second, we use the above established bridge between weaves and reduced plabic graphs to show that the Muller-Speyer twist map on positroid varieties is the Donaldson-Thomas transformation. This latter statement implies that the Muller-Speyer twist is a quasi-cluster automorphism. An additional corollary of our results is that target labeled seeds and the source labeled seeds are related by a quasi-cluster transformation.

Recently an algorithm has been constructed that shows the binary icosahedral group $\2I$ together with a $T$-like gate forms the most efficient single-qubit universal gate set. To carry out the algorithm fault tolerantly requires a code that implements $\ico$ transversally. However, no such code has ever been demonstrated in the literature. We fill this void by constructing a family of distance $d = 3$ codes that all implement $2I$ transversally. A surprising feature of this family is that the codes can be deduced entirely from symmetry considerations that only $2I$ affords.

Anisotropic hopping in a toy Hofstadter model was recently invoked to explain a rich and surprising Landau spectrum measured in twisted bilayer graphene away from the magic angle. Suspecting that such anisotropy could arise from unintended uniaxial strain, we extend the Bistritzer-MacDonald model to include uniaxial heterostrain. We find that such strain strongly influences band structure, shifting the three otherwise-degenerate van Hove points to different energies. Coupled to a Boltzmann magnetotransport calculation, this reproduces previously-unexplained non-saturating $B^2$ magnetoresistance over broad ranges of density near filling $ν=\pm 2$, and predicts subtler features that had not been noticed in the experimental data. In contrast to these distinctive signatures in longitudinal resistivity, the Hall coefficient is barely influenced by strain, to the extent that it still shows a single sign change on each side of the charge neutrality point -- surprisingly, this sign change no longer occurs at a van Hove point. The theory also predicts a marked rotation of the electrical transport principal axes as a function of filling even for fixed strain and for rigid bands. More carefu

Magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene (tBLG) has been studied extensively owing to its wealth of symmetry-broken phases, correlated Chern insulators, orbital magnetism, and superconductivity. In particular, the anomalous Hall effect (AHE) has been observed at odd integer filling factors ($ν=1$ and $3$) in a small number of tBLG devices, indicating the emergence of a zero-field orbital magnetic state with spontaneously broken time-reversal symmetry. However, the AHE is typically not anticipated at half filling ($ν=2$) owing to competing intervalley coherent states, as well as spin-polarized and valley Hall states that are favored by an intervalley Hund's coupling. Here, we present measurements of two tBLG devices with twist angles slightly away from the magic angle (0.96$^{\circ}$ and 1.20$^{\circ}$), in which we report the surprising observation of the AHE at $ν=+2$ and $-2$, respectively. These findings imply that a valley-polarized phase can become the ground state at half filling in tBLG rotated slightly away from the magic angle. Our results reveal the emergence of an unexpected ground state in the intermediately-coupled regime ($U/W \sim 1$, where $U$ is the strength of Coulomb

The hunt for ancient life on Mars just got an important test run。 Scientists confirmed that the Rosalind Franklin rover's sophisticated instrument can detect subtle differences in two stable molecules that could preserve evidence of past life for billions of years。 But the team also uncovered a surprise: organic molecules in the Murchison meteorite

Physicists have developed a new optical centrifuge that can precisely spin molecules inside a superfluid for the first time。 The advance could help unravel some of the biggest mysteries of quantum liquids and reveal how superfluidity breaks down at the atomic scale

The children who get a combination shot are some of the most vulnerable