Critical phenomena have been extensively investigated both theoretically and experimentally in many fields, such as condensed matter physics, biology, e.g., brain criticality, and cosmology. In particular, the behaviour of response functions right at critical points (CPs) is highly topical. It turns out that in the frame of Boltzmann-Gibbs-von Neumann-Shannon approach, the extensive character of entropy breaks down at CPs. The latter implies diverging susceptibilities, which is at odds with experimental observations. Here, we investigate the influence of the spin magnitude $S$ on the quantum Grüneisen parameter $Γ^{0\text{K}}_{q}$ right at CPs for the 1D Ising model under a transverse magnetic field. Our findings are fourfold: $\textit{i}$) for higher $S$, $Γ^{0\text{K}}_{q}$ is increased, but remains finite, reflecting the enhancement of the Hilbert space dimensionality; $\textit{ii}$) the Schmidt decomposition theorem recovers the extensivity of the nonadditive $q$-entropy $S_q$ only for a $\textit{special}$ value of the entropic index $q$; $\textit{iii}$) the universality class in the frame of $S_q$ depends only on the symmetry of the system; $\textit{iv}$) we propose an experim
The investigation and analysis of exotic physical phenomena facilitated by metamaterials have emerged as a compelling area of interest in physics, material science, and engineering. However, there remains a lack of suitable theoretical tools for scrutinizing light-matter interactions in metamedia, particularly those involving distinct constitutive tensors, such as polarization cross-coupling or non-reciprocal propagation induced by bianisotropy. In this research, we apply the generalized transfer matrix method and matrix Fourier Optics to devise a novel hybrid methodology adept at efficiently tracing an optical beam as it propagates through transverse-homogeneous, longitudinal-inhomogeneous bianisotropic media. Our proof-of-concept demonstration elucidates the interaction between a nonparaxial Gaussian incident beam with various linear/circular polarizations and a mismatched anisotropic double-negative (DNG) metamaterial. We unveil the nontrivial bifocal effect and optical vortex (OV) generation and focusing phenomena in a three-dimensional environment, findings that have not been documented previously. Significantly, the proposed efficient methodology holds the potential for appli
Spectroscopic identification of distinct nonlinear photocurrents unveils quantum geometric properties of electron wavefunctions and the momentum-space topological structures. This is especially interesting, but still puzzling, for chiral topological semimetals with possibilities of hosting giant quantized circular photogalvanic effect. Here we report a comprehensive terahertz (THz) emission spectroscopic analysis of nonlinear photoconductivity of chiral multifold CoSi at 0.26 ~ 1 eV. We find a large linear shift conductivity (17 μA/V2), and confirm a giant injection conductivity (167 μA/V2) as a consequence of strongly interfered non-quantized contributions from the vicinity of multifold nodes with opposite chiralities. The bulk injection current excited by the pump field with a complex wavevector is shown to carry both longitudinal and transverse components. Symmetry analyses further unveil weak nonlocal photon drag effect in addition to the photogalvanic effect. This work not only highlights chiral transition metal monosilicides for mid-infrared photovoltaic applications via various nonlinear optical channels, but also consolidates the THz spectroscopy for quantitative photovolta
The study of the early phases of star and planet formation is important to understand the physical and chemical history of stellar systems such as our own. In particular, protostars born in rich clusters are prototypes of the young Solar System. In the framework of the Seeds Of Life In Space (SOLIS) large observational project, the aim of the present work is to investigate the origin of the previously inferred high flux of energetic particles in the protocluster FIR4 of the Orion Molecular Cloud 2 (OMC-2), which appears asymmetric within the protocluster itself. Interferometric observations carried out with the IRAM NOEMA interferometer were used to map the silicon monoxide (SiO) emission around the FIR4 protocluster. Complementary archival data from the ALMA interferometer were also employed to help constrain excitation conditions. A physical-chemical model was implemented to characterise the particle acceleration along the protostellar jet candidate, along with a non-LTE analysis of the SiO emission along the jet. The emission morphology of the SiO rotational transitions hints for the first time at the presence of a collimated jet originating very close to the brightest protostar
Skyrmions are spin-swirling textures hosting wonderful properties with potential implications in information technology. Such magnetic particles carry a magnetization, whose amplitude is crucial to establish them as robust magnetic bits, while their topological nature gives rise to a plethora of exquisite features such as topological protection, the skyrmion and topological Hall effects as well as the topological orbital moment. These effects are all induced by an emergent magnetic field directly proportional to the three-spin scalar chirality, $χ= (\mathbf{S}_i\times\mathbf{S}_j)\cdot \mathbf{S}_k$, and shaped by the peculiar spatial dependence of the magnetization. Here, we demonstrate the existence of novel chiral magnetizations emerging from the interplay of spin-orbit interaction and either $χ$ or the two-spin vector chirality $\boldsymbolκ = \mathbf{S}_i\times\mathbf{S}_j$. By scrutinizing correlations among the spin, orbital (trivial and chiral) magnetizations, we unveil from ab-initio universal patterns, quantify the rich set of magnetizations carried by single skyrmions generated in PdFe bilayer on Ir(111) surface and demonstrate the ability to engineer their magnitude via
In the first image of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) of SMACS J0723.3-7327, one of the most outstanding features is the emergence of a large number of red spiral galaxies, because such red spiral galaxies are only a few percent in the number fraction among nearby spiral galaxies. While these apparently red galaxies were already detected with the Spitzer Space Telescope at $\sim3-4{\rm μm}$, the revolutionized view from JWST's unprecedented spatial resolution has unveiled their hidden spiral morphology for the first time. Within the red spiral galaxies, we focus on the three most highly red galaxies that are very faint in the $<0.9\,{\rm μm}$ bands and show red colors in the $2-4\,{\rm μm}$ bands. Our study finds that the three extremely red spiral galaxies are likely to be in the Cosmic Noon (i.e., $1 < z < 3$) and could be consistent with passive (i.e., $\sim$ zero star-formation rates) galaxies having moderate dust reddening (i.e., $A_{\rm V}\sim1\,{\rm mag}$). These "red spiral" galaxies would be interesting, potentially new population of galaxies, as we start to see their detailed morphology using JWST, for the first time. Finally, we note that the spectral ener
In this paper we propose a novel theoretical framework for interpreting long-range dynamical correlations unveiled in proteins through NMR measurements. The theoretical rationale relies on the hypothesis that correlated motions in proteins may be reconstructed as large-scale, collective modes sustained by long-lived nonlinear vibrations known as discrete breathers (DB) localized at key, hot-spot sites. DBs are spatially localized modes, whose nonlinear nature hinders resonant coupling with the normal modes, thus conferring them long lifetimes as compared to normal modes. DBs have been predicted to exist in proteins, localized at few $hotspot$ residues typically within the stiffest portions of the structure. We compute DB modes analytically in the framework of the nonlinear network model, showing that the displacement patterns of many DBs localized at key sites match to a remarkable extent the experimentally uncovered correlation blueprint. The computed dispersion relations prove that it is physically possible for some of these DBs to be excited out of thermal fluctuations at room temperature. Based on our calculations, we speculate that transient energy redistribution among the vib
We present the analysis of archival Very Large Telescope (VLT) Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) observations of the interacting galaxies NGC 4038/39 (a.k.a. the Antennae) at a distance of 18.1 Mpc. Up to 38 young star-forming complexes with evident contribution from Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars are unveiled. We use publicly available templates of Galactic WR stars in conjunction with available photometric extinction measurements to quantify and classify the WR population in each star-forming region, on the basis of its nearly Solar oxygen abundance. The total estimated number of WR stars in the Antennae is 4053 $\pm$ 84, of which there are 2021 $\pm$ 60 WNL and 2032 $\pm$ 59 WC-types. Our analysis suggests a global WC to WN-type ratio of 1.01 $\pm$ 0.04, which is consistent with the predictions of the single star evolutionary scenario in the most recent BPASS stellar population synthesis models.
To determine the dominant sources for cosmic reionization, the evolution history of the global ionizing fraction, and the topology of the ionized regions, we have conducted a deep imaging survey using four narrow-band (NB) and one intermediate-band (IB) filters on the Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC), called Cosmic HydrOgen Reionization Unveiled with Subaru (CHORUS). The central wavelengths and full-widths-at-half-maximum of the CHORUS filters are, respectively, 386.2 nm and 5.5 nm for NB387, 526.0 nm and 7.9 nm for NB527, 717.1 nm and 11.1 nm for NB718, 946.2 nm and 33.0 nm for IB945, and 971.2 nm and 11.2 nm for NB973. This combination, including NB921 (921.5 nm and 13.5 nm) from the Subaru Strategic Program with HSC (HSC SSP), are carefully designed, as if they were playing a chorus, to observe multiple spectral features simultaneously, such as Lyman continuum, Ly$α$, C~{\sc iv}, and He~{\sc ii} for $z=2$--$7$. The observing field is the same as that of the deepest footprint of the HSC SSP in the COSMOS field and its effective area is about 1.6 deg$^2$. Here, we present an overview of the CHORUS project, which includes descriptions of the filter design philosophy, observations and
A detailed independent study found that SpaceX's Starship is every bit as revolutionary as expected, while revealing both its impressive capabilities and its biggest remaining hurdles。 It also introduces an ambitious European rocket concept that could offer a very different route to affordable super heavy launches
Experimentally resolving atomic-scale structural changes of a deformed glass remains challenging owing to the disordered nature of glass structure. Here, we show that the structural anisotropy emerges as a general hallmark for different types of glasses (metallic glasses, oxide glass, amorphous selenium, and polymer glass) after thermo-mechanical deformation, and it is highly correlates with local nonaffine atomic displacements detected by the high-energy X-ray diffraction technique. By analyzing the anisotropic pair density function, we unveil the atomic-level mechanism responsible for the plastic flow, which notably differs between metallic glasses and covalent glasses. The structural rearrangements in metallic glasses are mediated through cutting and formation of atomic bonds, which occurs in some localized inelastic regions embedded in elastic matrix, whereas that of covalent glasses is mediated through the rotation of atomic bonds or chains without bond length change, which occurs in a less localized manner.
The origin of the soft gamma-ray (200 keV - 1 MeV) galactic ridge emission is one of the long-standing mysteries in the field of high-energy astrophysics. Population studies at lower energies have shown that emission from accreting compact objects gradually recedes in this domain, leaving place to another source of gamma-ray emission that is characterised by a hard power-law spectrum extending from 100 keV up to 100 MeV The nature of this hard component has remained so far elusive, partly due to the lack of sufficiently sensitive imaging telescopes that would be able to unveil the spatial distribution of the emission. The SPI telescope aboard INTEGRAL allows now for the first time the simultaneous imaging of diffuse and point-like emission in the soft gamma-ray regime. We present here all-sky images of the soft gamma-ray continuum emission that clearly reveal the morphology of the different emission components. We discuss the implications of our results on the nature of underlying emission processes and we put our results in perspective of GLAST studies of diffuse galactic continuum emission.
Transient astrophysics provides a set of unique laboratories for studying fundamental physics. From the launching of powerful relativistic jets to merging neutron stars, highly-magnetised compact objects, or stellar explosions, transients probe the Universe at its most extreme. The SKAO will provide an unrivalled set of capabilities for transient observations on timescales from nanoseconds to decades, opening new discovery space. With its sensitivity, broad spectral coverage, wide field of view, and high survey speed, SKAO will allow us to discover and understand rare events that provide powerful new insights into regimes of high energy density, strong gravity, and intense magnetic fields. Complemented by a suite of multi-wavelength and multi-messenger facilities, and supported by a network of smaller existing radio telescopes and new computational capabilities, SKAO will unveil the most powerful and exotic events in our Universe, addressing some of the key questions in modern astrophysics and cosmology.
Physics-informed neural networks and neural quantum states have consolidated a new paradigm to analyze and discover physical phenomena through constrained neural parametrizations. In this context, we investigate whether the semiclassical structure of the eigenfunctions of a quantum chaotic system can be unveiled through unsupervised learning. To this end, we train a "quantum dictionary", formulated as an overcomplete autoencoder, that sparsely represents the eigenstates of the system, using as an illustration the quantum baker map. The only explicit physical information imposed on the dictionary atoms is their localization in phase space, without providing any kind of information about the periodic orbits of the corresponding classical system. The model achieves high fidelity in reconstructing eigenstates not used during training. By comparing the learned atoms with an independently constructed "semiclassical dictionary", we find that they spontaneously localize on the periodic orbits and develop scar-like structures. This result is interesting in two ways: a localization constraint is sufficient to recover nontrivial semiclassical organization from spectral data and at the same ti
Synchronization occurs ubiquitously in nature and science. The synchronization regions generally broaden monotonically with the strength of the forcing, thereby featuring a tongue-like shape in parameter space, known as Arnold's tongue. Such a shape is universal, prevailing in many diverse synchronized systems. Interestingly, theoretical studies suggest that under strong external forcing, the shape of the synchronization regions can change substantially and even holes can appear in the solid patterns. However, experimentally accessing these abnormal regimes is quite challenging, mainly because many real-world systems displaying synchronization become fragile under strong forcing. Here, we are able to observe these intriguing regimes in a breathing-soliton laser. Two types of abnormal synchronization regions are unveiled, namely, a leaf- and a ray-like shape. High-resolution control of the loss allows holes to be revealed in the synchronization regions. Our work opens the possibility to study intriguing synchronization dynamics using a simple breathing-soliton laser as a testbed.
The paper presents a longitudinal measurement study on the adoption of the pledge and unveil system calls in OpenBSD. These system calls are used to sandbox programs and libraries. Given a dataset covering 19 releases, many programs and libraries were modified to use the system calls already before their introductions in official releases. The adoption rates have also steadily grown; a linear trend provides a coarse but sensible heuristic. Although particularly programs residing in /usr/bin and /usr/sbin have been modified to use the system calls, the sizes of programs and libraries do not correlate well with the amounts of pledge and unveil system calls invoked. Regarding the pledges made, standard input and output operations have frequently been requested, although the full fine-grained arsenal offered by pledge has generally been utilized in OpenBSD. The same observation is seen in that particularly read operations to given paths have frequently been unveiled. All in all, the measurement results indicate that the adoption of system call minimization and sandboxing techniques is not necessarily as troublesome as has often been discussed in the literature.
The Multiphase Astrophysics to Unveil the Virgo Environment (MAUVE) project is a multi-facility programme exploring how dense environments transform galaxies. Combining a VLT/MUSE P110 Large Programme and ALMA observations of 40 late-type Virgo Cluster galaxies, MAUVE resolves star formation, kinematics, and chemical enrichment within their molecular gas discs. A key goal is to track the evolution of cold gas that survives in the inner regions of satellites after entering the cluster, and how it evolves across different infall stages. With its high spatial resolution -- probing down to the physical scales of giant molecular cloud complexes -- and multiphase synergy, MAUVE aims to offer a time-resolved view of environmental quenching and set a new benchmark for cluster galaxy studies.
Although Chain-of-Thought (CoT) has achieved remarkable success in enhancing the reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs), the mechanism of CoT remains a ``black box''. Even if the correct answers can frequently be obtained, existing CoTs struggle to make the reasoning understandable to human. In this paper, we unveil and causalize CoT from a causal perspective to ensure both correctness and understandability of all reasoning steps (to the best of our knowledge, the first such). We model causality of CoT via structural causal models (SCM) to unveil the reasoning mechanism of CoT. To measure the causality of CoT, we define the CoT Average Causal Effect (CACE) to test the causal relations between steps. For those steps without causality (wrong or unintelligible steps), we design a role-playing causal query algorithm to causalize these steps, resulting a causalized CoT with all steps correct and understandable. Experimental results on both open-source and closed-source LLMs demonstrate that the causal errors commonly in steps are effectively corrected and the reasoning ability of LLMs is significantly improved.
Social media platforms have experienced a significant rise in toxic content, including abusive language and discriminatory remarks, presenting growing challenges for content moderation. Some users evade censorship by deliberately disguising toxic words through homophonic cloak, which necessitates the task of unveiling cloaked toxicity. Existing methods are mostly designed for English texts, while Chinese cloaked toxicity unveiling has not been solved yet. To tackle the issue, we propose C$^2$TU, a novel training-free and prompt-free method for Chinese cloaked toxic content unveiling. It first employs substring matching to identify candidate toxic words based on Chinese homo-graph and toxic lexicon. Then it filters those candidates that are non-toxic and corrects cloaks to be their corresponding toxicities. Specifically, we develop two model variants for filtering, which are based on BERT and LLMs, respectively. For LLMs, we address the auto-regressive limitation in computing word occurrence probability and utilize the full semantic contexts of a text sequence to reveal cloaked toxic words. Extensive experiments demonstrate that C$^2$TU can achieve superior performance on two Chines
Cathodoluminescence (CL), the emission of light induced by accelerated free electrons, has been extensively utilized in various applications, such as displays, streak cameras, and high-spatial-resolution analysis of optical material, surpassing the diffraction limit of light. Despite its long history, the photon statistics of CL have only recently been examined, revealing unexpectedly large bunching of photons. Here we find that this peculiar photon bunching contains information of intervening excitation processes before the photon emission, which can be extracted from the photon statistics within each excitation event by a single free electron. Using this approach, we experimentally unveiled the statistical differences of coherent CL involving a single electromagnetic interaction process and incoherent CL involving multiple excitation processes. The developed formulation is universally applicable for particle generation processes in general to investigate the nature of cascade reactions.