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Diplazium velutinum Holttum (Athyriaceae) is a rare endemic fern species originally described in 1937 from Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. Since its original collection by R.E. Holttum, this species has remained poorly documented, with only a single subsequent record in 1988. During floristic surveys conducted in 2018, this species was rediscovered, representing the first documented collection in more than 30 years. A detailed morphological description is provided, the spore surface ornamentation is characterized, the molecular phylogenetic placement of the species within Athyriaceae is summarized, and ecological characteristics of its habitat are documented. The species is distinguished from its closest congener, D. tomentosum, by lamina dissection and stipe scale characters. Diplazium velutinum clusters together with D. crenatoserratum and D. tomentosum, consistent with its status as a distinct species. A lectotype is formally designated here for D. velutinum based on the original syntype S.F.N. 31221 held at the Singapore Botanic Gardens Herbarium (SING). This rediscovery demonstrates the value of continued pteridological surveys in the montane forests of Peninsular Malaysia and highlights the scientific significance of protecting montane forest habitats.

The Batman River loach, Schistura chrysicristinae, is rediscovered after 48 years, at two sites upstream of its type locality in southeastern Anatolia. Originally described based on four specimens, all of which are now presumably lost, S. chrysicristinae has remained poorly known. We provide a detailed redescription based on freshly-collected fish, including updated morphological data and documentation of colour pattern. In addition, we reassess its generic position using mitochondrial COI sequences within a broad comparative framework of Nemacheilidae. Phylogenetic analyses recover S. chrysicristinae in a clade comprising Schistura cf. rupecula, supporting its placement within Schistura and not Paraschistura, as previously suggested. The rediscovery of S. chrysicristinae clarifies the taxonomic status of this poorly-known Anatolian species, and contributes to an improved understanding of nemacheilid diversity and biogeography in western Asia.

Viburnum laterale Rehder is a poorly known shrub endemic to southeastern China that has remained taxonomically unresolved since its publication more than a century ago. The species was known only from a few historical collections that lacked critical characters, and no living populations had been documented for nearly a century. Here, we report the rediscovery of this taxon and clarify its taxonomic identity using an integrative approach combining morphological and molecular evidence. Observations of living plants reveal several previously undocumented reproductive traits, including inflorescences with conspicuous white sterile marginal flowers, as well as fruit and seed morphology. Comparative analyses of living material, type specimens, and protologues indicate that V. laterale is most similar to V. hanceanum Maximowicz, with V. laterale differing mainly in its nearly absent indumentum, longer peduncles, and more coarsely serrate leaf margins. Phylogenetic analyses based on chloroplast coding sequences, together with an expanded dataset comprising nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) and three plastid markers (matK, ndhF, and rbcL), consistently place V. laterale within sect. Tomentosa (Maximowicz) Nakai, where it forms a strongly supported clade with V. hanceanum. Based on morphological and molecular evidence, V. laterale is transferred to sect. Tomentosa and treated as a variety of V. hanceanum, namely V. hanceanum var. depilatum M. Tang & L.C. Zhao. Our study resolves a long-standing taxonomic problem and highlights the importance of rediscovering historically ambiguous taxa for accurate species delimitation in Viburnum.

Since its original description in 1886, Cyclotus simonianus (Heude, 1886) has remained poorly studied and its taxonomic status has not been critically reassessed. In this study, we rediscovered this species from Tay Ninh Province, southern Vietnam, and provide a detailed redescription based on new shell and anatomical characters. Molecular analyses based on COI sequences confirm its placement within the genus Cyclotus Swainson 1840, although relationships within the genus remain unresolved due to limited comparative data. Based on morphological evidence, we consider Rhiostoma tieni Thach, 2024 to be a junior synonym of C. simonianus.

Anolis laevis Cope 1876, a poorly known South American anole characterized by an unusual rudimentary rostral appendage, had not been observed since its original description 150 years ago. Here, we report the rediscovery of A. laevis within approximately 50 to 100 km of its type locality in eastern Peru, including two adult males and, for the first time, adult females. Morphological analyses confirm pronounced sexual dimorphism, with females lacking the proboscis. This trait parallels the condition seen in other species of Anolis with a proboscis and may represent evolutionary convergence of the appendage in different lineages. We provide a detailed redescription of A. laevis, highlighting diagnostic morphological traits that distinguish it from other proboscid and morphologically similar South American Anolis species. Unusual traits of A. laevis include large head scales including few loreal rows, a distinct dorsal crest, presence of a dewlap in both sexes, and sexually dimorphic dewlap coloration. Our findings contribute to clarifying the taxonomy and morphological variation of poorly known anoles.

Microscope slide preparations made for the observation of the mycorrhiza of the mycoheterotrophic orchid Gastrodia elata were rediscovered and confirmed to be the original materials used by Shunsuke Kusano for his 1911 publication. In this study, we re-examined these historical slides to assess their preservation and scientific significance. Among the 115 slides, 61 clearly displayed the mycorrhiza of G. elata. Intracellular organelles closely resembling the 'vesicle', 'globule', 'tubular sheath', 'globular bodies', and 'lignified papillae' described by Kusano were observed, and staining reactions consistent with Heidenhain's iron haematoxylin and Flemming's triple stain remained visible in many specimens despite being more than a century old. Slides also contained tubers of Solanum tuberosum infected with mycelial strands of Armillaria mellea sensu lato, reflecting Kusano's comparative approach to symbiosis and pathogenicity.

The free-living nematode genus Metachromadoroides Timm, 1961 (Desmodorida: Desmodoridae) is rediscovered after a gap of 60 years from the Bay of Bengal mudflats. Two new species viz., Metachromadoroides champensis sp. nov., distinguishable from congeners by the presence of 14-19 pairs of precloacal supplements and two pairs of post-anal ventral protuberances on tail, and Metachromadoroides hamatussp. nov. distinguishable from congeners by the presence of arcuated spicules with distal hook, and gubernaculum with dorsal apophysis distally bent, are described herein with light microscopic images and illustrations. Comparison with congeners of the genus Metachromadoroides and an identification key to species based on males are also provided.

This student perspective highlights the impact of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) in physician assistant (PA) education beyond skilled image acquisition and its potential to influence career interest during the didactic phase. The narrative describes an unexpected detour of a first year PA student rediscovering a passion for POCUS after her program's pilot initiative to include this technology within its curriculum. Through the student lens, this account illustrates the opportunity POCUS serves to reinforce clinical medicine knowledge and bedside decision making in acute care settings. The educational value of POCUS in augmenting PA core curriculum offers the opportunities for programs to consider implementing this up-and-coming technology.

Yunnan Province is the richest region in China for lycophytes and ferns. Its unique geological history and climatic conditions have nurtured numerous endemic and rare plant species. Craspedosorus, a monotypic genus of Thelypteridaceae containing only Craspedosorus sinensis, is a genus endemic to Yunnan, China. It was first discovered and described in the 1970s. However, since its initial discovery in 1973, there have been no subsequent field observations or collection records. Moreover, due to a lack of molecular data, Craspedosorus remains the only fern genus in China without such data and has long had a controversial systematic position. This study rediscovered a population of only 15 mature individuals in Yongshan County, Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province, 52 years after its initial discovery. Using flow cytometry, it was confirmed that Craspedosorus sinensis is diploid, with a genome size of approximately 5.12 Gb. Molecular phylogenetic analyses further determined that C. sinensis belongs to Section Haplogramma (K. Iwatsuki) L.Y. Kuo & Y.H. Chang of the genus Leptogramma, and Craspedosorus therefore should be treated as a synonym of Leptogramma. This research is significant for understanding the taxonomy, distribution, and phylogeny of Leptogramma.

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Urology is undergoing a fundamental transformation characterized by increasing outpatient care, digitalization, and cross-sectoral networking. The aim of this review is to analyze current developments and to show how outpatient surgery, telemedicine structures, artificial intelligence (AI)-based decision support, and networked care models are transforming urological practice. Narrative review based on current literature and healthcare policy developments in Germany, particularly the introduction of hybrid-diagnosis-related groups (DRG). The introduction of hybrid-DRG from 2024 represents a healthcare policy turning point. Outpatient urological procedures show comparable outcomes to inpatient treatment with higher cost-efficiency when structured pathways are implemented. Telemedicine has been established as an integral tool, with hybrid care models meaningfully complementing personal physician-patient contact. AI systems achieve high diagnostic accuracies in urological imaging and increasingly support clinical decision-making. Patient-reported outcomes are gaining importance for patient-centered care. Central challenges remain balancing digital innovation with reduction of bureaucracy and ensuring data interoperability. Urology is particularly well-positioned for transformation due to its technological affinity, standardizable processes, and established outpatient structures. The presented developments indicate that urology has the potential to become one of the pioneers of modern, hybrid, digitally supported patient care, provided that this transformation is actively shaped. HINTERGRUND: Die Urologie befindet sich in einem tiefgreifenden Transformationsprozess, geprägt durch Ambulantisierung, Digitalisierung und sektorübergreifende Vernetzung. Ziel der Arbeit ist die Analyse aktueller Entwicklungen und die Darstellung, wie ambulante Operationen, telemedizinische Strukturen, KI-basierte (künstliche Intelligenz) Entscheidungsunterstützung und vernetzte Versorgungsmodelle die urologische Praxis verändern. Es handelt sich um eine narrative Übersichtsarbeit auf Basis aktueller Literatur unter Berücksichtigung gesundheitspolitischer Entwicklungen in Deutschland, insbesondere der Einführung der Hybrid-DRG („diagnosis related groups“). Die Einführung der Hybrid-DRG ab 2024 markiert einen gesundheitspolitischen Wendepunkt. Ambulante urologische Eingriffe zeigen bei strukturierten Abläufen vergleichbare Outcomes wie stationäre Behandlungen bei höherer Kosteneffizienz. Telemedizin hat sich als etabliertes Instrument bewährt, wobei hybride Versorgungsmodelle den persönlichen Arzt-Patienten-Kontakt sinnvoll ergänzen. KI-Systeme erreichen in der urologischen Bilddiagnostik hohe Genauigkeiten und unterstützen zunehmend die klinische Entscheidungsfindung. „Patient-reported outcomes“ gewinnen für die patientenzentrierte Versorgung an Bedeutung. Zentrale Herausforderungen bleiben die Balance zwischen digitaler Innovation und Bürokratieabbau sowie die Sicherstellung der Dateninteroperabilität. Die Urologie ist durch technologische Affinität, standardisierbare Prozesse und etablierte ambulante Strukturen besonders gut für die Transformation positioniert. Die dargestellten Entwicklungen zeigen, dass sie das Potenzial hat, zu den Vorreitern einer modernen, hybriden und digital gestützten Patientenversorgung zu gehören – vorausgesetzt, sie gestaltet die anstehenden Veränderungen aktiv mit.

Nutrition science continues to face periods of epistemic uncertainty, particularly when reductionist models fail to explain complex interactions between diet, lifestyle, and chronic disease. This narrative review aims to demonstrate how Georges Dujardin-Beaumetz in his work L'Hygiène alimentaire (1887) anticipates key concepts of modern clinical nutrition and evidence-based medicine, and to identify the conceptual continuities between 19th-century clinical thought and contemporary nutrition therapy. We analyzed how Dujardin-Beaumetz systematically framed nutrition as a therapeutic intervention, grounded in physiological reasoning and careful clinical observation. His approach anticipates many principles central to contemporary medical nutrition therapy: individualized dietary planning, integration of nutrition with systemic physiology, moderation in food intake, and the use of diet to influence metabolism, immune competence, and chronic disease risk. He emphasized protein metabolism, nitrogen balance, the pathological effects of overnutrition, and the modulation of gastrointestinal and metabolic diseases through diet. While lacking modern biochemical knowledge or formal trial methodology, his work embodies proto-evidence-based principles: observation, cause-and-effect reasoning, critical evaluation of interventions, and adjustment based on patient response. Revisiting L'Hygiène alimentaire highlights a conceptual continuity between 19th-century clinical reasoning and twenty-first-century practice. Understanding these early insights provides both historical context and practical guidance for modern clinicians, reinforcing the importance of integrative, physiologically informed, and patient-centered approaches to nutrition therapy.

Conventional brine evaporation leads to substantial lithium losses through the formation of lithium-containing solid precipitates that accumulate as salt stockpiles. Increasing global demand for lithium calls for selective and scalable extraction strategies for such solid materials. Solid-liquid extraction (SLE) enables direct processing of lithium-bearing solids without prior dissolution of the inorganic matrix; however, suitable molecular extractants are scarce and often synthetically complex. Here, we show that long-known sodium-selective ionophores display a clear preference for lithium in solution and function as lithium-selective extractants under SLE conditions. Hosts 1a-h are based on a modular scaffold accessible from catechol and N,N-disubstituted haloacetamides and are readily prepared on a multigram scale (up to 58 g per batch). Lithium recognition proceeds through a hydration-assisted binding mode, in which Li+ is coordinated by water, ether, and carbonyl oxygen donors. This enables effective transfer of hydrated lithium salts, as supported by 1H and 7Li NMR spectroscopy, ICP-MS, colorimetric analysis, DFT calculations, and x-ray crystallography. Under semi-preparative SLE conditions, nearly all available LiCl is recovered from a ∼100 g multicomponent salt mixture, affording >95% LiCl purity with Li/Na, Li/K, and Li/Mg selectivities above 3000.

The genus Messor Forel, 1890 currently comprises 171 valid species and subspecies, with highest diversity in the Mediterranean and Central Asia. Greece hosts at least 16 species, although the taxonomic status of some needs to be further investigated. Amongst these, six species are island endemics, either restricted to a single Aegean island or distributed across several islands in the archipelago. Despite recent studies on the harvester ants of Greece, the case of Messor antennatus fodorii Röszler, 1942, remained unresolved amongst Greek representatives. This enigmatic harvester ant was first collected almost a century ago, in 1935, from Chios Island, situated in the northeastern part of the Aegean Sea. The lack of both a type and additional material has led to its exclusion from checklists and identification keys, leaving its status as uncertain. From April 24th to May 5th 2025, we conducted field surveys in Chios, Oinousses and Psara islands to investigate the presence and taxonomic status of M. antennatus fodorii. Upon investigation, the harvester ant is raised to the species level Messor fodorii Röszler, 1942 stat. nov., designating a neotype, providing a re-description, a morphometric comparison of species in the M. hellenius complex, ecological notes and an updated identification key to Greek representatives of the Messor hellenius species complex.

This article presents a historical preface to the Astrobiology special collection by introducing the actors, timeline, and intellectual framework involved in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Viking mission. The authors pull information from scholarly articles, historical records, and the personal notes of Viking scientists uncovered this year and currently en route to the National Archives. Revisiting the legacy of Viking here provides a brief look into the science that continues to inform the practice of astrobiology and the creative spirit that inspires its scientists. All figures presented in this article have not previously been publicly available and will be made so later this year in the Exobiology Branch Collection at NASA's Ames Research Center Archives (collection ARC11.17). The authors encourage space history and astrobiology researchers to consult the soon-to-be accessioned Viking-era records housed in the Ames archives for new insights into America's first landing on Mars.

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Ototoxicity is traditionally viewed as a local cochlear adverse effect of indispensable therapies such as cisplatin and aminoglycosides. However, emerging evidence suggests that cochlear vulnerability is shaped by systemic physiology, including inflammatory tone, vascular barrier integrity, and metabolic state. In this Review, we propose a Gut-Mito-Ear axis in which gut ecosystem function influences circulating mediator modules that converge on two cochlear mediator nodes: blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) gating and mitochondrial stress tolerance. We synthesize evidence showing that gut perturbation can alter cochlear outcomes in vivo, that at least one microbiota-derived metabolite signal can directly protect hearing in experimental settings, and that BLB dysfunction and inflammatory trafficking are mechanistically relevant to cisplatin- and aminoglycoside-induced injury. We further organize the literature using an evidence-weighted framework that distinguishes direct cochlear causality from mechanistic plausibility and explicitly retains negative studies as boundary-setting evidence. Finally, we outline a translational roadmap in which microbiome-targeted prevention is pursued through mediator-anchored, non-interference-aware strategies and evaluated across linked state variables spanning exposure context, gut function, defined mediator modules, BLB gating, mitochondrial stress tolerance, and auditory phenotype. The Gut-Mito-Ear axis is not considered an established mechanism. We present it as a falsifiable systems-biology model that organizes the current evidence. Within this model, we define the minimum and ideal standards for A-tier causal evidence, explicit criteria for interpreting boundary-setting negative (A-) studies, and a set of testable predictions for causal validation.

In 1996, Ciucci et al. described the presence of a lymphatic channel in the palmar skin that spanned the first interdigital space and anastomosed with lymphatic collaterals on the dorsal surface of the hand. This palmar lymphatic channel (a pathway we have named the Ciucci pathway) has yet to be described with in-vivo imaging. As the Ciucci pathway is a superficial-to-deep lymphatic communication, its visualization may provide insight into altered lymphatic routing following axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Therefore, we investigated our ability to image this pathway with indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography. Healthy female volunteer and female breast cancer survivors without a history of BCRL at least two years after ALND underwent lymphatic mapping of the upper extremities with ICG lymphography. ICG was injected in six standard sites in the hand/wrist and upper arm. The presence of the Ciucci pathway was recorded and compared between cohorts with Fisher's exact test. 110 arms of 55 healthy volunteers and 31 at-risk arms of 31 breast cancer survivors without BCRL were included. The Ciucci pathway was present in one of 110 (0.9%) healthy female volunteer arms and present in five of 31 (16.1%) at-risk arms of breast cancer survivors (p = 0.002). The Ciucci pathway was more frequently observed in the at-risk arms of volunteers with a history of ALND without BCRL than in the arms of healthy female volunteers. While the functional significance of this pathway remains unclear, its presence may represent superficial-to-deep lymphatic collateralization following ALND.

Kocher's point serves as the most common entry site for accessing the ventricles of the brain. Named after Nobel laureate Theodor Kocher, a prominent Swiss surgeon of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the discovery of the anatomical landmark highlights the power of progressive refinement and collaboration across generations. Utilizing his well-acclaimed craniometer, Kocher described a safe trajectory to the lateral ventricle, navigating around eloquent regions of the brain and resolving the issue of ventricular collapse, a concern during his time with the use of Keen's point. To perform ventricular drainage, Theodor Kocher employed an approach resembling the modern craniotomy with bone flap replacement, which he deemed provided greater visibility of the target region anterior to the precentral gyrus. Despite achieving excellent ventricular drainage through his point, the open approach failed to address the risk of blood loss and infection and the requirement for high levels of anesthesia. Were it not for the forgotten contributions of Theodor's son, Albert Kocher, the present method of external ventricular drainage would have remained far more complicated. Albert simplified the approach, using cocaine for local anesthesia and directly drilling through the skin and bone at Kocher's point followed by insertion of a syringe.