An excellent source of information on the current state of warfare research in archaeology. [It] chronicles the complex history of warfare in different time periods and world regions while simultaneously exploring the environmental and social variables that appear to have influenced if, when, how, and on what scale warfare was conducted.--Patricia M. Lambert, Utah State University study of warfare (or slavery) in the archaeological record requires a level of synthesis, temporal depth, and relational analysis that challenges the abilities and knowledge of all archaeologists. This volume presents an intriguing set of essays that are more than up to this challenge in many world areas...Archaeologists, avocational archaeologists, and general readers interested in warfare in different social and ecological settings will be eager consumers.--David R. Wilcox, Northern Arizona University These essays explore the development of warfare in preindustrial, non-Western societies, addressing why some societies fight endemic wars while others do not and how frequent warfare affects the basic choices people make about where to live, whom to fight, on whom to confer power, and how to form social groups. Archaeological research dispels the myth of a peaceful past and demonstrates the sobering fact that war played a greater role in human prehistory than previously thought. These detailed regional case studies from leading archaeologists show the inextricable web of warfare and other social institutions and highlight their complex co-evolution in pre-state and early state societies. The volume includes chapters on the pre-Columbian cultures of North America of the last millennium, the origins of statehood in Mesoamerica and Neolithic China, a centuries-long sequence of warfare in Andean South America, warring peoples of Oceania, and East African cultures devastated by the slave trade. In addition, the contributors offer new insights into how to study warfare in the past and point toward new directions in this field.
I. INTRODUCTION. 1. Gulf War-Infowar. The Gulf War. Information Warfare. From Chicks to Chips. 2. A Theory of Information Warfare. Information Resources. The Value of Resources. Players. The Offense. The Defense. A Dual Role. Offensive Information Warfare. Increased Availability to Offensive Player. Decreased Availability to Defensive Player. Decreased Integrity. Other Classification Schemes. Defensive Information Warfare. Types of Defense. Information Security and Information Assurance. The CIA Model and Authorization. 3. Playgrounds to Battlegrounds. Play. Motivation. Culture. More than Child's Play. Crime. Intellectual Property Crimes. Fraud. Computer Fraud and Abuse. Fighting Crime. Individual Rights. National Security. Foreign Intelligence. War and Military Conflict. Terrorism. Netwars. Protecting National Infrastructures. II. OFFENSIVE INFORMATION WARFARE. 4. Open Sources. Open Source and Competitive Intelligence. Privacy. Snooping on People Through Open Sources. Web Browsing. Privacy Regulations. Piracy. Copyright Infringement. Trademark Infringement. Dark Sides. 5. Psyops and Perception Management. Lies and Distortions. Distortion. Fabrication. Hoaxes. Social Engineering. Denouncement. Conspiracy Theories. Defamation. Harassment. Advertising. Scams. Spam Wars. Censorship. United States Restrictions. 6. Inside the Fence. Traitors and Moles. State and Military Espionage. Economic Espionage. Corporate Espionage. Privacy Compromises. Business Relationships. Visits and Requests. Fraud and Embezzlement. Bogus Transactions. Data Diddling. Inside Sabotage. Physical Attacks. Software Attacks. Penetrating the Perimeter. Physical Break-ins and Burglaries. Search and Seizure. Dumpster Diving. Bombs. 7. Seizing the Signals. Eavesdropping on Conversations. Cellular Intercepts. Pager Intercepts. Law Enforcement Wiretaps. Foreign Intelligence Intercepts. Deciphering the Messages. Traffic Analysis. Pen Registers and Trap and Trace. Location Tracking. Telecommunications Fraud. Blue Boxes. PBX and Related Fraud. Voice Mail Fraud. Calling Card Fraud. Cloned Phones and Cellular Fraud. Computer Network Monitoring. Packet Sniffers. Keystroke Monitoring. Environment Surveillance. Cameras and Video. Satellites and Imagery. Van Eck Receptors. Miscellaneous Sensors. Shoulder Surfing. Privacy and Accountability. Sabotage. Tampering with Phone Service. Jamming. Radio Frequency Weapons. Physical Attacks. 8. Computer Break-Ins and Hacking. Accounts. Getting Access. Tools and Techniques. A Demonstration. Network Scanners. Packet Sniffers. Password Crackers. Buffer Overpows and Other Exploits. Social Engineering. Covering up Tracks. Information Theft. Gathering Trophies. More than Trophies. Tampering. Web Hacks. Domain Name Service Hacks. Takedown. Remote Shutdown. Extent. 9. Masquerade. Identity Theft. Forged Documents and Messages. E-Mail Forgeries. Forgeries in Spam. E-Mail Floods. IP Spoofing. Counterfeiting. Trojan Horses. Software Trojans. Riding the Web. E-Mail Relays. Chipping. Undercover Operations and Stings. 10. Cyberplagues. Viruses. Program Viruses. Boot Viruses. Macro Viruses. Concealment Techniques. Who Writes Viruses. Prevalence. Virus Hoaxes. Worms. III. DEFENSIVE INFORMATION WARFARE. 11. Secret Codes and Hideaways. Locks and Keys. Cryptography. Digital Ciphers. Code Breaking. Generation and Distribution of Keys. Public-Key Distribution and Diffie-Hellman. Public-Key Cryptography and RSA. Key Storage and Recovery. Applications of Encryption. The Limits of Encryption. Steganography. Anonymity. Sanitization. Trash Disposal. Shielding. 12. How to Tell a Fake. Biometrics. Passwords and Other Secrets. Integrity Checksums. Digital Signatures. Public-Key Management and Certificates. Watermarks. Call Back and Call Home. Location-based Authentication. Badges and Cards. 13. Monitors and Gatekeepers. Access Controls. Authorization Policies. Access Control Monitors. Limitations. Filters. Firewalls. Junk E-Mail Filters. Web Filters. Intrusion and Misuse Detection. Workplace Monitoring. Automated Detection. Computer Intrusion and Misuse Detection. Analogy with the Human Immune System. Detecting and Eradicating Viruses and Malicious Mobile Code. 14. In a Risky World. Vulnerability Monitoring. Finding Computer and Network Security Flaws. Monitoring Security Publications. Building It Secure. The Orange Book. The ITSEC and Common Criteria. Evaluation. Commercial Criteria. ICSA Certification. Accreditation. The Capability Maturity Model. Security Awareness and Training. Avoiding Single Points of Failure. Backups. Risk Management. Risk Assessment and Asset Valuation. Insurance. Benchmarking. Due Care and Liability. Incident Handling. Investigation and Assessment. Containment and Recovery. Improving Security. Notification. In-Kind Response. Legal and Civil Remedies. Economic and Military Response. Emergency Preparedness. Obstacles. 15. Defending the Nation. Generally Accepted System Security Principles. Protecting Critical Infrastructures. President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection. Presidential Decision Directive. Encryption Policy. Code Making. Code Breaking. International Policies. U.S. Policy. Legal Challenges. Legislation. Encryption Policy in Perspective. Bibliography of Books. Endnotes. Index. 0201433036T04062001
Blood revenge is one of the most commonly cited causes of violence and warfare in tribal societies, yet it is largely ignored in recent anthropological theories of primitive warfare. A theory of tribal violence is presented showing how homicide, revenge, kinship obligations, and warfare are linked and why reproductive variables must be included in explanations of tribal violence and warfare. Studies of the Yanomamö Indians of Amazonas during the past 23 years show that 44 percent of males estimated to be 25 or older have participated in the killing of someone, that approximately 30 percent of adult male dealths are due to violence, and that nearly 70 percent of all adults over an estimated 40 years of age have lost a close genetic relative due to violence. Demographic data indicate that men who have killed have more wives and offspring than men who have not killed.
The deliberate use of microorganisms and toxins as weapons has been attempted throughout history. Biological warfare has evolved from the crude use of cadavers to contaminate water supplies to the development of specialized munitions for battlefield and covert use. The modern development of biological agents as weapons has paralleled advances in basic and applied microbiology. These include the identification of virulent pathogens suitable for aerosol delivery and industrial-scale fermentation processes to produce large quantities of pathogens and toxins. The history of biological warfare is difficult to assess because of a number of confounding factors. These include difficulties in verification of alleged or attempted biological attacks, the use of allegations of biological attacks for propaganda purposes, the paucity of pertinent microbiological or epidemiologic data, and the incidence of naturally occurring endemic or epidemic diseases during hostilities. Biological warfare has been renounced by 140 nations, primarily for strategic and other pragmatic reasons. International diplomatic efforts, including the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention, have not been entirely effective in preventing the enhancement and proliferation of offensive biological warfare programs. The threats posed by biological weapons are likely to continue into the future.
The deliberate use of microorganisms and toxins as weapons has been attempted throughout history. Biological warfare has evolved from the crude use of cadavers to contaminate water supplies to the development of specialized munitions for battlefield and covert use. The modern development of biological agents as weapons has paralleled advances in basic and applied microbiology. These include the identification of virulent pathogens suitable for aerosol delivery and industrial-scale fermentation processes to produce large quantities of pathogens and toxins. The history of biological warfare is difficult to assess because of a number of confounding factors. These include difficulties in verification of alleged or attempted biological attacks, the use of allegations of biological attacks for propaganda purposes, the paucity of pertinent microbiological or epidemiologic data, and the incidence of naturally occurring endemic or epidemic diseases during hostilities. Biological warfare has been renounced by 140 nations, primarily for strategic and other pragmatic reasons. International diplomatic efforts, including the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention, have not been entirely effective in preventing the enhancement and proliferation of offensive biological warfare programs. The threats posed by biological weapons are likely to continue into the future.
Drone warfare described from the perspectives of drone operators, victims of drone attacks, anti-drone activists, international law, military thinkers, and others.[A] thoughtful examination of the dilemmas this new weapon poses. -- Foreign AffairsDrones are changing the conduct of war. Deployed at presidential discretion, they can be used in regular war zones or to kill people in such countries as Yemen and Somalia, where the United States is not officially at war. Advocates say that drones are more precise than conventional bombers, allowing warfare with minimal civilian deaths while keeping American pilots out of harm's way. Critics say that drones are cowardly and that they often kill innocent civilians while terrorizing entire villages on the ground. In this book, Hugh Gusterson explores the significance of drone warfare from multiple perspectives, drawing on accounts by drone operators, victims of drone attacks, anti-drone activists, human rights activists, international lawyers, journalists, military thinkers, and academic experts.Gusterson examines the way drone warfare has created commuter warriors and redefined the space of the battlefield. He looks at the paradoxical mix of closeness and distance involved in remote killing: is it easier than killing someone on the physical battlefield if you have to watch onscreen? He suggests a new way of understanding the debate over civilian casualties of drone attacks. He maps ethical slippage over time in the Obama administration's targeting practices. And he contrasts Obama administration officials' legal justification of drone attacks with arguments by international lawyers and NGOs.
Astronomers may have been listening for alien civilizations in only a small slice of the radio spectrum while overlooking a largely unexplored range of higher frequencies。 Using archived data from the ALMA telescope in Chile, researchers conducted the observatory’s first SETI survey, searching for narrow signals that could indicate advanced technol
Dark matter particles may exert a hidden force on one another, but its effects are stranger than expected。 An extra attraction helps the particles cluster, yet it also makes dark matter effectively lighter as the Universe expands。 That weakens its gravitational impact and usually slows the growth of cosmic structure rather than accelerating it
A new chemical process can transform three of the most common plastics into high-purity hydrogen without sorting them first。 The technique operates at much lower temperatures than traditional gasification and captures most of the plastic’s carbon in solid or liquid forms instead of releasing it as carbon dioxide
Scientists have demonstrated that heat can move through a crystal in focused, wave-like rays at room temperature instead of spreading randomly。 The breakthrough could make it possible to route heat around sensitive parts of next-generation chips and quantum devices
NASA astronaut Chris Williams and two Roscosmos cosmonauts are back on Earth after spending 241 days aboard the International Space Station。 Their journey covered more than 102 million miles and included 3,856 trips around the planet
The Backrooms began as a single eerie image of empty yellow rooms, but internet users transformed it into a vast fictional world that feels disturbingly real。 Through videos, games, maps, survival guides and social media stories, audiences do more than watch the horror unfold。 They help build and explore it
Mathematicians have shown that no electoral system can perfectly balance local representation, proportional national results, and a fixed-size parliament once enough parties compete。 A newly proposed voting method could soften these unavoidable trade-offs and produce outcomes that are much closer to fair
A new 3D printing technique can produce exceptionally hard tungsten carbide cobalt while using less of its expensive raw materials。 By softening rather than fully melting the material, researchers created defect-free samples with industrial-grade hardness and opened the door to more efficient manufacturing
Engineers have transformed a notoriously brittle cobalt-aluminum compound into a material that is both extremely strong and capable of bending without breaking。 Their nanoscale design produced a yield strength about six to 10 times greater than high-strength structural steel while sustaining substantial deformation at room temperature。 The approach
Metal-rich asteroids could one day become hardware stores for Mars, supplying the materials needed to build and repair a growing colony。 A new analysis shows that carefully selected asteroids may be reachable with current spacecraft technology。 Some could even provide the ingredients for making rocket fuel in space, dramatically reducing the burden