Avian coccidiosis, a disease resulting from infection by various Eimeria species, is a major constraint to global poultry production, causing considerable economic losses and affecting animal performance. Traditional approaches to coccidiosis control, such as anticoccidials and live vaccines, face limitations in their use owing to resistance, safety concerns, and species-specific immunity. In this regard, subunit, DNA, and multi-epitope vaccines have been tested against coccidiosis, but their efficacy is hindered by the instability of the vaccine antigens and a lack of cross-protection. However, recent advances in nanotechnology may provide a solution to the limitations associated with traditional approaches to coccidiosis control. For instance, nanoparticles may improve vaccine efficacy by stabilizing vaccine antigens, facilitating their delivery, and modulating immune responses. Furthermore, various nanoparticle therapeutics, such as plant-based and metal-based nanoparticles, and nano-encapsulated anticoccidials, may also reduce oocyst shedding and improve gut health and antioxidant status. Although this is a positive step in coccidiosis control, there are many issues that need to be resolved. This review provides a critical analysis of recent advances in various aspects of nanotechnology-based approaches to coccidiosis control, their potential, and research gaps.
Nanotechnology has rapidly evolved into a transformative platform in transplant medicine, offering sophisticated tools for targeted drug delivery, organ preservation, precision diagnostics, and tolerance induction. Engineered nanoparticles enable localized and sustained delivery of immunosuppressive agents while minimizing systemic toxicity, thus allowing long-standing limitations of conventional immunosuppression to be addressed. Diverse nanomedicine platforms, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, magnetic nanoparticles, and inorganic systems, enhance drug bioavailability, reduce off-target effects, and allow integration of imaging and therapeutic functions. This review synthesized current progress in nanoparticle-enabled therapeutics, diagnostics, machine-perfusion-based delivery, gene editing, and personalized nano-immunotherapy, highlighting their potential to reduce rejection, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and chronic graft dysfunction. Insights from recent advances.
Traditional cancer therapy has limitations due to a lack of specificity and efficiency in tumor-targeting, toxicity issues, and biological barriers, which affect the clinical efficacy of traditional agents as well as synthetically designed carriers. Exosomes have gained popularity as excellent biological carriers owing to their inherent biocompatibility, capability to overcome biological barriers, and ability to transport cargoes between cells naturally. This review discusses how engineering of exosomes, hybrid exosomes, and exosome mimics could be employed to deliver therapies, enhance tumor penetration, and enable multimodal treatment of cancers, including chemotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, and theranostics. The biomimetic and hybrid platforms may overcome key limitations of native exosomes, particularly low production yield, heterogeneity, limited drug-loading efficiency, and scalability constraints, while preserving desirable biological functionality. Moreover, the review also emphasizes that the standardization in manufacturing, reproducibility in cargo, safety evaluation, and regulatory approval are the major obstacles to clinical application. Unlike many earlier reviews that were mainly centered on native exosomes, the current review discusses the engineering aspects of exosome-like nanoplatforms from a translational viewpoint.
Migraine represents a complex neurovascular disorder that is challenging to treat due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and complex pathophysiology involving the trigeminovascular system, neuroinflammation, and cortical spreading depression. Current systemic therapies, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) inhibitors, offer benefits but have limited efficacy and may cause adverse effects; thus, highlighting the need for targeted delivery across the BBB. This review introduces extracellular vesicles (EVs) as an appropriate pharmaceutical engineering platform to address such challenges. While traditional treatments have inherent disadvantages, engineered EVs offer efficient blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, targeted delivery, and multi-therapeutic payload capacity for migraine-associated neural circuits. We introduce a framework for pathophysiology-informed technology by first discussing the role of native EVs in promoting the migraine cascade to identify specific sites of therapeutic intervention. In this review, the focus is on pharmaceutical nanotechnology, starting with the strategic selection of producer cells, including "Hijack & Modify" vs De Novo Design, and continuing through sequential nano-engineering of EVs by surface functionalization and utilization of hybrid vesicles for targeting the BBB and trigeminovascular systems to state-of-the-art smart-release systems. We continue with the critical analytical and manufacturing sciences needed to translate such engineered EVs from bench to bedside, addressing important translational challenges through scalable Good manufacturing practices (GMP) production, supported potency assays, and comprehensive quality assurance processes. These include potency tests, GMP production, and robust quality control that may be expanded. Finally, we combine all of these into a single translational pathway that examines the regulatory issues, the patent landscape, and the future of personalized EV therapeutics. The current review provides an exhaustive framework for developing EV-based treatments by combining cutting-edge pharmaceutical nanotechnology with deep biological insights to make migraine treatment more reliable.
Since the early 1960s, nanotechnology has been a critical area of science, allowing for the development of sophisticated nanomaterials. Nanofibers, one of the most widely used nanotechnological drug delivery systems, have emerged as a highly versatile platform within modern pharmaceutical sciences. By combining various polymers with active herbal ingredients, these systems mimic the natural extracellular matrix and provide improved functions such as a high surface area-to-volume ratio, drug targeting, and controlled drug release. Preclinical studies demonstrate that phytochemical-containing nanofibers have improved therapeutic profiles, including higher anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antineoplastic effects. In various biomedical applications, such as promoting tissue engineering (such as bone and nerve regeneration), limiting tumor growth, and accelerating wound closure, it was shown that nanofibers may overcome the physicochemical limitations of herbal drugs such as low solubility and bioavailability. Despite promising preclinical study results, there are significant obstacles in the way of the commercialization of herbal drug-loaded nanofibers. The difficult standardization of multi-component herbal extracts, stabilization drawbacks, and the absence of scalable industrial manufacturing equipment that can maintain repeatable characterization of nanofibers are some of the major obstacles, in addition to a lack of clinical trials. To navigate the clinical translation of nanofibers, interdisciplinary collaboration regarding quality control, safety, and regulatory pathways is strictly necessary due to the case-by-case review approach utilized by regulatory bodies such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA). This review offers a comprehensive overview of research on herbal drug-loaded nanofibers and contributes a novel perspective with regulatory and clinical translational insights. © 2026 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Nanoparticle-based drug delivery has emerged as a transformative approach in modern therapeutics, offering improved targeting efficiency, enhanced pharmacokinetics, and reduced systemic toxicity compared to conventional drug delivery systems. This review comprehensively examines major nanocarrier platforms, including lipid-based, polymeric, inorganic, and hybrid systems, with emphasis on their structural design and functional properties. It further explores current advancements in targeting strategies, including passive targeting via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and active targeting through ligand-receptor interactions involving antibodies, peptides, aptamers, and small molecules. Key biological and technological barriers to clinical translation are also discussed, such as tumor heterogeneity, abnormal vasculature, dense extracellular matrix, immune clearance, and limited cellular uptake. Additionally, emerging stimuli-responsive systems, including pH-, redox-, and enzyme-sensitive nanocarriers, are highlighted for their role in controlled and site-specific drug release. Despite significant progress, the clinical translation of nanomedicine remains constrained by biological complexities and scalability challenges. Future advancements integrating biomimetic strategies, multifunctional design, and artificial intelligence-driven modeling are expected to enhance targeting precision, biocompatibility, and translational success. A lot of drugs fail to reach the area where they are most needed. Rather, they percolate throughout the body, which can diminish the effectiveness of the treatment and lead to side effects. To solve the problem, researchers have tried to create tiny medicine carriers known as nanoparticles that carry medicines more accurately to diseased tissues.In this review, the mechanism of design of nanoparticles and their size, shape, surface properties, and composition will be explained, which affect their ability to carry drugs and interact with the body. A variety of nanoparticles, such as lipid-based, polymer-based, inorganic, and hybrid, are reviewed, and their pros and cons are summarized.Also discussed are strategies for delivering nanoparticles to specific targets, including the delivery of nanoparticles to tumors without exposing healthy tissues. These methods involve passive targeting, active targeting with the help of certain molecules that bind to diseased cells, and stimuli-responsive systems that release drugs when certain stimuli are present.Nanomedicine drug delivery has been demonstrated in laboratory and clinical trials to be a promising approach, but there are several challenges associated with it. These include biological barriers in the body, manufacturing complexity, safety issues, regulatory requirements, patient responses, and more.In conclusion, NP-DD systems could enhance the efficacy and safety of many therapies. Further research and development in nanotechnology, biology, and pharmaceuticals are likely to help advance the development of more targeted and customized treatments in the future.
Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, highlighting the need for therapeutic strategies that reduce systemic toxicity and drug resistance. Resveratrol (RES), a natural polyphenolic stilbenoid, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, pro-apoptotic, anti-metastatic, and chemosensitizing activities. However, its clinical translation is limited by poor aqueous solubility, chemical instability, rapid metabolic clearance, and consequently low systemic bioavailability. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems provide a promising strategy to address these limitations. This review summarizes recent advances in RES-loaded nanoformulations, including polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, micelles, inorganic nanocarriers, protein-based systems, and biomimetic vesicles. Their therapeutic performance is evaluated across prostate, lung, colorectal, breast, and other cancers, with attention to tumor targeting, controlled release, combination therapy, multidrug-resistance reversal, and modulation of cancer-relevant pathways such as NF-κB, p53, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR. Current oncology-related clinical evidence for RES is still largely based on conventional oral or micronized formulations. Translation of engineered RES nanocarriers therefore requires stronger evidence on scalable manufacturing, carrier-specific safety, heterogeneous tumor delivery, and biomarker-guided trial design. This review also introduces a semi-quantitative prioritization framework based on model-readiness, translational priority, and safety-alert scoring for future PBPK, PK-PD, nano-QSAR, and machine-learning analyses.
This study presents a streamlined electroporation-based method for efficient macromolecular delivery into zebrafish embryos. We first characterized the physical barrier posed by the chorion using TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) and established that its removal is prerequisite for effective delivery. A systematic optimization of electroporation parameters for dechorionated embryos identified optimal conditions (e.g., poring pulse: 25 V, 20 ms; transfer pulse: 5 V, 50 ms) that ensured high embryo survival and robust eGFP mRNA transfection. Applying this protocol, we achieved targeted gene knockout by electroporation-mediated delivery of Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) against multiple loci. Targeting the tyr locus resulted in a phenotypic albinism rate of (38.6 ± 3.30)%. Furthermore, we incorporated polyglutamic acid (PGA) to modify the RNP complexes (target tyr), which inhibited aggregation and enhanced editing efficiency to (44.45 ± 1.41)%, outperforming a commercial. electroporation system, while targeting the pigmentation-related gene slc24a5 yielded an albinism or hypopigmentation rate of (38.33 ± 2.62)%. In addition, targeting the development-associated gene ddx19b produced developmental defect phenotypes in (38.33 ± 1.88)% of embryos. The successful introduction of indels at the target site was confirmed by sequencing. Our work establishes a highly effective electroporation strategy, augmented by nanotechnology, for the delivery of mRNA and RNP complexes, enabling high-efficiency protein expression and gene editing in zebrafish embryos, with broad potential applications in aquatic biotechnology.
Conventional pesticide formulations are often limited by poor targeting efficiency and low utilization rates, resulting in excessive application and severe environmental pollution. To overcome these drawbacks, smart stimuli-responsive delivery systems based on nanotechnology have become a forefront research area in agrochemicals. Of particular interest are systems capable of responding to specific biochemical stimuli at the site of infection. In this study, we developed a dual-responsive system, methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG)-dithiobisethanol (SS)-thioketal (TK)-chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), designed for the targeted release of pesticides and the integrated delivery of plant immunity inducers, COS. The system utilizes reactive oxygen species and glutathione to cleave TK and SS bonds, thereby triggering the release of both pesticide and COS. Structural characterization confirmed the formation of spherical nanoparticles with an average diameter of 300 nm. Biological evaluations demonstrated that the system effectively enhanced disease control through targeted payload delivery and specific activation of the salicylic acid signaling pathway. This chemico-immunological synergy achieved a control efficiency of 74.28%, representing a 147.60% improvement compared to validamycin alone. The synergistic effect was supported by a reduction in lesion area on detached leaves. This work presents an effective strategy for crop disease management by combining prompt and targeted pesticide release with induced plant immunity. The dual-responsive system enhances pesticide efficiency through precise and timely release, while simultaneously mitigating environmental risks. This approach represents a promising and sustainable solution for modern pest management in agriculture. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
Ferroptosis, a novel mode of programmed cell death, plays a significant role in neurological injury following ischemic stroke (IS). Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a central transcription factor that combats oxidative stress, is a critical target for inhibiting ferroptosis by modulating iron metabolism, lipid peroxidation, and the glutathione system. In this paper, we systematically review the molecular mechanisms, signaling pathways, and potential therapeutic strategies, including pharmacological activators like dimethyl fumarate (DMF), natural compounds, and nanotechnology-based delivery systems, associated with the Nrf2 signaling pathway in the regulation of ferroptosis after cerebral ischemic injury. Additionally, we highlight future research directions, such as the development of targeted Nrf2 activators and investigations into cell-type-specific responses to ferroptosis modulation. This review underscores the therapeutic potential of Nrf2 signaling in IS while advocating for precision medicine approaches to address its dualistic challenges.
Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising avenue for producing nanomedicines as alternatives to conventional drugs. Many organic nanoparticles, such as liposomes used in formulations like Doxil, Onivyde, and Marqibo, are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and instrumental in treating various types of cancers. However, due to the many challenges associated with these formulations, alternative delivery systems have been explored, particularly those derived from inorganic sources. In particular, bioinorganic nano-based delivery systems (BNDSs) such as gold, silver, platinum, silicon-based, metal oxide and hybrid nanoparticles have been found to be useful in treating cancer and infectious and noncommunicable diseases. This review presents the most commonly used BNDSs, providing an in-depth discussion on their use as therapeutic and imaging agents, the challenges associated with their use and current trends and future perspectives in their development for enhancing efficacy.
Exogenously applied nucleic acid-based agents are emerging as a promising strategy in agriculture for highly selective crop protection and plant trait modulation; however, their practical deployment remains constrained by inefficient delivery, rapid environmental degradation, and poor robustness under field conditions. Lipid-based nanocarriers, long established in pharmaceutical science as non-viral delivery systems, offer a versatile platform to address these challenges but require substantial adaptation to function effectively in both plants and open-environment agricultural conditions. This review critically examines lipid-based nanocarrier platforms, including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and oil-in-water nanoemulsions, for nucleic acid delivery in plant systems. Fundamental differences between mammalian and plant biology, such as the presence of the cell wall, apoplastic transport pathways, extracellular nucleases, and continuous exposure to environmental stressors represent key determinants of nanocarrier performance. Drawing on principles from nanomedicine, we analyse how nanocarrier size, surface chemistry, charge regulation, and deformability govern transport across major plant barriers, including mucilage layers, cuticles, cell walls, and intracellular membranes. Beyond direct plant delivery, the review also highlights the growing use of lipid-based nanocarriers in plant protection, summarizing applications targeting fungal pathogens, bacterial and viral diseases, nematodes, and insect pests. By integrating pharmaceutical nanotechnology concepts with agricultural constraints, this review highlights both the opportunities and limitations of lipid-based nanocarriers for nucleic acid-enabled crop technologies.
Intranasal delivery provides a rapid, non-invasive route to the central nervous system, bypassing the blood-brain barrier and first-pass metabolism. However, its therapeutic potential remains constrained by the nasal cavity's complex anatomy, the restricted surface area and permeability of the olfactory epithelium, and short drug residence times. Recent advances in nanotechnology and synthetic biology have enabled the development of autonomous and programmable delivery systems that can target the olfactory epithelium, enhance brain entry and sustain therapeutic release. This review highlights current strategies for engineering intranasal drug delivery vectors that can replicate or extend cellular functions to enable autonomous nose-to-brain drug delivery. These vectors include: synthetic nanoparticles that mimic essential cellular activities and allow for modular surface modification; extracellular vesicles that naturally carry therapeutic cargo and exhibit parent-cell-derived tropism; and living therapeutics, such as engineered microbes, viruses or stem cells, that respond dynamically to host environments and can be genetically programmed for precise payload production. Emphasis is placed on the modular design of functional components, host-responsive interactions tailored to anatomical and physiological cues, and the integration of programmable functions that collectively drive delivery autonomy and therapeutic efficacy. Together, these advances position intranasal delivery as a versatile platform for treating neurological disorders, offering a foundation for future translational development.
The application of nanotechnology in agriculture has emerged as a promising strategy, driven by increased agrochemical efficiency, controlled release, and the use of nanofertilizers and nanosensors that enhance crop productivity and enable real-time monitoring of environmental conditions. However, the release of these nanomaterials into the environment raises concerns about bioaccumulation, environmental persistence, and ecotoxicity to non-target organisms (NTOs). Thus, the current study aimed to review scientific data on the ecotoxicity of nanopesticides. A total of 86 articles from Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SCOPUS were analyzed. Revised data showed that studies were conducted mainly in China, Brazil, the United States, and India, using arthropods, plants, fish, annelids, and soil microbiota as test organisms. Studies focused mainly on polymeric nanocarriers, followed by metal-based NPs, lipid-based systems, and hybrid formulations. Nanopesticides were obtained primarily through chemical synthesis, while only 6.97% employ green synthesis routes. While most studies (71%) reported a reduction in acute lethal toxicity compared to conventional formulations, these findings are highly context-dependent and lack methodological standardization across different exposure conditions and species sensitivities. Nanopesticides can induce oxidative stress, metabolic dysregulation, and bioaccumulation, indicating that lower acute lethality does not equate to environmental safety. The aquatic ecotoxicological impacts remain fundamentally tied to the material architecture, environmental behavior, and specific NTO traits. Overall, the observed variability and the persistence of sublethal disturbances underscore the need for harmonized protocols, long-term research, and robust safer-by-design frameworks to bridge current regulatory gaps.
Tellurium (Te), a metalloid historically associated with toxicity, has recently gained attention for its potential biomedical applications through advances in AS101-based pharmacology and tellurium nanotechnology. This review discusses the evolution of tellurium research from the immunomodulatory compound AS101 [ammonium trichloro-(dioxoethylene-O,O')-tellurate] to modern tellurium nanoparticles (TeNPs) and nanoheterojunctions. Experimental studies indicate that AS101 modulates cytokine signaling, inhibits integrin activation, and exerts immunomodulatory effects through thiol redox regulation. Preclinical evidence also suggests neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in animal models of neurodegenerative and mood-related disorders. In parallel, TeNPs and Te-based heterostructures have been investigated in vitro and in animal models for applications in photothermal therapy (PTT), radiosensitization, and ROS-mediated anticancer activity. In addition, TeNPs demonstrated antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects against multidrug-resistant pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The review also highlights recent advances in tellurium speciation analysis, metabolism, and toxicity assessment using approaches such as LC-ICP-MS. Overall, current findings support tellurium-based compounds and nanoplatforms as emerging candidates for biomedical applications, although further pharmacokinetic, toxicological, and clinical studies remain necessary to establish their long-term safety and therapeutic efficacy.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the leading causes of death across the world due to late diagnosis, unresponsiveness to treatment, and poor prognosis. The presence of a hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an essential role in the development and progression of HCC, contributing to tumor angiogenesis, metabolic remodeling, and profound immunosuppression. Hypoxic conditions not only inhibit the activity of cytotoxic T-cells but also favor the development of tumor immunity evasion mechanisms. In light of these findings, the employment of nanomaterial-mediated oxygen delivery technologies has gained popularity due to their ability to reduce hypoxia and enhance immune response. Nanotechnologies, including oxygen-generating nanoplatforms and oxygen carriers, allow altering the composition of the TME to boost the effectiveness of treatment approaches. Current studies indicate that the combination of nanotechnology and immuno-therapeutic approaches, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapies, and cancer vaccines, leads to a significant enhancement of the antitumor effect. These strategies have shown marked regression of the tumors and an increase in life span from the preclinical results. However, there are some issues associated with biosafety, delivery, and clinical applicability. This new strategy, where oxygen-modifying nanoparticles can be combined with immunotherapy, marks a new future for HCC management.
The advent of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has significantly transformed the landscape of cancer therapeutics by facilitating precise and programmable manipulation of disease-associated genetic modifications. This review comprehensively evaluates the current clinical and translational landscape of CRISPR/Cas9-based cancer therapies through an analysis of published literature and registered clinical trials. The current CRISPR/Cas9 applications in oncology are primarily centred on three mechanistic strategies: immune cell engineering for enhanced tumor recognition, direct targeting of oncogenic mutations, and modulation of tumor-supportive pathways. Analysis of 32 clinical trials indicates that CRISPR-based interventions have demonstrated encouraging safety profiles and early signs of clinical activity, particularly in ex vivo engineered immune-cell therapies. Notable examples include CRISPR-edited CAR-T cell products targeting CD19 and BCMA, which have achieved objective responses in relapsed or refractory hematological malignancies while demonstrating sustained persistence of edited cells in vivo. In contrast, clinical translation into solid tumors remains comparatively limited due to challenges associated with delivery efficiency, tumor heterogeneity, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Technological advancements, including multiplex genome editing, base editing, and prime editing have expanded the precision and versatility of CRISPR-based interventions, while integration with immunotherapy and nanotechnology-based delivery systems continues to broaden therapeutic potential. Despite these advances, several significant challenges still need to be addressed, including off-target editing, manufacturing scalability, delivery limitations, and regulatory considerations. Overall, CRISPR/Cas9 represents a promising yet evolving platform in oncology, with its future clinical success dependent on achieving a balance between precision, safety, scalability, and long-term therapeutic durability.
Techniques from structural DNA nanotechnology make it possible to assemble complex 3-dimensional nanostructures with virtually arbitrary control over their sizes, shapes, and features at length scales of 3-100 nm, providing a flexible means for constructing nanoscale devices and machines. Here, we assemble micrometer-long DNA nanotubes and assess their performance as pipes for controlled ion transport. DNA nanotubes grow via assembly of DNA tiles from a seed pore, a 12-helix DNA origami cylinder functionalized with 18 cholesterol anchors, to generate a DNA nanotube channel. The central channel of a nanotube can be obstructed via Watson-Crick hybridization of a channel cap, a second DNA origami structure, clamped to its end. The single-channel electrical recordings show that both nanotube seed pores and nanotube channels display ohmic ion conductance consistent with their central channels' diameters. Binding of the channel cap reduces the conductances of both DNA nanotube channels and seed pores, indicating that ion transport can be modulated and measuring the resulting residual transport through DNA-wall gaps or DNA-lipid interfacial pathways. Our findings help design self-assembling nanofluidic devices and circuits in which transport may be regulated via dynamic biomolecular interactions, since these channels could be constructed into branched topologies or routed between specific molecular terminals.
Breast cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease that remains a major global health challenge. Recent progress in molecular biology, artificial intelligence (AI), and precision medicine has transformed its diagnosis and treatment. Conventional biomarkers such as ER, PR, HER2, and BRCA mutations continue to guide therapeutic decisions, while emerging biomarkers including TP53, PTEN, and STK11 offer new insights into tumor behavior and drug resistance. AI-based technologies, including machine learning and deep learning, have improved early detection and diagnostic accuracy through advanced medical imaging and multimodal analysis. Current treatment strategies extend beyond conventional chemotherapy and surgery to include targeted therapy, endocrine therapy, immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates, and gene-based approaches. Novel therapeutics such as CDK4/6 inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, and selective estrogen receptor degraders have demonstrated promising clinical outcomes in advanced breast cancer. Additionally, emerging technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems show significant potential for personalized cancer therapy. This review summarizes recent advancements in breast cancer biomarkers, AI-assisted diagnostics, and modern therapeutic strategies aimed at improving precision medicine and patient outcomes.
DNA origami is a nanofabrication technique where a long DNA scaffold is folded using locally complementary staple strands to create predesigned two-and three-dimensional structures with desired shapes, sizes, and surface functionalities. While many of these structures have been proposed for applications in biosensing, nanorobotics, and targeted therapeutic delivery, among others, translating this technology from the bench to clinical and industrial settings faces significant challenges, especially in reproducibility, process scalability, and control precision. Microfluidic platforms offer potential solutions to these limitations by providing accurate control, process automation, and easy integration of multiple workflow steps within lab-on-chip devices. This review examines the potential role of microfluidic technologies in DNA origami production, characterization and actuation, highlighting advantages and future directions.