Rodents occupy a pivotal position at the interface of humans, animals, and the environment, making them a fundamental component of One Health frameworks. Both commensal and sylvatic rodent species act as reservoirs, amplifiers, and sentinels for a wide diversity of zoonotic pathogens, while simultaneously delivering key ecosystem services that influence biodiversity, nutrient cycling, and landscape structure. Spillover of pathogens between rodents, humans, livestock, and other wildlife occurs bidirectionally, enabling pathogen persistence, evolution, and emergence, particularly in rapidly changing socio-ecological systems. Invasive and synanthropic rodent species can profoundly disrupt ecosystems, contribute to biodiversity loss, and erode dilution effects that otherwise reduce disease transmission. At the same time, rodents serve as sensitive bioindicators of environmental contamination, antimicrobial resistance, and ecosystem degradation due to their close association with agriculture, waste streams, and human settlement. This narrative synthesis argues that rodents should be explicitly placed at the center of One Health programs, particularly within the scope of integrative zoology, which seeks to unify ecological, evolutionary, and health-related perspectives. Drawing on more than two decades of multidisciplinary research, largely from sub-Saharan Africa, this paper synthesizes current understanding of rodent ecology, pathogen diversity, and environmental change, while highlighting the RatZooMan project as an early exemplar of a rodent-focused One Health approach. We expand existing concepts, remove disciplinary silos, and identify future research directions that reconcile zoonotic disease prevention with ecosystem integrity and sustainable development.
Recurring outbreaks of leptospirosis in flood-prone areas caused by heavy rainfall pose a major public health concern, particularly in megacities such as Jakarta, Indonesia. From December 2019 through February 2020, Jakarta experienced a large leptospirosis outbreak due to extensive flooding following extreme monsoonal rainfall. We conducted a comprehensive retrospective analysis of the outbreak based on complete surveillance data from all five districts and 42 of 44 subdistricts in Jakarta. A total of 282 cases (97 suspected, 153 probable, and 32 confirmed) were reported in West (n = 162), South (n = 64), East (n = 30), North (n = 14) and Central (n = 12) Jakarta. Cases were predominantly adult males exposed to floodwaters. Of 241 cases tested, 164 (68.0%) had a positive IgM-based rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Of 118 cases tested with TaqMan RT-PCR targeting lipL32, 32 (27.1%) were positive. Of 95 cases tested with both assays, the combined detection rate was 74.7% (71/95); of whom 27 were positive by both RDT and RT-PCR. RT-PCR identified 5 additional RDT-negative cases, all of whom had fever <7 days. We sequenced 42 archived blood samples using Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) and identified Leptospira interrogans and L. borgpeterseni as the predominant species. The findings emphasise the importance of rapid and early laboratory-based diagnosis during leptospirosis outbreaks in flood-prone urban areas, to better target public health interventions. Climate-resilient urban planning is critical for vulnerable megacities in low-resource settings, where complex environmental and infrastructural challenges are compounded by the effects of a changing climate.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colorless, toxic, asphyxiant gas. In recent years, industrial accidents involving H2S exposure have frequently resulted in fatalities and disabilities. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) poses a substantial burden on healthcare systems worldwide. The syndrome's heterogeneity and multifaceted pathogenesis, combined with a paucity of effective treatments, contribute to a persistently high mortality rate, which currently stands at 30-35%. The present study utilized metabolomics, transcriptomics, and CUT&Tag sequencing to explore ARDS pathogenesis, providing insights into its mechanisms and therapeutic targets for its treatment. Serum metabolomics for individuals with H2S-induced ARDS identified lactate accumulation as a pivotal metabolic event that mediates changes in H2S-induced ARDS biomarkers. Lactate, a potential biomarker of H2S-induced ARDS, is associated with a poor prognosis. However, whether elevated lactate directly promotes H2S-induced ARDS and the mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that lactate disrupts the alveolar epithelial barrier, thereby facilitating the development of ARDS. Mechanistically, lactate promotes histone H3K18 lactylation at the promoter for ATG10, a gene involved in the process of autophagy, driving its transcription and upregulating autophagy in alveolar epithelial cells, which results in disruption of the epithelial barrier. For rats, the reduction of lactate generation by a glycolytic inhibitor mitigates H2S-induced ARDS, as evidenced by attenuated pulmonary edema. Our results show that the lactate-autophagy axis mediates H2S-induced ARDS. Therefore, targeting the regulation of lactate production and/or autophagy is a therapeutic strategy for patients with H2S-induced ARDS.
Due to demographic changes, the number of older people is increasing, often accompanied by limitations in mobility, nutrition, and independence. Preventive monitoring is rare, as care systems struggle with staff shortages and limited resources. Technical assistance systems can support older people in self-assessing their health and maintaining independence. We developed the AS-Tra system, which combines an application with a measurement and training station (MuTS), to enable early detection of nutrition and mobility-related deficits and risks. This paper presents the pilot study of the AS-Tra system with the aim of evaluating its usability and testing the feasibility of collecting health-related data from older adults (≥70 y) with early/mild deficiencies in nutritional state and mobility in preparation for a future randomized controlled trial. The system used in this 4-week pilot study was developed as a complex intervention in accordance with the Medical Research Council framework. Participants (target n=10) were recruited through a participant registry. They completed standardized mobility assessments (grip strength, Timed "Up and Go," and 5-Time Chair Rise) at baseline and after 1, 2, and 4 weeks (T0, T1, and T2, respectively). Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form and short physical performance battery were recorded at baseline and at T2. Participants received a tablet app for regularly documenting nutrition and an activity sensor for 7 days of physical activity monitoring and performed weekly training starting at T0. At T2, the System Usability Scale (SUS) and feedback questionnaires (Evaluation Overall System [EOS] questionnaire-the evaluation of all subcomponents on a scale of 1-5, weekly Experience Report) were additionally collected. Data were analyzed descriptively using IBM SPSS Statistics, in which data were shown as total numbers, percentages, and means with SDs, and data from the activity sensor were displayed and analyzed using Python. A total of 9 older adults, with 1 dropout (mean 80, SD 5 y, 50% female), participated in this study. The SUS score was good (mean 79, SD 13.4 points). The MuTS devices had minor technical problems (in <17% of MuTS sessions), while 57% (17/30) of the users experienced instability issues with the food diary in the tablet app. The average overall system ratings were positive, with an EOS score of 2.01 (SD 0.99). The usability of the technical assistance system used in this study was rated as good. The data collection using questionnaires, sensors, and automated assessments proved feasible. The biggest challenge was the tablet-based food diary, which still needs improvement before the effectiveness of the AS-Tra system regarding mobility and nutritional status can be evaluated in a randomized controlled trial.
Sax van der Weyden, M, Shaul, Y, Helton, WS, Merrigan, J, Barringer, N, Newman, K, and Martin, J. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the impact of military foot marches on performance-part 2: cognitive performance. J Strength Cond Res 40(6): 647-662, 2026-Military tasks and training require service members to have adequate physical and cognitive functioning. Foot marches are a common load carriage task for service members that may induce fatigue and reduce subsequent occupational performance. The purpose of part 2 of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the impact of military style foot marches on cognitive performance outcomes. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Five electronic databases were searched for studies assessing physical or cognitive performance before and after a foot march at least 10 minutes in length. Subject data, performance variables, and foot march data were extracted. Three-level random-effects meta-analyses were conducted using standardized mean differences (SMDs; Hedge's g). Eighteen studies (n = 382 subjects) were included for final review. All studies were fair to good quality based on the Downs and Black checklist, but most had significant bias because of confounding variables when scored on the ROBINS-I tool. After adjusting for outliers and publication bias, the meta-analysis revealed significant (p < 0.05) decrements in visual (SMD = -0.33, [0.06, 0.59]) and auditory cognitive performance (SMD = 0.85, [0.04, 1.66]). There was no significant change in memory (SMD = 0.55, [-0.48, 1.49]) or executive function performance (SMD = -0.18, [-0.37, 0.02]). Variations in cognitive responses after foot marches may be because of differing study protocols and subject populations. Nevertheless, commanders should aim to keep the intensity of foot marches moderate, reduce loads, improve fit of load carriage equipment, and allocate rest breaks, when possible, to mitigate cognition declines postfoot march.
This paper presents a lightweight balloon-dynamics method, built on the Position-Based Dynamics (PBD) framework, that reproduces real-time inflation-deflation-rotation as air is injected and released. Unlike volume/CFD approaches that require expensive fluid-structure coupling, our method avoids explicit fluid simulation by combining Bernoulli-derived reaction forces with PBD distance and volume constraints. Rotation is modeled as a global rigid-body motion (single rotation/quaternion update about the center of mass), while local shape changes are handled through constraint-based position correction-eschewing cluster-level or per-vertex local twisting. Geodesic-distance weighting of reaction forces and the separate treatment of translational and rotational components improve physical plausibility; minimal iterations and rigid-body rotation approximation preserve computational efficiency. Experiments on meshes with diverse geometries and mass distributions show consistent real-time performance on high-resolution models while capturing the characteristic balloon behaviors. The approach is well-suited for interactive applications such as games, VR/AR, and real-time physics-based content.
The idea of upward social mobility is a critical part of the U.S. "American Dream". Yet, despite the prevalent cultural narrative about the possibility of economic success, actual upward social mobility in the U.S. remains historically low. This suggests that young children may encounter mixed messaging: strong cultural narratives surrounding social mobility on the one hand, and economic realities that do not match those narratives on the other. The current work explored how U.S. children and adults respond to social mobility narratives of different strengths. Across four pre-registered experiments (N = 723; 500 Adults; 223 3-10-year-olds), we measured people's beliefs in social mobility and the extent to which those beliefs were responsive to evidence of upward mobility. Participants were introduced to two fictionalized groups (one financially advantaged and one financially disadvantaged) and first prompted for their beliefs about social mobility of those groups. Participants then saw either 0/10, 1/10, 5/10, or 1/2 individual(s) experiencing upward mobility. Adults and children responded differently to evidence: while adults changed their beliefs according to the strength of evidence, children's likelihood to believe in upward mobility increased even after a single example of one person experiencing upward social mobility. All age groups showed evidence of ignoring counterevidence (i.e., a lack of social mobility) in their post-test responses, showing that displaying the possibility of social mobility may cause undue beliefs about its likelihood. Results are discussed with reference to the potential unintended consequences of presenting people with social mobility narratives.
Many biochemical pathways can be monitored by outfitting molecular switches with reporting mechanisms such as fluorescence. The output of these biosensors can either increase or decrease upon target activation. Both types can report average relative changes in time. But a naïve imaging of inverse biosensors, which gives readout decrease, will form nonsensical images by giving low values to both the background and foreground. Thus, currently, superresolution enzyme activity imaging cannot follow the actions of those enzymes that require inverse biosensing. This is a significant obstacle for understanding the ways cells organize their signaling via nanodomains and compartments. We break this barrier and rationally develop a genetically encoded principle to quantify inverse biosensors at superresolution. We generate 3 distinct readout pairs and systematically illustrate previously hidden insights on 3 dynamic signaling hubs.
Spinal Bulbar Muscular Atrophy (SBMA) is a rare and slowly progressive disease that affects males. The Timed Up and Go (TUG) and 6-minute walk test (6MWT) are used in the clinic to track progression. Recent studies have used wearable sensors to track subtle changes in gait and balance in people with rare disease. The objective of this study was to determine whether inertial sensors could be used in men with SBMA to track changes in gait and balance. Our methods included ten participants with SBMA who completed the TUG and 6MWT while wearing six wearable sensors at the baseline, 6-month, and 12-month follow up visits. Our findings showed that this group of men did not progress in their disease over 12 months as evidenced by the stability of TUG durations, 6MWT distance, and sensor parameters. We observed strong associations between the sensor-derived parameters and both TUG duration and 6MWT distance. The sensors can be used during clinic assessments to measure gait and balance parameters. Further studies examining a larger sample size and at-home monitoring should be considered.
People with severe mental illness (SMI), including bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia, face significantly increased morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD). Common CVD risk factors in these populations comprise health behaviours such as smoking and poor diet, and physical factors, including diabetes mellitus, obesity and dyslipidaemia. Thus, there is a need to identify interventions to prevent CVD in SMI patients, for which general practice may be ideal for delivery. This scoping review aimed to explore the interventions to reduce CVD risk in patients with SMI in primary care, with a focus on general practice. This scoping review was guided by Arksey and O'Malley's six-step methodological framework, barring step six - consultation. A systematic search was performed across four electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, APA PsycINFO and CINAHL, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Narrative synthesis was conducted to identify key themes informed by the Popay et al. framework. A total of 10 studies were included in the final analysis. Five themes were identified, namely (1) Primary Care Interventions, (2) Intervention Implementation, (3) Collaborative or Intermediary Structures, (4) Barriers and Facilitators, and (5) Participant Experiences and Viewpoints. Identified intervention types included tailored behavioural change interventions, the patient centred medical home model, clinical tool use and provider education. Promising aspects of interventions included effective staff training, collaborative structures and peer support involvement. Challenges to implementation included patient mental health symptoms impacting ability to attend sessions, lack of knowledge and experience among staff of working with SMI patients, and resource constraints, including time and workload concerns. This scoping review highlights a research gap regarding primary care interventions to reduce CVD risk in SMI patients, as only 10 relevant studies were identified published from 2015 to July 2025 in the English language. However, aspects of existing literature, such as promising intervention features, implementation barriers and feedback for consideration were also identified. Future research regarding this topic could address identified barriers and feedback points. Further randomised controlled trials assessing clinical-effectiveness and cost-efficiency of interventions in primary care settings may also be required.
Unaccompanied Refugee Minors (URMs) are an extremely vulnerable refugee group, at heightened risk of adversity and trauma, as well as long-term, severe mental health difficulties. There is a lack of research providing a contextual understanding of difficulties and active resilience processes to inform how to promote URM wellbeing. This qualitative study explored the difficulties and coping responses of former URMs from Afghanistan and perceptions of how and from where coping strategies are developed. Reflexive Thematic Analysis of 12 interviews generated three overarching themes: "Difficulties and coping: a series of cumulative challenges and vicious cycles"; "Roots to coping"; and "Coping is dynamic: the process of change". Participants reported multiple and compounding difficulties, often present in a triad of physical/psychosomatic pain, mental health difficulties and social challenges. Participants described resilience mechanisms and the barriers to coping strategies being used and effective, revealing how the ability to employ strategies may be limited and that strategies may contribute to further challenges. Experiences of early attachment, culture and identity could be observed to influence the ways coping strategies are appraised and developed. The importance of prioritising belonging and providing trauma- and attachment-informed care is discussed.
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This study examines the direct role of the shadow economy in economic growth and its indirect roles through interaction with tax burden, institutional environment, foreign direct investment, trade openness, government consumption, and population growth. Although shadow economy has been comprehensively studied in the literature, both joint and environment-specific effects for emerging economies are not well documented. This research fills this void by integrating several dimensions of structure into one Bayesian MCMC model. The Bayesian approach is used because it is powerful in capturing parameter uncertainty and interaction that is challenging to model under limited data. Empirical evidence from a balanced panel of developing countries indicates that the shadow economy reduces per capita GDP, but such adverse impacts are dampened under strong institutions quality, higher foreign direct investment, and higher trade openness. Conversely, higher population growth and over government consumption reinforce its adverse impacts. The findings present a new, interaction-oriented account of shadow economy and contend that institutional change and good fiscal policy are essential in diminishing informality and promoting inclusive and sustainable growth.
Anterior spinal artery syndrome (ASAS) presents with motor paralysis and dissociated sensory loss. Early diagnosis is difficult due to often normal initial MRI findings. Neurophysiological testing may offer critical diagnostic clues in the acute phase before imaging changes appear. A 62-year-old man with vascular risk factors presented with acute-onset flaccid paraplegia and loss of pain and temperature sensation below the hips, with preserved vibration sense - suggestive of ASAS. MRI of the spine at presentation and at 72 h showed no abnormalities. However, nerve conduction studies revealed absent tibial F-waves, indicating anterior horn cell dysfunction, while tibial somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) were preserved, suggesting intact dorsal columns. This "F-EP dissociation" aligned with the clinical picture of ASAS. Supportive therapy was initiated, and a repeat MRI after one week showed confirmed anterior spinal cord infarction. This case highlights the utility of electrophysiological testing in the early diagnosis of MRI-negative ASAS. The combination of absent F-waves and preserved SSEPs serves as surrogate evidence of anterior cord involvement. Timely recognition through clinical and neurophysiological correlation enables early intervention and improved outcomes.
The influence of Amazonian rivers and landscape changes on species origin and distribution remains debated. Here, we combine sedimentary, geomorphological, and chronological evidence from Central Amazonia to show that the main Amazonian rivers constructed large tracts of land that now support present-day Amazonian upland forest (terra firme). These deposits record a sequence of landscape rearrangements driven by river processes in Central Amazonia during the Pleistocene redefined the spatial boundaries of key habitats critical for many species. Our findings reveal that Amazonian rivers have acted not only as biogeographic barriers but also as powerful agents of landscape and habitat transformation, offering a unified framework for understanding how geological and biological processes together shaped the evolution of Amazonian biodiversity.
Tire microplastics (TMPs) are emerging contaminants in aquatic environments, posing ecological risks from both their ingredients and adsorbed pollutants. However, the transformation of TMPs by mechanical forces on wet-road surfaces and its effects on the carrier behavior of TMPs remain poorly understood. Here, we employed wet ball-milling to simulate mechanical TMP aging after rainfall by repeated TMP-road surface friction. The mechanical aging significantly increased the proportion of fine particles (1-10 μm) from 6.4% to 73.1%, accompanied by a change from dense, compact structures into loosely aggregated particles. In vitro desorption experiments showed that the aging enhanced the release of 14C-labeled 17β-estradiol (E2) pre-adsorbed onto the TMPs in simulated fish digestive fluids. This enhancement was likely due to shortened intraparticle diffusion pathways, leading to increased bioavailability. Goldfish exposure experiments revealed that the aged TMPs modulated the absorption, distribution, and clearance of E2 in vivo, promoting its intestinal release while delaying its hepatic accumulation, thereby altering the temporal response of the estrogen-responsive biomarker vitellogenin. Our findings indicate that mechanical aging under wet-road conditions not only refines TMP particles and alters their structure, but also increases their environmental risks as carriers of low-molecular-weight organic pollutants.
Copper halide clusters are emerging as attractive electroluminescent materials due to their strong emission and heavy metal-free nature, but their cost-effective practical application has been limited by the inherent trade-off between scalable synthesis and solution processability. This dilemma motivates us to design a universal thermodynamically motivated molecular design strategy. Alkyl-free aromatic ligand diphenyl-2-pyridylphosphine (Ph2PPy) reduces the entropy gain and increases the enthalpy change in dissolution, which maximizes the tunability of solubility and allows the coexistence of scalable single-step precipitation and solution processability. The kilogram-scale synthesis demonstrates near-unity yield, high reproducibility, operational robustness, and high product purity, while also being applicable to other alkyl-free precursors. We achieve uniform crystalline films with a photoluminescence quantum yield of 85.49% by kinetically controlled hot solution process. The electroluminescent devices achieve a record external quantum efficiency of 21.08% and a maximum luminance of 66,388 candela per square meter-the highest among doping-free, solution-processed copper halides, paving the way toward cost-effective light-emitting technologies.
Badby, AJ, Ripley, NJ, McMahon, JJ, Mundy, PD, and Comfort, P. Which metrics should I monitor? Recommendations for monitoring acute changes in physical preparedness with countermovement jump force-time metrics in youth soccer players in-season. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of utilizing countermovement jump (CMJ) testing using force plates to monitor acute changes in lower-body neuromuscular function (NMF) resulting from in-season competitive match play in soccer athletes. A within-subjects, observational, cross-sectional, repeated-measures study design consisting of 3 in-season testing occasions was prescribed across 3 separate competitive soccer matches: immediately prematch (∼15 minutes), immediately postmatch (∼15 minutes), and ∼48 hours postmatch (match day [MD] +2). Youth Alliance League (U18) soccer players (N = 27; age 16.9 ± 0.7 years; height 181.4 ± 5.4 cm; mass 73.6 ± 9.1 kg) were recruited from 3 professional English Football League clubs. A repeated-measures analysis of variance demonstrated significant differences (p < 0.05) across testing timepoints for all metrics except peak propulsive force. Mass-relative (including outcome) metrics cannot be utilized alone for monitoring acute changes in NMF, as significant reductions (p < 0.001) in body weight were identified from immediately pre- to immediately postmatch and from immediately postmatch to MD+2. Significant reductions (p < 0.05) from immediately pre- to immediately postmatch (which were maintained at MD+2) in mean propulsive force (minimal detectable change [MDC] = 7.43%), mean propulsive velocity (MDC = 4.93%), mean propulsive power (MDC = 9.38%), and jump momentum (MDC = 4.43%) indicate that these metrics are sensitive to changes in NMF. If utilizing outcome metrics (e.g., jump height; MDC = 8.55%) in addition to these, collectively, monitoring this combination of metrics (and body weight; MDC = 1.37%) will help to explain both if and why any changes in the outcome occur following soccer match play, thus providing valuable context when utilizing the CMJ as an indicator of acute changes in NMF.
Covering more than 40% of Earth's vegetated surface, grasslands critically regulate terrestrial carbon and water cycles. Their ecosystem water use efficiency (WUEeco), the ratio of carbon uptake to water loss, governs drought resilience in these water-limited ecosystems. While global terrestrial wind speed declined substantially from the 1960s to 2000s followed by a recovery in the subsequent decade, the extent and mechanisms of its influence on grassland WUEeco remain poorly understood. Using site observations, satellite data, Earth system models, and wind manipulation experiments, we found a consistent negative sensitivity of grassland WUEeco to wind speed. Mechanistically, declining winds reduce evaporative water loss, improve soil moisture, and promote stomatal opening, thereby enhancing carbon uptake. Wind speed changes accounted for 7.7 to 25.7% of WUEeco increases under historical and future climates, making wind the second most important climatic driver after atmospheric carbon dioxide. Since Earth system models underestimate observed wind speed declines, future WUEeco increases and drought resilience may exceed current projections for global grassland.