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Evolutionary adaptations to life on land include changes to an animal's physiology, morphology and behaviour. The visual systems of amphibious fishes show pronounced morphological adaptations; however, whether molecular changes also occur remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the molecular evolution of visual opsin genes in blennies (Blenniidae), with a primary focus on the amphibious and terrestrial Salariini. Using retinal transcriptomes and amino acid comparisons in nine species from fully aquatic to terrestrial, we found limited sequence changes and no correlation between habitat and cone opsin gene expression. The 'red-sensitive' lws, the 'green-sensitive' rh2a, and two 'blue-sensitive' sws2aα and sws2aβ paralogs were expressed in all species, with the latter two showing pronounced phylogenetic inertia. Long-wavelength-dominated vision is likely beneficial for feeding on algae and detritus, the primary food source of most study species, and may be co-adapted to perceive red-coloured displays in terrestrial blennies. Conversely, a lack of 'ultraviolet-sensitive' sws1 expression coincides with UV-absorbing lenses in blennies, which likely evolved to protect the retina from the damaging effects of short-wavelength radiation, independent of habitat. Our data suggest that, at the molecular level, the visual systems that evolved in aquatic blennies have been retained in species that have progressively transitioned onto land.

Globally disseminated high-risk Escherichia coli (E. coli) clones are major drivers of multidrug resistance (MDR) and severe clinical infections. Their presence in aquatic ecosystems represents a growing One Health concern, particularly in regions where wastewater management remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the environmental circulation and genomic characteristics of high-risk E. coli in Moroccan aquatic environments. Water samples were collected between February and June 2024 from seven major rivers and three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) across eight Moroccan cities. A total of 22 E. coli isolates were recovered and analyzed by whole-genome sequencing to determine their sequence types (STs), antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence factors, and plasmid replicon profiles. Sixteen isolates originated from rivers (72.7%) and six from WWTPs (27.3%). Thirteen distinct STs were identified, dominated by the globally disseminated high-risk clones ST44 (n = 4; 18.2%), ST410 (n = 4; 18.2%), and ST131 (n = 3; 13.6%). The most frequent extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) gene was bla CTX-M-15 (n = 13; 59.1%). Carbapenemase genes were found in five isolates (22.7%), including blaNDM-5 (n = 2; 9.1%), blaOXA-48 (n = 1; 4.5%), blaOXA-181 (n = 1; 4.5%), blaOXA-484 (n = 2; 9.1%), and blaOXA-244 (n = 1; 4.5%), whereas mcr-1.1 was detected in one isolate (4.5%). Plasmid profiling showed a predominance of IncF-type replicons (IncFIB 81.8%, IncFII 77.3%, and IncFIA 68.2%), along with IncI (36.4%), IncX (13.6%), and IncHI (9.1%). This study provides the first genomic evidence of clinically relevant high-risk E. coli clones and mobile resistance determinants circulating in Moroccan aquatic environments. These findings highlight the urgent need to strengthen integrated One Health surveillance to prevent environmental dissemination and reduce the public health impact of antimicrobial resistance.

While the role of biodiversity in enhancing temporal stability is well established within single trophic levels, how biodiversity at one trophic level affects stability at adjacent trophic levels remains poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed the relationships between diversity and stability both within and across producer (algae) and consumer (invertebrate) communities using time series from 97 aquatic food webs across the world. Within consumer communities, we found that greater species diversity was associated with increases in both population asynchrony and average population stability, leading to higher community stability. Within producer communities, producer diversity was positively associated with population asynchrony but negatively associated with population stability, resulting in no net effect. In contrast, we found consistently negative diversity-stability relationships across trophic levels: increased producer diversity was linked to decreased consumer community stability and increased consumer diversity was associated with decreased producer community stability. These negative relationships stem from adverse impacts of diversity on population stability across trophic levels, which may be due to the altered producer dynamics and intensified top-down pressure. Our findings demonstrate that incorporating antagonistic interactions between trophic levels in natural communities may alter the positive diversity-stability relationships that are typically observed in single trophic communities.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health and environmental challenge, driven by complex interactions among microbial communities, resistance genes, and selective pressures in various ecological niches. Traditional surveillance procedures often fall short in capturing the full diversity and dynamics of resistance reservoirs in the environment. This review examines the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) with next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies for comprehensive resistome profiling. We discuss advances in multi-omics approaches, particularly metagenomics, microbiome-based analytics, and metatranscriptomics. We also highlight computational workflows that enable high-resolution mapping of resistance genes, their mobile genetic elements, and host associations. The role of AI/ML in resistome prediction, classification, and source tracking, as well as the incorporation of environmental metadata for contextual interpretation is discussed based on the selected literature. Moreover, we assess current challenges and propose future directions for developing standardized, scalable, and interpretable bioinformatic pipelines in AMR surveillance. This review primarily elucidates the potential of integrated AI-omics platforms to revolutionize aquatic environmental AMR monitoring and inform risk assessment and mitigation strategies.

With the growing demand for marine exploration and environmental monitoring, underwater sensing technology faces severe challenges due to high humidity and the need for simultaneous detection of multiple physical parameters, such as temperature and pressure. Traditional underwater sensors typically rely on combinations of various functional materials to achieve dual-mode temperature-pressure detection, often requiring additional waterproof encapsulation, which complicates system integration. Achieving dual-mode temperature-pressure detection within a single material underwater remains particularly challenging. Herein, a waterproof dual-mode sensor based on Bi2Se3/carbon paper (CP) composite films is developed by electrochemically depositing pyramid-interface-structured Bi2Se3 layers on both sides of a flexible CP substrate. The film exhibits enhanced thermoelectric properties, with a power factor of 106.0 μW m-1 K-2 (9 times that of CP). Sensors constructed from vertically stacked pyramid-interface-structured films enable high-precision detection of temperature and pressure underwater, featuring a temperature-sensing response time of 0.9 s and a pressure sensitivity of 0.94% kPa-1, while allowing synchronous decoupling of the two signals. Moreover, the sensor exhibits excellent hydrophobicity, with a contact angle of 143.7°, along with robust stability, overcoming key limitations for underwater applications. This advance in flexible underwater sensing technology offers a reliable strategy for underwater human-machine interaction and monitoring.

The illicit use of formaldehyde (FA) as a preservative in aquatic products poses grave public health risks due to its proven carcinogenicity. While gold-standard techniques like HPLC offer high precision, their implementation in real-time surveillance is hindered by labor-intensive pre-treatment and reliance on expensive instrumentation, necessitating intelligent, non-destructive sensing platforms. We present Res-Reg, a novel image-to-value deep regression framework optimized for rapid FA quantification. The sensing paradigm integrates the high specificity of the Hantzsch chromogenic reaction with digital microscopic imaging, employing a residual-based backbone and a specialized regression head for multi-layer feature aggregation. To enhance environmental robustness against matrix interference, the training dataset was augmented with Gaussian blur kernels. Systematic evaluation on 1,548 microscopic images demonstrated that Res-Reg achieved an MAE of 0.0027, MSE of 0.0028, and GM of 0.0002, significantly outperforming traditional CNN-based models by maintaining superior sensitivity in low-concentration intervals where optical signals are often obscured by turbidity. Res-Reg effectively bridges the gap between microscopic optical signatures and precise chemical concentration without complex purification. This modular and scalable technology supports the digital transformation of food quality control, providing a potent solution for proactive safety surveillance and the preservation of global nutritional standards in the Food Industry 4.0 era.

Sponges are aquatic animals highly sensitive to environmental changes. They significantly impact silicon cycling by constructing siliceous skeletons. The necessity of better understanding of both biosilification and sponge physiology inspired us to focus current work on how silicon deficiency affects spiculogenesis in the branched Baikal sponges Lubomirskia baikalensis. We employed an original method to detect newly formed silica spicules: staining with a vital fluorescent dye specific to new silica deposition. A significant reduction in spicules formation was observed when silicon levels were decreased from 32 μM (artificial Baikal water) to 10 μM or less, alongside compromised primmorphs integrity. This suggests that low silicon availability may slow sponge growth by limiting spicule production. If such reductions occur naturally, they could alter sponge appearance or abundance, highly affecting Baikal's benthic communities. Our findings, consistent with previous studies, indicate a recent shift in the silicon-to-phosphorus ratio in the coastal Baikal waters, characterized by a decrease in silicon concentration. The notable reduction in siliceous sponges coincides with this trend. Further in vivo experiments are required to test the hypothesis that silicon deficiency affects both the growth and health of sponges in nature, thereby increasing their susceptibility to environmental stressors. Additionally, we examined nitrogen and phosphorus's impact on spicule formation. Seasonal fluctuations in these nutrients are unlikely to directly affect spiculogenesis, though surprisingly, higher nitrogen levels appeared to accelerate spicule growth. Our observations have broader implications, given global and anthropogenic influences on biogenic element levels in the coastal zones of aquatic ecosystems.

Azoxystrobin is a widely used strobilurin fungicide. Its environmental persistence and potential toxicity to aquatic organisms demand accurate trace-level quantification in biological tissues. However, its sensitive and specific determination in small tissue samples using conventional methods remains challenging. In this study, a novel high-sensitivity analytical method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-stage mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS3) was established for the trace determination of azoxystrobin in zebrafish liver tissues. Following protein precipitation extraction, chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column using a gradient of 0.1% aqueous formic acid and acetonitrile. Detection relied on an optimized MS3 transition (m/z 404.0 → 371.9 → 344.2). The method exhibited excellent linearity (r > 0.9984) from 0.1 to 20 ng mL-1, with accuracy between -3.33% and 3.67% and precision (CV) between 5.57 and 10.19%. Consistent recoveries (94.93-106.64%) and minimal matrix effects (99.45-104.79%) were achieved across all tissue matrices. Compared to conventional MRM, MS3 scanning significantly enhanced specificity by reducing endogenous interference. The validated approach was successfully applied to tissue distribution studies in zebrafish, confirming its reliability for environmental toxicology research and providing a robust platform for investigating fungicide biodistribution in aquatic organisms.

Microplastics (MPs) and heavy metal mercury (Hg) have drawn global surveillance as major contaminants due to their toxic effects on aquatic organisms. The individual effects of both contaminants have been extensively characterized; however, their coexposure effects remain insufficiently explored. As aquatic organisms are increasingly exposed to multiple pollutants simultaneously in natural environments, this investigation explored the combined effects of polyamide MP (PA-MP) and Hg on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings, focusing on survival, growth, hematological balance, tissue structure, GH/IGF axis regulation, and immune-antioxidant responses. Over a 42-day trial, 240 Nile tilapia fingerlings were allocated into four triplicated treatments: control (no PA-MP or Hg), PA-MP (10 mg/L), Hg (0.03 mg/L), and PA-MP + Hg (10 mg/L + 0.03 mg/L), with 20 fingerlings per tank. The coexposure group showed increased MP accumulation and mortality, suppressed growth indicators, and substantial shifts in blood physiology, including elevated glucose (126.83 ± 2.40 mg/dL) and lowered hemoglobin (9.45 ± 0.85 g/dL), along with higher cellular and nuclear abnormalities. The histoarchitectural assessment identified severe structural deformities in the gills, intestine, liver, and kidney of coexposed fish compared to control and individual contaminants. At the transcriptional level, the expression of growth hormone-secreting gene (gh) in the pituitary and insulin-like growth factors (igf-1 and igf-2) in the liver showed a significant downregulation under coexposure treatment. Moreover, coexposure to PA-MP and Hg induced hepatic oxidative damage by affecting antioxidant defense, as evidenced by altered activity of superoxide dismutase (sod) and catalase (cat), and simultaneously modulated immune responses by significantly upregulating interferon-γ (ifn-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (tnf-α) while downregulating interleukin-1β (il-1β), indicating an oxidative-inflammatory response. These outcomes collectively underscore that MP and Hg coexposure aggravates both systemic and molecular impairments in Nile tilapia, resulting in weakened molecular responses, impaired physiological functions, and decreased survivability.

Copper (Cu2+), hexavalent chromium (Cr6+), and cadmium (Cd2+) are pervasive heavy metal pollutants in aquatic ecosystems, often coexisting and posing potential risks to aquatic organisms. While the individual toxicity of these metals is well documented, their combined effects at environmentally relevant concentrations remain poorly understood. This study investigated the chronic toxicity of a ternary mixture of Cu2+, Cr6+, and Cd2+ in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) across multiple biological endpoints. In the chronic toxicity test, the toxicity of Cu2+, Cr6+, and Cd2+ was set up in five concentration groups, namely the control group, 1/40 (Cu2+ 0.013 mg/L, Cr6+ 4.610 mg/L, and Cd2+ 0.471 mg/L), 1/30 (Cu2+ 0.017 mg/L, Cr6+ 6.147 mg/L, and Cd2+ 0.628 mg/L), 1/20 (Cu2+ 0.026 mg/L, Cr6+ 9.220 mg/L, and Cd2+ 0.942 mg/L), and 1/10 (Cu2+ 0.052 mg/L, Cr6+ 18.440 mg/L, and Cd2+ 1.884 mg/L) of the 96 h-LC50 values. Each group had three replicates, with 25 fish in each replicate. Under the exposure of different concentrations of Cu2+, Cr6 +, and Cd2+, the liver, intestine, and gill tissue induced different degrees of pathological damage, and caused oxidative damage and immune system disorder in liver and gill tissue. In the 1/10 and 1/20 concentration group, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in intestinal tissue increased, while the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota and Proteobacteria decreased. The residual amounts of Cd2+ and Cr6+ in muscle tissue are positively correlated with their concentrations, while the residual amounts of Cu2+are negatively correlated with their concentrations.

Microplastics (MPs) are widespread environmental contaminants found across both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. While many studies have explored interactions between MPs and individual environmental stressors such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, pathogens, or temperature changes, these interactions are rarely examined together. In natural environments, MPs are exposed to multiple stressors simultaneously, which may interact in complex ways and affect their environmental behavior and biological effects. This study systematically reviews and bibliometrically analyzes peer-reviewed literature on MP interactions with major environmental stressors, focusing on heatwaves, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and pathogens. Bibliometric and keyword analyses were performed to identify research trends and key themes. Using Web of Science and Scopus, 4412 records were initially identified, with 2120 studies selected after screening per PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews & Meta-Analysis) guidelines. The key analyses revealed four main research clusters: toxic effects on organisms, microbial and plastisphere dynamics, physicochemical adsorption processes, and mitigation strategies. Most current research focuses on experiments with one or two stressors, leaving multi-stressor interactions poorly understood. This gap may hinder a full understanding of the ecological risks posed by MPs. Future studies should emphasize multi-stressor experiments conducted under realistic environmental conditions to better reflect natural systems.

Glyphosate is widely applied in the Great Barrier Reef catchment area as a knock-down alternative to residual photosystem II herbicides. Although glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) are periodically monitored, they are excluded from routine water quality monitoring under the Great Barrier Reef Catchment Loads Monitoring Program and are therefore absent from key reporting and risk assessment tools such as the Pesticide Reporting Portal and the Pesticide Risk Metric. This study evaluated whether that exclusion is justified by comparing detected surface water concentrations against water quality guidelines for aquatic ecosystem protection. Across 18 sites from 2006 to 2024, glyphosate was detected above the limit of reporting (LOR; 0.25 µg/L) in 48 of the 272 samples at only five sites, with a maximum concentration of 11 µg/L-approximately 16 times lower than the current default guideline value for 99% species protection of 180 µg/L. AMPA was detected above the LOR (0.25 µg/L) in 60 of the 262 water samples at only four sites from 2011 to 2024, with a maximum concentration of 5 µg/L. The detected concentrations, combined with the low aquatic toxicity of glyphosate and its strong soil adsorption, indicate a minimal ecological risk under current Australian and New Zealand guidelines. These findings support the continued exclusion of glyphosate from routine reporting and monitoring frameworks, although periodic monitoring remains important to detect emerging concerns.

Banana peel (BP) has gained attention as a sustainable, low-cost biosorbent for removing pharmaceuticals from aquatic environments. In this study, BP was modified using a choline chloride/methanesulfonic acid (ChCl/MSA) deep eutectic solvent to produce a chemically and structurally enhanced material (BP-ChCl/MSA) for pharmaceutical adsorption from water. The modified biosorbent was comprehensively characterized by FTIR, TGA, and SEM analyses, and its performance was systematically compared with BP treated solely with methanesulfonic acid (BP-MSA). MSA induced holocellulose hydrolysis and ChCl/MSA increased the lignin content in the biosorbent. Propranolol (PRO), metformin, and tinidazole were used as model drugs. BP-ChCl/MSA showed selective adsorption for PRO, with almost 90% of removal efficiency achieved from an initial concentration of 20.0 mg L-1, without requiring pH adjustment at 25 °C. The PRO adsorption kinetics for both BP-MSA and BP-ChCl/MSA were best described by the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model, with adsorption occurring in less than 500 min. Isotherms were well described by the Sips model, indicating adsorption on a heterogeneous surface, with BP-ChCl/MSA exhibiting higher maximum adsorption capacity value (284.6 mg g-1) than BP-MSA (238.1 mg g-1). Thermodynamic analysis using the partition model provided more consistent results, with Δads G ◦ ranging from -24.1 to -21.9 kJ mol-1 as the temperature increased from 25 to 40 °C, showing an endothermic process (ΔadsH◦ = 23.5 kJ mol-1) that is entropy-driven (ΔadsS◦ around 0.15 kJ mol-1 K-1). Overall, ChCl/MSA treatment enhanced the interactions between the remaining lignin functional groups and PRO, mainly through electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding. Moreover, the material showed good reusability, maintaining more than 75% of removal efficiency after 3 adsorption cycles. These results demonstrate that treatment with the ChCl/MSA DES significantly improved the adsorption capacity of BP through an efficient and eco-friendly approach, yielding a sustainable and promising material for drug adsorption in aqueous media.

While inbreeding is known to affect individual fitness and thus population extinction risk, studies often under-represent non-model species of conservation concern and rarely examine the conditionality of inbreeding depression. Here, using genomic markers (SNPs), we determined inbreeding depression in a threatened bird, the aquatic warbler Acrocephalus paludicola - a habitat specialist with depleted genetic diversity that went through a steep recent decline. We also explored whether the magnitude of inbreeding depression depends on phenotypic (tarsus and wing length) and environmental (timing of breeding and brood size) factors. In adult males, the relationship between genomic inbreeding and breeding success depended on tarsus length, a proxy for body size, being strongly negative in small-tarsus males. We also detected a weak interaction effect between genomic inbreeding and wing length on male survival, with short-winged males being negatively affected by inbreeding. By contrast, models that did not include these interactions provided little evidence for inbreeding effects on male fitness, and estimates of inbreeding load were highly uncertain for both survival and breeding success. In adult females, we found little support for associations between genomic inbreeding and clutch size, hatching success, nestling survival, or fledged brood size, and no evidence that these relationships were conditional on the phenotypic and environmental variables examined. Accordingly, estimates of inbreeding load in females were close to zero. We conclude that inbreeding depression on fitness components is phenotype-dependent, being stronger in small-bodied males, and that considering interactions with phenotypic variables enables more accurate estimation of inbreeding depression.

This study evaluated the toxicity of the three antiretrovirals: dolutegravir (DTG), tenofovir (TDF), and lamivudine (3TC), both as commercial medicines and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), on the microalga Chlorella vulgaris. Acute (4-d) and chronic (14-d) toxicity tests were conducted following OECD Guideline 201 (2011). Among the evaluated substances, DTG-API showed the highest toxicity, while 3TC was the least toxic. Results indicate that excipients modulate toxicity and that chronic exposures may induce tolerance mechanisms in C. vulgaris. DTG-API was classified as "toxic," with EC50 values of 3.3 mg/L (acute) and 5.9 mg/L (chronic). DTG-Med also showed acute toxicity (EC50 = 7.1 mg/L) but was almost nontoxic chronically. TDF-Med was considered "slightly toxic" acutely (EC50 = 92.9 mg/L) and "practically non-toxic" in chronic exposure. TDF-API showed higher chronic toxicity (EC50 = 88.7 mg/L) compared to its commercial form. 3TC-Med and 3TC-API were "practically non-toxic" under both conditions. Hormesis effects were observed at low concentrations of TDF-Med. Overall, APIs were more toxic than commercial medicines, suggesting a role of excipients in reducing toxicity. In addition, the Environmental Risk Assessment identified 3TC as the compound with the highest risk quotients, particularly in surface waters and wastewater treatment plant effluents, where medium to high ecological risks were observed (RQ > 7.0). In contrast, TDF presented insignificant risk across all evaluated environmental compartments (RQ < 0.01). Due to the limited availability of environmental occurrence data, a comprehensive risk assessment for DTG could not be performed, highlighting an important data gap in current monitoring studies. The results also highlight that conventional wastewater treatment processes may not be fully effective in mitigating these risks, reinforcing the need for improved monitoring programs and regulatory strategies to protect aquatic ecosystems and water resources.

Representative species weight is a critical ecological index for modeling, vulnerability assessment, and toxicity prediction, yet scientifically validated data for aquatic invertebrates remain limited. To address this gap, we present the first literature-based strategy to estimate and validate representative dry weights of freshwater invertebrate species in Korean rivers using Length-Weight Relationships (LWRs). Species length and dry weight records were compiled from domestic field guides, while dry weight records were compiled from both domestic and global literature. LWR coefficients (a and b) were then calculated at genus, family, and order levels and preprocessed under control conditions. Among the taxonomic levels tested, averaging genus-level coefficients yielded the highest concordance with field-measured dry weights (R2&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.6633, n&#x2009;=&#x2009;240), outperforming broader taxonomic levels. Furthermore, a logarithmic correlation analysis confirmed that greater numbers of LWR sources improve predictive accuracy, particularly at the genus level. Based on this optimal strategy, representative dry weights were estimated for 563 taxa. This methodology fills a critical data gap by leveraging existing literature to generate reliable species-specific weight indices without additional field measurements. Our approach provides a quantitative foundation for biomass estimation in data-limited freshwater ecosystems and supports improved ecological modeling, conservation planning, and machine learning-based impact prediction.

Synthetic dyes, such as methyl violet (MV), are hazardous pollutants that pose risks to both aquatic ecosystems and public health. Thus, developing effective adsorbents for their removal is of environmental importance. In this study, a composite hydrogel of k-carrageenan-cl-Poly(Crotonic acid-co-N-isopropyl acrylamide)/dichloride-bis(6-aminopencillanic acid)titanium(III)Chloride), HML composite was created using a free radical copolymerization method with potassium persulfate (KPS) as the initiator and N, N-methylene bis-acrylamide (MBA) as a cross-linking agent. This hydrogel was designed to remove MV dye from aqueous solutions. The research focused on optimizing the synthesis conditions to prepare a hydrogel with the highest swelling ratio (SR%). The results indicated that using 0.08&#xa0;g of ML complex resulted in the HML composite achieving the most significant swelling ratio of 4200% in distilled water. It was observed that the dye adsorption capacity of the HML composite was significantly influenced by the level of the CA monomer in the hydrogel, which improved its ability to swell. The HML composites were characterized using XRD, FTIR, FESEM/EDX, TEM, TGA, and BET. The Box-Behnken Design (BBD) based on response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the adsorption performance of the HML composite, considering factors such as A: pH (3-10), B: adsorbent dosage (0.03-0.12&#xa0;g) and C: concentration (100-800&#xa0;mg/L). The swelling ratio (SR%) and gel content (Gc%) of the HML composites were compared with those of the hydrogel without the complex in water. It was observed that as the complex increased, the Gc% also increased, while the SR% decreased. Additionally, the Point of Zero Charge (PZC) was determined to be 5.8. The thermal stability of the samples was investigated, revealing that the HML composites exhibit better thermal stability than the hydrogel alone. Furthermore, we studied the ability of the samples to adsorb the cationic MV dye from aqueous solutions. The study was conducted at dye concentrations of 100-800&#xa0;mg/L for a duration of 5-120&#xa0;min and at a pH range of 3-10. The optimal conditions for dye absorption were found to be at pH 7, a concentration of 600&#xa0;mg/L, and a duration of 60&#xa0;min. Additionally, the maximum adsorption efficiency was 730.88&#xa0;mg/g, and the HML composites exhibited 94.33% dye removal at a concentration of 600&#xa0;mg/L. The Freundlich isotherm and the first-order kinetic models well described the adsorption results. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that this adsorption system was endothermic in nature. The hydrogel was effectively regenerated using HCl for six cycles. Therefore, this study confirms the effectiveness of using HML composite as a promising adsorbent for removing toxic dyes. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40201-026-00983-3.

Clorsulon is highly toxic to aquatic organisms, including fish and invertebrates, and can have long-term adverse effects on the environment. It is commonly used in cattle, and residues excreted in dung can negatively affect dung-dependent insects. Direct contamination of waterways, such as ponds, streams, or ditches, should be strictly avoided. Therefore, clorsulon detection is pivotal. In this study, density functional theory (DFT) and semiempirical metadynamics are used to investigate the properties of polypyrrole-based molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP-PPy) as a receptor targeting clorsulon detection. To address this aim, the electronic and physicochemical properties of PPy are studied, and the optimal imprinting conditions are calculated. The novelty of this study lies in the in silico characterization of the effects of PPy conformers on its electrochemical properties under different couplings. Next, the sensing mechanism via binding sites formed in the modeled imprinted polymer is described. The ratio of pyrrole monomers needed to form the optimal imprinted PPy for clorsulon drug detection is determined, and the solvent effect is evaluated. A water-based solvent was selected as the best medium and solvent for preparing the polymerization mixture, since it does not interfere with the optimized monomers and template molecules at a 16:1 ratio. Moreover, the &#x3b1;&#x3b2;- and &#x3b2;&#x3b2;-coupling present in PPy chains was considered and compared with the ideal configuration of all &#x3b1;&#x3b1;-coupled chains. Finally, the sensing mechanism and electrochemical properties of the in silico-designed MIP-PPy are discussed.

The aquaculture sector has grown rapidly in recent years, and it now has a significant impact on global food and nutritional security. Infectious disease outbreaks in aquaculture cause significant losses and also threaten the sustainability. Despite the antimicrobial resistance (AMR), environmental contamination and consumer safety concerns, conventional disease control strategies still rely heavily on chemical antimicrobials. Thus, alternative, eco-friendly disease management approaches are urgently needed. This review describes quorum-quenching (QQ) as an innovative health management approach in aquaculture. Quorum-sensing (QS) is a communication system used by bacteria that depends on cell density. QS regulates gene expression, virulence factor production, and biofilm formation in key aquaculture pathogens, including Vibrio, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Edwardsiella, and Flavobacterium species. QQ disrupts QS signal networks through enzymatic degradation, competitive receptor inhibition, or suppression. In addition to discussing QS signal molecules and regulatory pathways, this review summarizes and critically evaluates enzymatic and non-enzymatic QQ mechanisms, including lactonases, acylases, oxidoreductases, and small-molecule inhibitors. Practical applications of QQ in aquaculture, including QQ probiotics (QQPs), functional feeds, water treatment systems, biofilm control and host immune modulation, have also been highlighted. While QQ offers a promising alternative to traditional antimicrobials. Translating this technology to field scale applications presents critical challenges. Specifically, the broad-spectrum nature of some QQ agents raises concerns regarding target specificity and the unintended disruption of beneficial native microbiomes. Furthermore, the long term environmental ecological impacts of introducing foreign QQ enzymes or organisms into complex aquatic ecosystems requires rigorous evaluation. Crucially, QQ exerts less selective pressure than bactericidal agents, the potential for pathogens to develop resistance mechanisms such as receptor modification or signal bypassing must be carefully monitored. This study focuses on research pertinent to quorum-quenching in aquaculture systems and is based on a narrative synthesis of peer-reviewed literature that was obtained from major scientific databases. Mechanistic findings, aquaculture application, and translational possibilities in field settings are highlighted.