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Pollution by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) constitutes an environmental and public health crisis of planetary scale due to their toxicity, persistence, and capacity for bioaccumulation in ecosystems. Given the limitations of conventional methods, which are often costly or generate hazardous byproducts, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have emerged as critical alternatives for the terminal destruction of these compounds. However, a persistent gap remains between laboratory-scale innovations and their real industrial application. To address this issue, the study employs a systematic and quantitative bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature produced between 2000 and 2026. A total of 5911 documents indexed in Scopus were analyzed using specialized tools such as R Studio (bibliometrix) 2026.04.0+526 and VOSviewer (1.6.20) to map productivity, impact, and the intellectual structure of the field through co-occurrence networks and international collaboration. The results demonstrate exponential growth in research, with an annual rate exceeding 18%. China leads scientific production with 109 publications, while Spain and France record the highest impact per article, with averages of 217.5 and 213.5 citations respectively, underscoring the influence of their researchers as theoretical and methodological benchmarks. Authors such as Malato (Spain) and Oturan (France) act as central nodes of international collaboration, accumulating thousands of citations in areas such as solar photocatalysis and electro-Fenton processes. The analysis confirms that solar photocatalysis and electrochemical processes are the most effective AOP families, consistently reporting degradation efficiencies above 85-90%. Wastewater treatment is identified as the primary research driver, while advanced catalyst design has evolved into a niche technical specialization. Journals such as Chemosphere and Science of the Total Environment have consolidated as the main dissemination channels for this research.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have long been valued for their chemical stability, hydrophobicity, oleophobicity, and thermal resistance, supporting applications in firefighting foams, textiles, food packaging, medical devices, electronics, and industrial surfactants. However, growing evidence of environmental persistence and health risks has prompted regulatory restrictions and a shift toward PFAS-free alternatives. This review assesses PFAS-free substitutes across key sectors, examining their chemical and functional mechanisms, performance trade-offs, safety profiles, and market readiness. Fluorine-free foams, silicone and hydrocarbon-based textile coatings, biobased and synthetic polymer food packaging, alkyl polyglucosides and silicone surfactants, plant-derived cosmetic emollients, hydrophilic and zwitterionic polymers for medical devices, and PFAS-free photoresists are examined for their efficacy and sustainability potential. To situate these developments within a broader socio-environmental context, a Driving forces-Pressures-State-Impacts-Responses (DPSIR)-based framework is applied to assess sectoral substitution urgency. A comparative ranking indicates very high urgency for firefighting foams and food packaging, high urgency for textiles and industrial surfactants, moderate-high urgency for cosmetics and personal care products, moderate urgency for electronics and semiconductors, and moderate/targeted urgency for medical devices. Sensitivity analysis under alternative weighting scenarios confirms complete stability of sectoral rankings, demonstrating robustness of the prioritisation framework. Regional adoption patterns, regulatory drivers, and implementation barriers, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, are discussed, emphasising the need for harmonised standards, knowledge-sharing, and innovation support. Overall, while PFAS-free alternatives exhibit application-dependent functional viability, trade-offs in durability, chemical resistance, and operational efficiency remain, underscoring opportunities for continued materials innovation toward reducing reliance on PFAS.
Plasticizers are persistent contaminants commonly detected in treated sewage effluent (TSE), which has raised concerns regarding their potential neurotoxic effects in exposed aquatic species. This study examined the neurobehavioral and molecular impacts of chronic exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of plasticizer-contaminated TSE in adult zebrafish and their offspring. Adult zebrafish were chronically exposed for three months to TSE collected from three wastewater treatment stations (A, B, C). Locomotor, expression of key neurodevelopmental as well as genes involved in oxidative stress and apoptosis were evaluated in both adults and embryos to assess life stage-specific and parental exposure-mediated responses in F1 offspring. TSE analysis revealed station specific plasticizer mixtures, with the highest cumulative concentrations detected at Station A. These chemical differences preceded distinct biological effects. Adult zebrafish exhibited significant hyperactivity across stations, while embryos from exposed adults showed reduced motility, strongest for Station B. Gene expression analysis showed station dependent alterations in neurodevelopmental, oxidative stress, and apoptotic markers, with adults displaying overall downregulation of neuronal genes and offspring exhibiting increased neurotrophic and stress related responses. These findings suggest that chronic exposure to environmentally realistic plasticizer mixtures in TSE is associated with life stage-dependent neurotoxic responses and parental exposure-mediated molecular alterations in F1 offspring; however, causal attribution to specific compounds cannot be established from these mixture-based data. These findings highlight the need for mixture aware risk assessment and sustained monitoring of reclaimed water quality in water scarce regions.
The intensive use of herbicides in agriculture has caused contamination of soil, surface waters and underground waters. The presence of atrazine (ATZ), an herbicide widely used in soybean, wheat, and corn crops, is particularly relevant. This study evaluated the degradation of ATZ by persulfate (PS), using Fe oxide activation of two highly weathered soils (Oxisol and Alfisol), with contrasting hematite (Hm) and goethite (Gt) contents. To better predict the mechanisms involved in PS activation and ATZ degradation, tests were also conducted with synthetic ferrihydrite (Fh), Gt, and Hm. The soils were subjected to sequential extractions to obtain residues free of: i) more soluble forms of iron (pyrophosphate - PYR); ii) low crystalline oxides (ammonium oxalate - AO); iii) well-crystalline oxides (citrate-bicarbonate- dithionite - CBD). The decomposition rate of PS by synthetic Fe oxides decreased in the following order (L-1 min-1): Fh - 0.168 > Gt - 0.024 > Hm - 0.011. Positive effects of PS and Fh concentrations and negative effects of pH were observed on the degradation of ATZ. The best experimental conditions were PS 700 mg L-1; Fh 12 mg and pH 3.5. Oxisol and Alfisol and their sequential residues were less efficient in ATZ degradation than synthetic Fe oxides. The maximum percentage of ATZ removal for Oxisol occurred in PYR residue (20%). To successfully remediate highly weathered soils contaminated with ATZ, periodic and continuous supplementation of PS is necessary. The high proportion of crystalline Fe should favor the continuous and long-term heterogeneous process in the soils.
Sustainable implementation of smart civil infrastructure requires replacing hazardous lead-based piezoelectrics with eco-benign alternatives. However, the environmental fate of lead-free substitutes like Bismuth Ferrite (BFO) under synergistic operational and environmental stressors remains poorly understood. This study investigates the leaching kinetics and multi-trophic ecotoxicity of BFO/rGO-epoxy nanocomposites. We implemented a safe-by-design interfacial engineering strategy using (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) covalent anchoring and bio-inspired polydopamine (PDA) conformal wrapping. Composites were subjected to a 720-h Worst-Case Simultaneous Stress (WCSS) protocol involving cyclic piezo-transduction, UV photo-aging, and acidic hydrothermal weathering. Results demonstrate that unmodified composites (G2) suffer severe structural degradation, retaining less than 35% of multiferroic constituents. Conversely, the dual-modified G5 architecture maintained high morphological retention, retaining over 96% of Bi and Fe. Mathematical modeling revealed a shift in leaching kinetics from matrix-degradation-driven wash-off (n ≈ 1.0) to restricted Fickian diffusion (n < 0.45). Multi-trophic bioassays across microbial, producer, consumer, and vertebrate models confirmed that interfacial engineering effectively mitigated acute toxicity and teratogenic risks, yielding a statistically significant Synergy Factor of +18.4% (p < 0.01). This research provides a predictive framework for developing structurally stable and environmentally benign multifunctional materials, supporting the transition toward zero-pollution smart cities.
This study investigates the adsorption behaviour of eight heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Mg, Mn, Co, Ni) on four common plastic polymers (PVC, PP, PET, and HDPE) under single-metal and binary-metal exposure conditions. To evaluate interaction mechanisms under controlled conditions, experiments were conducted using 1000 ppm metal solutions as standardized laboratory exposures designed to assess maximum binding potential rather than environmentally representative concentrations. Under these standardized conditions, Fe2+, Cu2+, and Mg2+ exhibited strong adsorption affinity, particularly on PVC and HDPE. Binary-metal combinations showed enhanced or suppressed uptake patterns. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) further revealed clear clustering patterns consistent with metal-specific and polymer-specific interactions demonstrating that adsorption behaviour is influenced by both polymer type and metal combinations. To complement these controlled experiments, plastic debris collected from coastal environments was analysed independently. Confocal Raman spectroscopy identified nine polymer types among the field samples, and ICP-OES analysis detected adhered metals-primarily Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn-on environmentally weathered plastics. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was further consistent with the presence of surface-bound metals on selected debris samples. Although environmental concentrations were substantially lower than laboratory exposures, the observed affinity patterns provide indicative support for polymer-dependent metal accumulation on plastic debris. However, given the controlled laboratory conditions and limited environmental sampling, these findings should be interpreted as mechanistic insights rather than direct representation of environmental behaviour.
Exposure to hazardous substances from landfill frequently occurs through complex chemical mixtures called leachates with a significant source of environmental and health concern. This study generated simulated leachates from soils collected at three landfill sites, Obajana (OBSL), Ajaokuta (AJSL), and Anyigba (AYSL) simulated leachate and evaluated their genotoxic and molecular effects using Mus musculus as a model organism. The leachates were characterized for physicochemical properties and leachate pollution indices. Mice orally exposed to 4 different (15 - 75 %) concentrations of each test leachates were examined for clinical signs of toxicity, body weight gain during exposure, genotoxicity and gene expression. Chemical analyses revealed elevated concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solid (TDS), and heavy metals. The clinical toxicity signs observed include skin brownish discoloration, hair loss, ungroomed hair, reduced food consumption and decreased activities, neck abscesses and measurable tumour development. All leachates produced significant concentration dependent increases in DNA damage relative to the negative control, as demonstrated by alterations in polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) and normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) ratios (PCE/NCE), increased frequencies of Micronucleated Polychromatic Erythrocyte (MNPCE) and Micronucleated Normochromatic Erythrocyte (MNNCE), and elevated olive tail moment, tail DNA (%), and tail length. Genotoxicity or DNA damage induction follow the order AJSL > OBSL > AYSL. The observed effects may reflect individual, synergistic, or antagonistic interactions among the chemical constituents of the leachates. RT-qPCR gene expression analysis revealed significant down regulation of HSP70 and TNF-α in liver tissue, indicating suppression of stress response and inflammatory pathways consistent with potential immunosuppression and impaired cellular defense. These findings demonstrate that leachates from landfill sites possess substantial genotoxic and immunomodulatory potential, underscoring the risk to exposed populations and the need for strengthened waste management and environmental monitoring.
This study evaluates a synergistic treatment combining coagulation-flocculation with a UV254 photo-assisted electrochemical advanced oxidation process (AOP) producing HOCl-•OH for domestic wastewater collected from the influent of a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Mexico, and fortified with ciprofloxacin (CIP), cefadroxil (CFX), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and carbamazepine (CBZ) at 20 mg L-1 each. Coagulation/flocculation with a coagulant/biopolymer at a 1:1 ratio achieved substantial primary removal efficiencies (80.64% turbidity, 73% Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and 82.08% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)), with removal mechanisms strongly influenced by pharmaceutical speciation. Subsequent UV254 photo-assisted electrochemical treatment in a filter-press FM01-LC reactor equipped with a Ti/RuO2-ZrO2-Sb2O3 anode enabled active chlorine electrogeneration and photolytic radical formation. Standalone photolysis, and pure electrocatalysis (77.76% TOC elimination) resulted in negligible mineralization, confirming the necessity of the hybrid method. Optimal degradation and mineralization (99.19% turbidity, 98.36% COD, 95.65% TOC) was achieved at 30 mA cm-2, 0.2 M NaCl, 1 L min-1, and pH 4.5 (1 h) in the fortified municipal wastewater; while a TOC decrease of 94.60% was achieved in the untreated sewage influent without fortification. These results demonstrate that pH control is more critical than increasing current density, as predominance of HOCl induces UV homolysis into highly reactive •OH and Cl• radicals. Active species trapping tests confirmed the dominant role of •OH in contaminant mineralization, while energy consumption remained low (0.04-0.05 kWh m-3), indicating competitive operational performance. Complete elimination of total coliforms was achieved; while Daphnia magna bioassays revealed null toxicity at shorter treatment times than 0.5 h. Overall, this hybrid process demonstrates high mineralization efficiency for municipal wastewater conditions while identifying operational constraints relevant for pilot-scale implementation.
Microplastics are an emerging environmental hazard on a global scale. Their detection in agricultural environments is of particular concern because microplastics may negatively impact insect detritivores and their ecosystem functioning. Dung beetles are important detritivores and are often vulnerable to anthropogenic hazards. Here, we test whether artificial contamination of cow dung with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) microplastics affects juvenile development and maternal behavior in the bull-headed dung beetle Onthophagus taurus. Larvae exposed to dung containing ≥0.5 mg g-1 TPU microplastics experienced high mortality, whereas exposure to 0.1 mg g-1 TPU did not significantly increase mortality risk relative to controls. Despite these strong effects on larval survival, adult females were equally likely to provision offspring with TPU-contaminated (and lethal) dung as with uncontaminated control dung. This suggests that females cannot differentiate between highly toxic microplastic-contaminated and uncontaminated resources. Together, these results indicate the potential for severe negative impacts on dung beetle populations if TPU microplastics persist and accumulate in agricultural environments. However, environmentally relevant exposure levels remain unknown. Future work should quantify microplastic concentrations in the field, test the effects of microplastic composition and size distribution, and identify the mechanisms underlying TPU-induced toxicity. These avenues will be critical for evaluating the long-term consequences of microplastic pollution for insect-mediated ecosystem functioning.
Control of gas-phase trichloramine (NCl3) in indoor swimming pool environments has been identified as a priority within the swimming community because of the ability of NCl3 to function as a respiratory system irritant and a corrosive agent. Conventional heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in indoor pool facilities are generally incapable of controlling episodes of high gas-phase NCl3, which are often observed during periods of high bather load. To address this issue, an active air stripping system was installed at the venue for the Olympic and Paralympic swimming competitions in Paris, France during the period of July-September 2024. The active air stripping system promoted net liquid→gas transfer of volatile compounds (including NCl3), with venting directly to the outside. This system was demonstrated to reduce the liquid-phase combined chlorine concentration in a manner that was consistent with stripping of NCl3. More importantly, active air stripping also reduced the gas-phase NCl3 concentration in the air above the pool. Because the air flow rate through the active stripping system was less than 1% of the outside air flow rate through the HVAC system, active stripping presents a method to improve indoor air quality in indoor pool facilities while also reducing HVAC system operating costs and energy consumption.
A common environmental pollutant, mercury (Hg) has serious effects on ecosystems and human health. This review examines the intricate biogeochemical mechanisms that control mercury, its effects on human health and ecological systems, and new remediation techniques. Mercury's elemental (Hg0), inorganic (Hg (II)), and organic methylmercury (MeHg) forms interact intricately throughout its environmental cycle. Its mobility and toxicity are significantly influenced by variables like temperature, atmospheric deposition, microbial methylation and demethylation, and the presence of organic matter. Mercury's bioaccumulation and biomagnification in terrestrial and aquatic environments food chains and biodiversity, endangering both people and wildlife. Human exposure to mercury causes serious health problems, such as neurotoxicity, immune system impairments, and developmental difficulties. This exposure occurs mostly from occupational exposure and the ingestion of seafood contaminated with mercury. Those who are more susceptible to mercury contamination include pregnant women and youngsters. Innovative technologies like phytoremediation, bioremediation, and mercury capture techniques have been included into remediation techniques to address this pressing problem. Globally, agreements such as the Minamata Convention play a crucial role in combating mercury pollution. There are critical data includes the scale of release from permafrost thaw of Hg already present in sediments remains uncertain by a factor of 10 and there is no reliable method exists for predicting MeHg hotspots based on DOM character or hgcAB genes. The necessity of an integrated approach to mercury management is emphasized in this study, which promotes cooperation between stakeholders, scientists, and legislators in order to safeguard human health and the environment.
Copper released from industrial activities and urban surfaces poses persistent risks to aquatic systems, highlighting the need for scalable and deployable materials for the harvesting of copper from water for practical recovery and removal applications. In this study, biochar-encapsulated, calcium-crosslinked alginate (BECA) hydrogels are developed as a composite platform for Cu2+ removal from aqueous media. The system integrates the well-established ion-binding properties of alginate with the heterogeneous surface chemistry of algae-derived biochar within a mechanically stable hydrogel matrix, enabling a functional and deployable sorbent architecture rather than a standalone adsorbent. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate Cu2+ uptake under varying initial concentrations and to assess the influence of hydrogel crosslinking conditions. The BECA system achieved removal efficiencies exceeding 98% at low Cu2+ loading and maintained removal above 87% at higher concentrations (up to 12.5 mM), with adsorption capacities reaching 69 ± 1 mg g-1. FTIR analysis confirmed interactions between Cu2+ and carboxylate-functional groups within the composite structure. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further supported favorable Cu2+ coordination within the alginate egg-box structure and stable binding at the alginate-biochar interface. Overall, the results demonstrate that BECA hydrogels function as scalable composite platforms for the harvesting of copper from water, combining adsorption functionality with structural stability and practical deployability. The novelty of this work lies in the integration of biochar into a hydrogel matrix to enable practical Cu2+ harvesting systems. Future work will further evaluate performance at environmentally relevant trace Cu concentrations and under dynamic flow conditions to extend applicability to real-world stormwater systems.
Seasonal road salt application is vital for winter road safety, but repeated use of chloride (Cl-)-rich salts (e.g., NaCl) releases high Cl- loads to nearby soils. Elevated Cl- levels can mobilize toxic trace metals from roadside soils, posing environmental risks. Although Cl--free organic salts are recommended as alternatives, their geochemical behavior in soils under varying environmental conditions remains less well understood. This study investigated the effects of pH and temperature on metal release performance from an agricultural roadside soil exposed to different deicing chemicals (NaCl, CaCl2, KCl, calcium magnesium acetate [CMA], sodium acetate [NaOAc], and potassium formate [HCOOK]) under laboratory conditions. The soil was amended with Pb (13 mg/kg) and Cd (3 mg/kg), divided into six portions, incubated separately with each salt (1000 mg/L for Cl--based salts and 1400 mg/L for formate/acetate-based salts) and subjected to alternative freshening and salting cycles under two pHs (5 and 8) and temperatures (5 and 20 °C). Changing the temperature from 5 °C to 20 °C had a minimal influence on the pH of the salt-added soil samples, except for NaOAc-treated soils, which caused the highest alkalinization (pH 6.0 to pH 8.8). This soil also released the greatest concentrations of Zn2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+ in all four pH and temperature conditions during the first freshening stage (cumulative release ∼ 2 mg/kg), mostly driven by stable acetate-complexes; for instance, ∼70% of total aqueous Pb2+ was mobilized as acetates at pH 8 and 20 °C, as identified through geochemical modeling. In contrast, Cl--based salts showed limited trace metal leaching given the low Cl- input concentration (∼28 mM) used during the incubation. CMA had the least influence on soil properties, including pH, EC, Cl-, and trace metal release, while promoting Ca2+ and Mg2+ availability. Although all trace metal concentrations remained below regulatory limits, the findings highlight distinct Cl--driven vs. organic ligand-driven pathways that govern metal mobility and underscore the need for salt selection strategies based on soil chemistry and seasonal factors.
Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA), the main brominated flame retardant in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastics, is widely found in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). As an additive, it can migrate from the polymer matrix and degrade, forming hazardous brominated compounds. The photochemical behavior of TBBPA in ABS, however, has not been systematically investigated, limiting accurate evaluation of occupational exposure during recycling. This study examined the photodegradation of TBBPA-containing ABS under controlled UV and thermal conditions using spectroscopic, chromatographic, and microscopic analyses. TBBPA accelerated ABS oxidation through bromine radical reactions, suppressing the induction period typical of commercial ABS. Major transformation products included carboxylic acids, esters, aldehydes, ketones, and lactones. After 220 h of irradiation, about 50 % of TBBPA and 20 % of bromine were lost, accompanied by surface cracking and yellowing that slowed down further oxidation by limiting light and oxygen diffusion. No brominated volatiles were detected in the gas phase, indicating that degradation products remained in solid phase. Bromine-rich residues on the aged polymer surface were easily transferable by contact, suggesting exposure of WEEE workers through dermal, inhalation, or ingestion pathways. These results provide mechanistic evidence of TBBPA degradation in ABS and support improved risk management and safer recycling practices for brominated plastics.
Sea surface temperature (SST) in the Northwest Pacific exerts a first-order control on typhoon genesis, monsoon dynamics, and regional ocean-atmosphere feedbacks. Yet the extent to which anthropogenic aerosols, especially their distinct chemical species, modulate SST remains insufficiently understood, limiting our ability to attribute observed variability and to improve coupled model performance. Here, using high-resolution WRF-Chem simulations, we disentangle the species-dependent impacts of aerosols on SST through both direct radiative forcing and cloud-mediated indirect pathways. Accounting for aerosols reduces the regional SST bias by 13% and reveals a robust vertical cloud adjustment pattern characterized by enhanced low clouds and suppressed high clouds. Sulfate and organic carbon exert strong cooling effects, black carbon drives localized warming through atmospheric absorption, and ammonia substantially amplifies indirect cooling via cloud microphysical responses. These results highlight the crucial role of aerosol chemical composition in shaping regional SST patterns, with significant implications for predicting typhoon activity, monsoon variability, and ecosystem responses in the Northwest Pacific.
Conventional culture-based and microscopic approaches yield limited information about the diversity, content, and real-time behaviour of biological aerosols. In recent years, mass spectrometry (MS) and molecular biotechnology have evolved as powerful and complementary analytical methods for detecting, identifying, and characterising air biological particles. This study critically reviews recent improvements in MS-based techniques for analysing bioaerosol chemical markers, proteins, metabolites, and toxins, including MALDI-TOF MS, GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, and real-time aerosol mass spectrometry. In parallel, contemporary advances in molecular biotechnology, including as PCR-based assays, metagenomics, and MS-driven proteomics and metabolomics, are described, with a focus on atmospheric applications. Special emphasis is placed on integrated analytical workflows that combine MS with molecular techniques to improve specificity, sensitivity, and source attribution. The current issues of low biomass concentrations, sampling artefacts, data interpretation, and standardisation are discussed, and future perspectives on portable MS systems, multi-omics integration, and AI-assisted data processing are presented. This study offers a thorough analytical chemistry viewpoint on next-generation methodologies for monitoring bioaerosols and promotes the development of enhanced instruments for assessing air quality and protecting human health.
Perovskite nanomaterials are increasingly used in energy storage, catalysis, and sensing, but their effects on human health and the environment remain poorly understood, especially for newer types. This study presents the first direct comparison of two emerging perovskites, nickel-titanate (NiTiO3) and calcium-manganite (CaMnO3) tested simultaneously in human epithelial cells (A549) and Escherichia coli bacteria, providing a dual-host perspective on their biological impact. The materials differed notably in shape and size: NiTiO3 formed smooth, spherical-like particles (∼367 nm), while CaMnO3 had irregular, sharp-edged structures (∼588 nm). Neither caused destruction of red blood cells up to 400 μg/mL, although CaMnO3 induced visible deformation. In human cells, CaMnO3 was more toxic, causing oxidative stress, DNA damage, and activation of inflammatory and cell-death pathways. In bacteria, both nanomaterial increased cell membrane permeability, oxidative stress, with CaMnO3 showing stronger bactericidal effects. Metabolomic analysis of bacterial and human cells via NMR revealed NiTiO3 disrupted amino acid and energy metabolism primarily. Surprisingly, CaMnO3 caused broader but moderate metabolic changes., whereas NiTiO3 caused greater metabolic disruption despite being less lethal, suggesting that cell death and metabolic harm are not always correlated. Notably, both nanomaterials significantly enhanced horizontal gene transfer between bacteria, especially via outer membrane vesicles, raising concerns about accelerating antibiotic resistance spread. Overall, small differences in composition and shape led to vastly different biological outcomes. This study establishes a cross-species testing framework for nanomaterial safety and underscores the importance of biosafety considerations in developing next-generation perovskites. Environmental implication: This study highlights important environmental concerns associated with the growing use of perovskite nanomaterials. Once released into air, water, or soil, NiTiO3 and CaMnO3 may interact with human cells and beneficial microbial communities. CaMnO3 showed higher toxicity in human cells and bacteria, while both nanomaterials significantly increased horizontal gene transfer, which may accelerate the spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Such changes can affect ecosystem balance and public health. These findings emphasize the need for responsible production, controlled disposal, and rigorous environmental risk assessment before the large-scale application of perovskite nanomaterials.
Lithium slag (LS), a by-product of lithium-ion battery recycling, contains hazardous contaminants that pose potential environmental risks during disposal. The LS used in this study contained 7.46 mg kg-1 thallium (Tl) and 2.56 wt% fluorine (F) based on initial material characterization. This study investigates low-dosage cement-based stabilization systems using ordinary Portland cement (OPC) or composite Portland cement (CPC) combined with CaO for the simultaneous immobilization of Tl and F in lithium slag. Four formulations with LS:binder:CaO ratios of 20:(0.30-0.75):0.10 were evaluated over 28 days of curing. Leaching behavior was assessed using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), and microstructural evolution was examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Untreated LS exhibited significant contaminant mobility, with TCLP leachate concentrations of 13.24 mg L-1 F and 89 μg L-1 Tl. Cement-CaO stabilization substantially reduced contaminant release. The optimized low-OPC formulation (20:0.30:0.10) reduced Tl concentration to 0.17 μg L-1 (>99 % reduction) and F concentration to 3.39 mg L-1 (∼74 % reduction). Microstructural observations indicated progressive matrix densification associated with the formation of C-S-H gel and Ca-rich hydration products. XRD and SEM-EDS results suggest that Tl retention is mainly associated with adsorption or incorporation within C-S-H phases, while fluoride stabilization is related to the formation of Ca-F phases (e.g., CaF2) under alkaline conditions. The optimized formulation achieved regulatory compliance with an estimated material cost of approximately 11 RMB t-1 (∼1.5 USD t-1) and a carbon footprint of 16.5 kg CO2 t-1, representing a 54 % reduction compared with higher-binder systems. These results indicate that low-dosage cement stabilization provides a potentially cost-effective strategy for reducing contaminant mobility in lithium slag, although further long-term durability assessments are required.
Indonesia is one of the world's most tectonically and volcanically active regions, providing a unique natural setting for the geogenic release and redistribution of mercury (Hg) in the environment. Despite the increasing number of Hg-related studies, a comprehensive synthesis that integrates the occurrence patterns, geological controls, and environmental pathways of geogenic Hg is lacking. This study critically synthesises geogenic Hg research in Indonesia by classifying the existing literature into major geological and environmental clusters and proposing national research priorities. A combined bibliometric analysis and PRISMA-guided systematic review were conducted on peer-reviewed literature indexed in Scopus from 2005 to 2025. After rigorous screening, geogenic Hg studies were synthesised to identify four principal occurrence clusters: volcanic and geothermal systems, lithogenic systems, mud volcano systems, and natural aquatic systems. The results demonstrate that geogenic Hg in Indonesia is governed by geological context and reservoir conditions, which regulate Hg retention, mobilisation, and transfer rather than emission magnitude alone. Across these systems, geogenic Hg undergoes deposition, mobilisation, methylation, and bioaccumulation, strongly enhanced under tropical hydroclimatic conditions and high biological productivity. In addition, this study integrates disparate evidence into a source-process-pathway framework describing geogenic Hg dynamics across geological and environmental systems in Indonesia. Based on these findings, four national research phases are proposed: baseline mapping, process-based studies, multi-media risk modelling, and policy-oriented monitoring and management. This synthesis advances the process-based understanding of geogenic Hg dynamics in Indonesia and offers transferable conceptual insights to address unresolved questions in global geogenic Hg research.