Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first great microscopist. He began to experiment with spherical glass lenses. Van Leeuwenhoek made 419 lenses, of which 217 were incorporated into simple microscopes. Using this simple optical instrument, van Leeuwenhoek made drawings of what he saw that are truly spectacular. His first discovery was an array of protozoa swimming in pond water. He called these organisms his wee beasties. Van Leeuwenhoek's work came to the attention of Regnier de Graaf in 1668. De Graaf's introduction of van Leeuwenhoek to Henry Oldenburg led to the publication of all of van Leeuwenhoek's findings as letters in the Transactions of the Royal Society. In these letters, van Leeuwenhoek describes Spirogyra and the flagellated protozoa in pond water, erythrocytes, leukocytes, spermatozoa, urate crystals in gout, the life cycle of the flea, Giardia, venous and lymphatic capillaries, volvox, and vorticella, among many more things.
It is my great pleasure to introduce the Special Issue that we have compiled to celebrate the 80th Anniversary of the journal Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and to look back over the journal’s more recent history, notably since the 50th Anniversary in 1984, when the origins of the journal and its historic link to the then Netherlands Society for Microbiology (since 2011, the Koninklijke Nederlandse Vereniging voor Microbiologie [Royal Netherlands Society for Microbiology]) were reviewed by the Professor Adriaan Fuchs, the Editor-in-Chief (Fuchs 1984). Since that time, the journal has had five Editor-in-Chief’s (Table 1) and has expanded its output from one volume each year to two volumes. Greater internationalisation of the journal’s profile is now apparent: whereas the first half century relied almost exclusively on Editors from the Netherlands (Fuchs 1984), the Editors and Editorial Board members are now distributed worldwide, although we are pleased to retain our link to the KNVM through the presence of its chair, Professor Han Wosten, as an Editor. In 1997, Professor Mike Goodfellow became the first Editor-in-Chief from outside the Netherlands and helped consolidate the journal’s longstanding relationship with the communities of scientists working on Actinobacteria and on microbial systematics. Appropriately, in this anniversary year, the journal has published a study by Prof Goodfellow and colleagues that proposes naming a novel streptomycete in recognition of van Leeuwenhoek (Busarakam et al. 2014). The journal has refined its Aims and Scope over the years, not least to embrace developments in molecular genetics and genomics, but has remained true to its roots as a journal of general microbiology. Notably, we continue to publish work on both bacteria and eukaryotic microorganisms, and now publish work on archaea. The journal has also kept up with developments in academic publishing enabled by the internet, moving to online submission in 2003 and now offers authors the option of paying for Open Access publication (Springer Open Choice); our Editors can also now ‘cascade’ manuscripts to the journal SpringerPlus (http://www.springerplus.com/). More recently we have moved into the realm of social media, with our Twitter feed (@SpringerMicBio). Looking to the future, it seems likely that social media will play an increasingly important role in disseminating and promoting news of interesting scientific reports. It is interesting to note that even in 1984, publication metrics such as Impact Factor were being debated (Fuchs 1984) and it is pleasing to report that our Impact Factor appears steady at just over 2 (2012 5 year Impact Factor, 2.04). In this regard, it is important to restate the significance of journals such as Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, which provide a repository for the data I. C. Sutcliffe (&) Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK e-mail: iain.sutcliffe@northumbria.ac.uk
The Dutch scientist and entrepreneur Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) was the first to discover and describe microorganisms (protists, bacteria), living beings he characterized as "animalcules" (little animals) [...].
Leeuwenhoek was born in Delft, Holland on October 24, 1632. His father was a basket maker, and although Leeuwenhoek did not receive a university education and was not considered a scholar, his curiosity and skill allowed him to make some of the most important discoveries in the history of biology. James Clerk Maxwell was one of the greatest scientists of the nineteenth century. He is best known for the formulation of the theory of electromagnetism and in making the connection between light and electromagnetic waves. He also made significant contributions in the areas of physics, mathematics, astronomy, and engineering. He is considered by many as the father of modern physics.
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first is the microscope and the second, the discovering of polyamines in the human semen.
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For the past week, a photo of me has been plastered on the CEO of Snap’s Wikipedia page。 No one, not even Spiegel, seems to care
When Antonie van Leeuwenhoek died, he left over 500 simple microscopes, aalkijkers (an adaption of his microscope to allow the examination of blood circulation in the tails of small eels) and lenses, yet now there are only 10 microscopes with a claim to being authentic, one possible aalkijker and six lenses. He made microscopes with more than one lens, and possibly three forms of the aalkijker. This paper attempts to establish exactly what he left and trace the fate of some of the others using the earliest possible documents and publications.
Though biofilms were first described by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, the theory describing the biofilm process was not developed until 1978. We now understand that biofilms are universal, occurring in aquatic and industrial water systems as well as a large number of environments and medical devices relevant for public health. Using tools such as the scanning electron microscope and, more recently, the confocal laser scanning microscope, biofilm researchers now understand that biofilms are not unstructured, homogeneous deposits of cells and accumulated slime, but complex communities of surface-associated cells enclosed in a polymer matrix containing open water channels. Further studies have shown that the biofilm phenotype can be described in terms of the genes expressed by biofilm-associated cells. Microorganisms growing in a biofilm are highly resistant to antimicrobial agents by one or more mechanisms. Biofilm-associated microorganisms have been shown to be associated with several human diseases, such as native valve endocarditis and cystic fibrosis, and to colonize a wide variety of medical devices. Though epidemiologic evidence points to biofilms as a source of several infectious diseases, the exact mechanisms by which biofilm-associated microorganisms elicit disease are poorly understood. Detachment of cells or cell aggregates, production of endotoxin, increased resistance to the host immune system, and provision of a niche for the generation of resistant organisms are all biofilm processes which could initiate the disease process. Effective strategies to prevent or control biofilms on medical devices must take into consideration the unique and tenacious nature of biofilms. Current intervention strategies are designed to prevent initial device colonization, minimize microbial cell attachment to the device, penetrate the biofilm matrix and kill the associated cells, or remove the device from the patient. In the future, treatments may be based on inhibition of genes involved in cell attachment and biofilm formation.
A daily vitamin D supplement may quietly supercharge chemotherapy。 In a small study, women who took low doses alongside treatment were far more likely to see their cancer vanish than those who didn’t。 Since vitamin D also supports immune function—and many patients are deficient—it could be playing a bigger role than expected