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Using RT-QuIC seeding assays determine the presence of pathogenic alpha-synuclein (aSyn) aggregates in the submandibular gland (SMG), skin, and CSF from autopsy-confirmed cases of incidental Lewy body disease (ILBD), Parkinson disease (PD), and controls. Submandibular gland, skin, and CSF samples from autopsied cases in the Arizona Study of Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders (AZSAND) were assayed using RT-QuIC methods. Correlations with the Unified Staging System for Lewy Body Disorders (USSLB) was performed. A total of 19 controls, 40 ILBD, and 15 PD cases were studied. While aSyn seeding assays were positive in all 3 tissues from ILBD cases, the sensitivity was much lower in the SMG (13/37, 35.1%) and skin (6/16, 37.5%) than in CSF (25/33, 75.8%). In PD sensitivity was good in all tissues: SMG (7/8, 87.5%), skin (7/8, 87.5%), and CSF (10/10, 100%), as was specificity in CSF (9/12, 75%), skin (8/9, 88.9%), and SMG (7/9, 77.8%). USSLB stage correlated with aSyn SAA positivity in all 3 tissues with CSF most sensitive to stages I and II (IIa and IIb) cases. In the 20 cases that had all 3 tissues tested only 2 were positive in the SMG but not CSF and one in skin but not CSF. There were 6 ILBD cases that had positive CSF but not SMG or skin, and one of these ILBD cases was USSLB stage I (olfactory bulb only). In this small study of autopsy-confirmed ILBD, aSyn seeding assays had moderately high sensitivity (75.8%) in the CSF but not in skin or SMG. In PD, the skin, SMG, and CSF showed high sensitivity, with specificity being similar in all tissues, although sample sizes were small. These results, although preliminary, suggest that detecting aSyn using seeding assays of CSF, but not the skin or SMG, may be valuable for identifying individuals with prodromal Lewy body disease. This is especially true for ILBD cases that often had Lewy bodies in the olfactory bulb only (USSLB Stage I) or in brainstem regions (Stage IIa), suggesting that detecting these cases may require CSF and not biopsies of the skin or SMG.

Background/Objectives: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations or deletions in SMN1, resulting in the loss of SMN protein and severe neuromuscular consequences. Nusinersen, an antisense oligonucleotide that promotes full-length SMN2 transcript formation, has significantly improved SMA outcomes. However, standardized in vitro procedures for evaluating nusinersen efficacy remain limited. This study aimed to optimize in vitro efficacy assessment of nusinersen across two human cellular models. Methods: Experiments were performed using HEK293 cells and the SMA patient-derived fibroblast line GM03813. Transfection conditions were optimized for each model. In HEK293 cells, several seeding densities were evaluated for nucleofection, while in GM03813 fibroblasts, multiple transfection reagents and protocols were tested. Nusinersen activity was quantified at the transcript and protein levels, and dose-response curves were generated to determine EC50 values. Results: In HEK293 cells, a higher seeding density (1 × 106 cells) yielded the most efficient nucleofection. In GM03813 fibroblasts, Lipofectamine 3000 outperformed the other transfection reagents tested. Nusinersen exhibited dose-dependent effects in both models. The EC50 for transcript induction in HEK293 cells was 293 nM, whereas in GM03813 fibroblasts the EC50 was 10 nM, demonstrating substantial model-dependent differences in response. Conclusions: This study establishes optimized conditions for in vitro efficacy assessment of nusinersen in HEK293 and GM03813 cellular models. These protocols provide a robust and reproducible framework for evaluating nusinersen and can be readily applied to other antisense oligonucleotides designed to correct SMN2 splicing.

Cardiovascular disease remains the predominant cause of mortality globally. Vascular grafts serve as substitutes to restore blood flow by replacing or bypassing diseased or occluded blood vessels. The application of small-diameter vascular grafts (SDVGs, diameter ≤ 6 mm) is limited due to their poor long-term patency primarily caused by acute thrombosis and chronic neointimal hyperplasia after implantation. Seeding cells to simulate the structure and function of the native endothelium represents an effective strategy to improve long-term patency. However, the effect of endothelialization has been constrained by the limited availability and functional heterogeneity of endogenous endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), as well as the lack of biomimetic cellular organization on graft surfaces. In this study, we differentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into EPCs (hiPSC-EPCs), which exhibited excellent pro-angiogenic function and the potential to inhibit inflammation. To promote biomimetic endothelialization, hiPSC-EPCs were seeded onto aligned electrospun nanofibers (ESNFs) fabricated for SDVGs. The aligned ESNFs guided hiPSC-EPCs to adopt a spindle-shaped morphology and an oriented cellular arrangement. Furthermore, the aligned hiPSC-EPC layer reduced platelet adhesion and inflammatory factor expression, while promoting the expression of endothelial functional markers in vitro. Our study combines hiPSC-EPCs with aligned ESNFs to closely simulate the structure and function of the native endothelium, thereby demonstrating a promising strategy to develop biomimetic SDVGs for clinical applications.

Recombinant AAV vectors are among the most extensively studied vectors for viral gene delivery due to their unique safety profile and their ability to mediate efficient, long-term transgene expression by persisting episomally in the nucleus. These properties make AAV vectors promising not only for the treatment of monogenic diseases but also for tissue regenerative applications. In the context of critical-sized bone defects, current gold-standard treatments are often associated with severe side effects, highlighting the need for alternative therapy strategies. In this study, we therefore developed a gene-activated matrix (GAM) for localized AAV-mediated gene delivery for potential applications in bone regeneration, establishing a workflow that is straightforward and transferable to other therapeutic settings. Following an initial screening of AAV serotypes and transgene DNA formats, reporter gene-expressing AAV2 vectors were associated with chitosan-based scaffolds containing varying amounts of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). Analysis of AAV release revealed that incorporation of β-TCP significantly reduced AAV release from 15.7% to approximately 6.6%. Furthermore, seeding of primary ovine mesenchymal stromal cells (oMSC) onto AAV-loaded scaffolds demonstrated efficient in situ delivery and expression of the osteogenic and angiogenic growth factors BMP-2 and VEGF in vitro. To further enhance AAV-mediated gene delivery, a panel of poloxamers was screened, leading to the identification of novel transduction enhancer AAVBlast. AAVBlast stabilized AAV particles and increased their bioavailability, resulting in significantly elevated intracellular AAV DNA levels, enhanced transgene mRNA expression, and increased protein production across multiple cell types. Modular application of AAVBlast onto the GAM significantly enhanced transduction of scaffold-released AAV particles but did not significantly affect transduction of oMSC by GAM-retained AAV vectors. In summary, this study demonstrates the identification of novel transduction enhancer AAVBlast and the successful development of a gene-activated matrix enabling efficient, localized AAV-mediated gene delivery in vitro, providing a promising platform for future GAM applications.

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are central to regenerative medicine and advanced therapies. However, the absence of consensus on reporting kinetic parameters, such as population doubling level (PDL), population doubling time (PDT), and the reliance on passage number alone obscures biological age and manufacturing history, and limits correlation of potency with expansion dynamics. Here, we clarify the distinctions among passages, PDL, PDT, and replication rate; we synthesize evidence that identical passage numbers can conceal multifold differences in cumulative doublings, with downstream effects on transcriptomic stability, and immunomodulatory performance. We further highlight culture determinants, oxygen tension, seeding density, media formulation, surface/bioreactor systems, and early niche mimetic stimuli, that shape proliferative kinetics and cellular aging trajectories in WJ-MSCs. Critically, we propose extracellular vesicles (EVs) as sensitive functional readouts of bioprocess stress and expansion history: EV quantity can increase while functional bioactivity declines, and EV miRNA cargo captures cell state programs not evident from minimal identity markers. To address these gaps, we recommend a reporting framework that incorporates: (1) culture conditions, (2) passage number and PDL at harvest, and (3) functional consequences of expansion. Adopting kinetic metrics beyond passage number will harmonize data capture and enable pooled analyses, accelerating clinical translation while safeguarding patient outcomes.

Porous hydrogels are critical for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, as they mimic the native extracellular matrix to support cell infiltration and mass transport. A common strategy for engineering pore structures involves the incorporation and subsequent removal of sacrificial porogen templates (e.g., crystals or microspheres). Although this approach offers excellent control over pore architecture, it often suffers from complex procedures and biosafety concerns arising from incomplete template removal. In this work, we present a simple, biocompatible, and versatile templating approach. By systematically investigating the coacervation parameters, we produced gelatin microspheres (GSs) with tunable diameters from 7 µm to 300 µm via a green, instrument-free, and scalable process. Using GSs of 20-160 µm as porogens, we obtained alginate hydrogels with adjustable viscoelasticity, stiffness, and pore sizes. We then validated two cell-loading strategies for bulk porous alginate hydrogels using immortalized human T (Jurkat) cells: (i) post-seeding into pre-formed pores supported high-density, long-term, and organized cell aggregates with >90% viability; (ii) in situ encapsulation (prior to pore formation) yielded >80% viability and preserved the cluster-forming growth characteristics of Jurkat cells. Moreover, composites of smaller GSs (7-20 µm) with alginate could be syringe-extruded into stable, sub-millimeter porous filaments, demonstrating the potential for 3D printing. Collectively, this work provides a promising platform for three-dimensional culture of immune cells.

Almonds (Prunus dulcis; family Rosaceae) contain 18-25% protein (dry weight). They are an important plant-based protein source in dairy alternatives and other functional foods. The hard and dense nature of almond kernels and the localization of proteins with lipid bodies in the cotyledons of almond seeds make it challenging to recover protein from the seed efficiently and preserve its function. Therefore, this review evaluates the influence of pretreatments, including blanching, grinding, and defatting, on almond protein recovery and functionality, and compares conventional and emerging technologies for almond protein. Traditional protein extraction techniques such as alkaline extraction-isoelectric precipitation (AE-IEP), aqueous extraction, and salt extraction provide moderate-to-high protein yields, but harsh processing conditions denature the proteins, decrease solubility, and cause functional properties to be lost. On the other hand, emerging protein extraction technologies (including enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction (EAE) ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), high-pressure processing (HPP), and pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment) improve protein recovery, resulting in protein extract with superior functional properties and reduced allergenicity. However, their application in industry remain challenging. This review reveals that pretreatment approaches and conditions/parameters significantly influence protein extraction efficiency and the functional and structural properties of almonds, and that no single method is universally optimal. This review concludes that controlled enzymatic hydrolysis combined with physical pretreatment may be the best approach for producing high-value-added almond protein ingredients with specific techno-functional properties for use in plant-based beverages, hypoallergenic products, or nutraceuticals. More research is needed to develop an efficient, applicable, sustainable and eco-friendly almond protein extraction process, optimizing processing conditions to achieve high protein recovery while retaining desirable functional properties, and reduce operating costs.

Understanding how plants regulate nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) allocation among their organs under adverse environmental and climatic conditions remains a significant challenge, despite its direct impact on the value of plant residues and agricultural products. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the dynamics of N and C through their stable isotope ratios in two soybean varieties of differing maturity groups (Merlin and Laulema) inoculated with various nitrogen-fixing Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacterial strains. The contents of N and C as well as their isotopic ratios in soybean plant parts were analyzed at full-flowering (R2) and full-maturity (R8) stages. The results demonstrated overall compatibility between soybean varieties and selected B. japonicum strains, resulting in up to 32 nodules per plant; however, significant variation in root nodule numbers was observed. From a physiological perspective, both the soybean variety and the strain of nitrogen-fixing bacteria significantly influenced nitrogen stable isotope ratios across different plant organs, including roots, shoots, stems, pods, and seeds, with similar trends in δ(15N) variation among plant parts observed in both varieties. In contrast, the main differences in carbon stable isotope composition were observed among varieties less affected by the amendment strategy. N content was higher in roots and shoots during flowering and declined by twofold in roots and fivefold in aboveground biomass at maturity, reflecting extensive nitrogen remobilization to support seed formation. From an agronomic perspective, the highest yields were achieved by the inoculated soybean Merlin, with more than 3 t ha-1. However, the positive effects of symbiosis can improve yields in less productive varieties like Laulema, making them comparable to those of more productive varieties. Soybean inoculation not only influenced the isotopic redistribution within the plant but also proved to be an effective practice for increasing seed N content, with strain AGF78 producing the highest number of nodules and a significantly high amount of nitrogen in seeds, followed by SEMIA5079, the least effective being RF10.

Neutrophils are crucial players in the fight against infections. Unfortunately, dysregulated neutrophil function contributes to the pathogenesis of diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, and atherosclerosis, that leave those afflicted vulnerable to severe infections. Many of these diseases are accompanied by differential lysyl oxidase (LOX) activity. The LOX enzyme crosslinks collagen and elastin, two highly expressed proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM), altering the ECM's mechanical properties. While it is known ECM mechanical properties regulate neutrophil function, the role of LOX crosslinking of collagen on the neutrophil response is unclear. This study uses a microfluidic "infection-on-a-chip". This device consists of a model blood vessel endothelium embedded in an ECM mimic to investigate the how LOX crosslinking of collagen affects neutrophil function in response to infection. Interestingly, LOX-crosslinking of collagen deceases neutrophil extravasation through an endothelium in response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to uncrosslinked collagen hydrogels. Critically, endothelial cells in devices with LOX-crosslinked collagen exhibited increased VE-cadherin expression compared to those seeded in uncrosslinked collagen gels, which is hypothesized to restrict neutrophil extravasation. These data demonstrate the regulatory capability of LOX over the neutrophil response, providing a potential therapeutic pathway for diseases associated with neutrophil dysregulation and LOX activity that merits further investigation.

Polymeric procyanidins (PPCs) constitute the major fraction of procyanidins, but they have poor bioactivity. The purpose of this study is to clarify the composition and content of PPCs from Vitis amurensis Rupr. (Vitaceae) seeds before and after depolymerization, thereby providing a theoretical basis for activity evaluation and application of proanthocyanidins (PCs). PPCs extracted from V. amurensis seeds were depolymerized by catechin-assisted sulfitation. The compositions and contents of PCs before and after depolymerization were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results showed that twenty-eight components were identified (7 monomers, 13 dimers, 5 trimers, 1 tetramer and 2 unknowns). Before depolymerization, tetrameric and higher polymers dominated, accounting for 58.81% of the relative content. After depolymerization, these high-molecular-weight compounds declined to <1% or became undetectable, while monomers and dimers (with minor trimers) surged to 42.89%. Among them, the relative content of two monomers and three dimers, catechin, epicatechin gallate and procyanidin B1-B3, increased by 37.00, 3.75, 10.98, 3.72 and 9.74 times, respectively. In conclusion, the method utilizing catechin-assisted sulfitation effectively depolymerizes PPCs from V. amurensis seeds into oligomeric components such as monomers and dimers.

The invasive urban malaria vector Anopheles stephensi threatens 126 million city-dwellers in Africa. Controling An. stephensi requires greater understanding of its origin, invasion dynamics, and insecticide resistance mechanisms. Analysis of 645 whole genomes sampled across Africa, the Middle East, and Asia supports an invasion scenario in which an initial introduction South Asian introduction established a bridgehead population in Djibouti, which seeded distinct invasion fronts in Sudan, Ethiopia-Kenya, and Yemen. These incursions show contrasting rates and routes of spread shaped by landscape topology. Insecticide resistance is predominantly mediated by metabolic detoxification genes, with resistance haplotypes and copy-number amplifications introduced from South Asia. These findings, alongside a companion genomic resource, enable genomic surveillance of An. stephensi spread and resistance to aid control strategies.

Mitochondrial dysfunction and chromatin dysregulation are interconnected contributors to neuronal vulnerability in Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet the molecular mechanisms linking these processes remain poorly understood. CHCHD10, a mitochondrial intermembrane space protein, has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, but its role in AD has not been defined. Here, we identify CHCHD10 as a previously unrecognized modulator of neuronal epigenomic stability in AD. Using direct fibroblast-to-neuron reprogramming, which preserves patient-specific epigenetic signatures, we show that AD neurons recapitulate genome-wide hypomethylation patterns observed in postmortem AD cortex. CHCHD10 expression is significantly reduced in AD neurons and across multiple human brain datasets, including single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing, proteomics, and human cortical tissue analyses. Restoration of CHCHD10 in AD neurons reduces amyloid-&#x3b2; and insoluble tau accumulation while reversing AD-associated differentially methylated regions across CpG islands, promoters, and regulatory elements. CHCHD10-responsive methylation changes overlap with those observed in human AD brain regions and colocalize with significant AD loci and cortex-specific eQTL loci, including MAPT and ABCA7. Finally, we identify KATNAL2 as a CHCHD10-responsive effector whose loss enhances tau phosphorylation and seeding, whereas its restoration mitigates tau pathology. Together, these findings support a CHCHD10-associated neuroprotective pathway linking mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenomic instability, and tau pathology in AD.

Machine-learned molecular force fields require many-body geometry, but obtaining it through Clebsch-Gordan tensor products is computationally expensive. For a strong no-Clebsch-Gordan backbone such as GotenNet, we ask whether the limitation in handling three-body geometry is one of representational capacity or one of training supervision, and separate the two factors with three controlled probes on a single-seed, paper-aligned rMD17 aspirin split. (i) While frame projection of tensor features is comparable to scalar cos-angle triplet cross-attention (SCTA) at pilot scale, algebraically its diagonal scalar collapses to a frame-independent inner product and the remaining channel is parity-odd, making SCTA's cos-angle input the principled O(3) scalar choice. (ii) SCTA matches GotenNet's converged force accuracy within &#x223c;0.4% without independent gain, indicating that three-body representational capacity is not the binding constraint. (iii) A graph-level auxiliary loss on bond-angle and dihedral statistics gives the best force mean absolute error (MAE; 0.1280 vs. 0.1303 kcal/mol/&#xc5;) and reduces epochs-to-validation-target by 26-55%. Cross-molecule probes do not extend this finding; a paired salicylic acid comparison shows a directional degradation that, under a configuration-level paired block bootstrap, is significant and opposite in sign to the aspirin effect. Across three random seeds, the auxiliary force-MAE gain is small and seed-dependent but consistently reduces seed-to-seed variance and accelerates convergence, indicating that low-cost three-body supervision can be a more effective lever than added three-body capacity.

Zeolite morphology strongly determines its performance. Herein, Silicalite-1 was synthesized in a low-template system (TPA+/Si = 0.007) via a synergistic strategy using potassium bisulfate and seed suspension. The seeds supply abundant structural units to reduce nucleation barrier and accelerate crystallization, while KHSO4 facilitates silicate polycondensation and suppresses non-MFI impurities. Sulfate ions selectively adsorb on specific crystal facets via hydrogen bonding and induce preferential crystal growth along the c-axis. The c-axis size of Silicalite-1 can be precisely regulated by adjusting dosages of seeds and KHSO4. Well-defined plate-like crystals were obtained under the conditions of K+/Si = 0.25, a seed content of 2.42 wt%, and hydrothermal treatment at 180 &#xb0;C for 8 h. Scale-up synthesis in a 2 L autoclave verifies its industrial potential. The product exhibits excellent adsorption capacity and cyclic stability toward methylene blue. This work provides a low-cost and green route for morphology-controlled synthesis of MFI-type zeolites.

The impact of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) on root-shoot scaling strategies under zinc and phosphorus deficiency remains poorly understood in maize. The aims of this study were (i) To quantify the effects of zinc/phosphorus deficiency on AMF colonization, (ii) to quantify biomass accumulation in different plant parts in the presence of AMF, and (iii) to characterize how AMF alter root-shoot allometric scaling under zinc/phosphorus deficiency. We conducted a pot experiment arranged in RCBD split plot with 6 replications. SUWAN 5819 maize seeds were grown for 22 days under five Hoagland's solution-based nutrient regimes (+Zn+P, -Zn-P, +Zn-P, -Zn+P, and deionized water), with and without AMF. AMF colonization was highest (49.6%) under -Zn+P contrary to hypothesis 1 which predicted highest colonization under dual deficiency, while the deionized water treatment had the lowest colonization (30.1%). Phosphorus was the dominant factor affecting biomass accumulation with a 2-4-fold reduction in organ dry weights for phosphorus-deficient treatments compared to phosphorus-sufficient treatments. AMF colonization significantly reduced dry weights in +Zn+P by 8.6%, 19.0%, and 47.5% in the leaf, stem, and roots, respectively, consistent with mycorrhiza-induced growth depression (MGD). Nutrient deficiency resulted in root biomass accumulation, consistent with the optimal partitioning theory. AMF increased shoot mass fraction from 50% to 63% in +Zn+P, and from 41% to 52.5% in -Zn-P, suggesting AMF role in modulating biomass accumulation. Root-shoot scaling slopes derived from LMM revealed that zinc deficiency caused negative scaling trajectory, and AMF was associated with positive root-shoot scaling trajectory in the -Zn+P treatment, though the scaling relationship was not confirmed by SMA analysis. These findings highlight nutrient specific AMF-mediated growth dynamics in early vegetative stage.

Wheat is one of the most important cereals worldwide, yet significant gaps remain in our understanding of genetic variability in root traits, especially those associated with deeper rooting that support resource acquisition in challenging environments. Root traits are typically controlled by many genes with small effects and often display low heritability. Our aim was to develop a statistical approach to analyse root variation across soil depth and to determine where genetic differences in root intensity are most detectable. An experiment was conducted at the RadiMax semi-field facility, which is designed to measure deep root systems. Five years of phenotypic data recorded each June produced observations from 1500 rows. Each row captured root intensity across the soil profile from 0.6 m to 2.6 m, enabling detailed analysis of vertical root distribution. Across the five years, 513 winter wheat cultivars were grown in the facility, and among those 409 were genotyped with SNP chips. Depth-resolved regression models with random coefficients were used to quantify genetic and non-genetic variation in root intensity across soil depths, while accounting for spatial variation between rows. Random variation within rows was found to be constant across depths. The models showed that genetic variance for cumulative root intensity increased substantially below 1.1 m, with the deepest layers exhibiting the largest differences between wheat lines. Narrow-sense heritability of point measurements peaked at approximately 1.5 m ([Formula: see text]).

The microbes found in the rhizosphere, roots, leaves and stem surfaces and within the internal tissues of mangrove vegetation and their environment constitute the microbiome of the ecosystem. The organisms in the microbiome include bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, amoebas, and slime molds, which assist in maintaining and restoring mangrove ecosystems. This review explores the role of microbiomes in the maintenance of healthy mangrove ecosystems and in the successful restoration of degraded mangrove ecosystems. Microbes have important roles in several geomicrobiological cycles shaping mangrove ecosystems, including transforming nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, sulfur and iron in biogeochemical cycles. Mangrove microbiomes contribute to the adaptation of vegetation to the harsh abiotic conditions in coastal areas, enhance nutrient uptake, produce plant-growth-promoting substances, and degrade the mangrove litter and the pollutants that can hinder restoration. Soil microbes function as biofertilizers, biopesticides, and bioremediation agents. The microbial diversity, composition, and functional capacity are important in the restoration of mangroves through their influence on voluntary recruitment following hydrologic restoration, on the establishment success of planted seeds and propagules, and on the survival of transplanted saplings and nursery-raised seedlings. The knowledge of the beneficial attributes of the microbiome can enhance the overall success of mangrove restoration. Identifying future needs, such as microbial inoculant validation, field-scale trials, and integration with hydrological restoration, are essential.

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is one of the most serious complications of total joint arthroplasty (TJA), carrying both severe functional consequences and substantial economic costs. PJIs most commonly result from microbial contamination at the time of surgery or during the early postoperative period, while haematogenous seeding from distant infection sources accounts for a smaller proportion of cases. Patient-related factors, including diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression, obesity, malnutrition and smoking, as well as procedure-related factors such as prolonged operative time and wound complications, further increase risk. Among potential sources of haematogenous spread, the oral cavity has long been considered a possible source of infection, leading to routine dental clearance and prophylactic antibiotic use before dental procedures in patients with joint prostheses. However, contemporary epidemiological evidence challenges the causal role of dental-procedure-related bacteraemia in PJI. This review synthesises contemporary literature on the burden of PJI, the prevalence of dental pathology among arthroplasty patients, the microbiology of oral-associated infections and shifts in guideline recommendations. Across systemic reviews, cohort studies and registry data - dental associated PJIs are exceedingly rare. Prophylactic antibiotics provide no measurable protection and nearly half of the implicated organisms are resistant to amoxicillin. The evidence supports prioritising lifelong oral hygiene and targeted management of systemic comorbidities as more effective strategies for risk reduction. Selective dental intervention in high-risk patients, rather than universal clearance or prophylaxis, aligns with antibiotic stewardship and equitable access to surgery. Historical literature has not demonstrated a consistent causal relationship between dental pathology and PJI, highlighting the need for well-designed prospective studies. Accordingly, practice has shifted away from blanket antibiotic prophylaxis towards individualised, risk-based decision making.

Soybean is an important food and oil crop, and rapid nondestructive identification of seed cultivars is crucial for seed purity inspection, varietal certification, breeding management and food-quality control. However, the global spectral profiles of individual soybean seeds from different cultivars are often highly similar, making it difficult for single-representation models to simultaneously capture spectral sequential dependency and inter-band relational structure. To address this issue, this study proposes a GADF-Mamba Fusion Network (GMFNet) for soybean seed hyperspectral classification. Hyperspectral images of 24,800 seeds from eight cultivars were acquired, and reflectance spectra in the range of 900-1700 nm were collected. After preprocessing, 200 effective bands were retained. The preprocessed one-dimensional spectral sequence was fed into a Mamba-based branch to model continuous wavelength dependency and global spectral evolution, while the same sequence was transformed into a GADF image, resized to 208 &#xd7; 208, and input into a ResNet18-based structural branch to extract inter-band relational features. The two heterogeneous representations were then integrated through a weighted feature fusion module for final classification. Experimental results showed that Mamba achieved the best test accuracy (0.8721) among the raw spectral models, whereas ResNet18 achieved the best test accuracy (0.8737) among the GADF-based structural models. More importantly, the proposed weighted fusion strategy achieved the best overall performance, reaching validation and test accuracies of 0.9039 and 0.9011, respectively. These results demonstrate that spectral sequential information and GADF-based structural semantics are highly complementary. Overall, the proposed framework provides an effective hyperspectral solution for single-seed soybean cultivar identification and shows potential for non-destructive automated quality control in food-industry applications.