The Prototype Willingness Model (PWM) emphasizes the importance of risk-conducive contexts in shaping behavior, yet these contextual processes have not been examined at the daily level. This study, in line with the PWM, examined the extent to which risk-conducive contexts (e.g., personal cannabis use, others' cannabis use, others' drinking, others' drinking game engagement, being in new environments or with new people) increase alcohol use on days when individuals are more willing to engage in alcohol-related behaviors. Participants (N = 996, 57% female, 44.4% White, Mage = 20.00, SD = 3.22) were recruited in Texas (United States) for a longitudinal ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study examining cognitions and alcohol use. Results of a hurdle negative binomial model indicated on days participants reported elevated (i.e., higher than their own average level) willingness to engage in alcohol use, they had greater odds of drinking and consumed more drinks. Drinking odds increased on days they were around others who drank and decreased when around new people. Two significant interactions showed willingness was positively associated with the predicted probability of consuming any alcohol and the number of drinks consumed, and the strength of the association became stronger when the participant was around others who were drinking. Findings extend the PWM by demonstrating how theoretically-based contextual processes operate at the daily level, informing intervention targets to reduce risky alcohol use.
This study pilot tested a novel intervention prototype that combined bystander training to prevent sexual violence with brief alcohol intervention. 40 heavy drinking young adult undergraduates. Students completed 1 two-hour psychoeducational group intervention and were assessed at pre-intervention, post-intervention, and a 4 wk later. Groups were completed in 2 h; 88% of students rated the group as excellent. Students had increased sexual violence knowledge (η2 = .36), alcohol knowledge (η2 = .32), and bystander intentions (η2 = .11); and reduced alcohol consumption (η2 = .11), and perceived drinking norms (η2 = .14). This intervention has potential to reduce sexual violence on college campuses by (1) moderating drinking behaviors of potential bystanders and (2) training students to use bystander strategies within heavy drinking context that has high risk for sexual violence. Future research should test this intervention in a larger controlled trial.
A sensitive and rapid mixed-mode ion chromatography-based method for the simultaneous quantification of the disinfectant monochloramine and common inorganic anions within treated drinking waters is presented. The separation was achieved on a high-capacity anion-exchange column (Dionex IonPac AS15, 4 mm x 250 mm) using a mixed-mode approach, which combined ion-exchange and ion-exclusion-based retention for the inorganic anions and monochloramine, respectively. An electrolytically produced potassium hydroxide eluent gradient was employed, with the method combining suppressed conductivity detection with in-house assembled 50-mm flow cell high-sensitivity UV absorbance detection. This configuration provides a five-fold enhancement in UV absorbance signal relative to a conventional 10-mm flow cell, substantially improving sensitivity for UV-absorbing species. Monochloramine is detected directly and without derivatisation, with an absorbance maximum at 240 nm. The optimised method was able to separate and quantify eight target analytes commonly monitored in treated drinking waters, namely fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, sulphate, and monochloramine, all within a 13-minute runtime. The method was validated, demonstrating excellent linearity (r≥0.996) across a 7-point calibration range and high precision with %RSD consistently at or below 1.8 %. The LOD for monochloramine is 0.11 mg/L, while those for the other anions ranged from 1.5 µg/L for fluoride to 0.17 mg/L for nitrate. The method's limits of detection were well below the maximum levels recommended in World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water. Notably, the system was selective for monochloramine detection in the presence of dichloramine.
Nanoplastics (NPLs) are emerging contaminants of growing concern due to their persistence, bioavailability, and potential risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Yet, their detection remains challenging even in bottled drinking water due to low cost, selectivity, and sensitivity. Herein, we report a mechanism-driven electrochemical sensing strategy for polystyrene nanoplastics (PS NPLs) based on the formation of a metal-phenolic network (MPN). Tannic acid (TA) exhibits strong and selective affinity toward PS NPLs through π-π stacking and hydrophobic interactions, resulting in preferential surface adsorption on PS compared with PMMA under the tested conditions. Subsequent coordination with Cu2⁺ forms a compact TA-Cu network that uniformly coats the PS surface, serving as an electroactive interface for signal transduction. The resulting PS NPLs@TA-Cu assemblies exhibit well-defined electrochemical responses, enabling quantitative detection with a limit of detection of 7.0 μg/L and good reproducibility (RSD = 7.4%). Notably, the sensing performance shows pronounced polymer-dependent and size-dependent selectivity, with significantly weaker responses toward PMMA NPLs and smaller PS particles. The method was further validated in commercial bottled water samples, demonstrating reliable detection under realistic conditions. By integrating selective surface chemistry with electrochemical readout, this work provides a potentially field-deployable, rapid, and non-digestive labeling-and-readout strategy for monitoring PS NPLs, offering new insights into structure-dependent NPL detection and advancing electrochemical strategies for environmental risk assessment of NPLs.
Many one-month alcohol-free challenges (AFCs) have been established to encourage and support lower alcohol intake. Completion of AFCs is known to be influenced by characteristics of individuals. This study explored the relative importance of individual characteristics compared to use of support provided by the AFC, and social factors including interactions with drinkers. We conducted a prospective study with a one-month follow-up. The link to the online survey was sent to people who registered for 'the Dry January® challenge'. Baseline data were provided by 634 adults, of whom 410 (65%) completed the follow-up. The follow-up questionnaire assessed completion and collected qualitative data on suggested improvements to support for participants. In multivariate analysis, completing the AFC was predicted by: greater drink refusal self-efficacy; planning to stop drinking after the AFC; not living with other drinkers; and doing the AFC with others. In qualitative analysis, many suggestions for improving support for participants focused on the social impacts of AFC participation. A novel contribution made by this study was identifying the importance of the social contexts in which individuals undertake AFCs. Organisers of AFCs should be aware of the influence of both individual and social factors, and tailor support accordingly.
Silver-loaded activated carbon (Ag/AC) was synthesized via an impregnation method and evaluated in a 180-day continuous-flow column system treating natural river water to investigate its long-term antibacterial performance and likely impact on organic matter removal. Compared with activated carbon before silver loading (AC), Ag/AC suppressed bacterial proliferation and biofilm development during operation, as indicated by lower bacterial counts and reduced 16S rDNA copy numbers in both effluent and attached biofilm. During the operation, bacterial accumulation and biofilm growth increased, and an elevation in effluent 16S rDNA was observed prior to hydraulic cleaning at day 140. After cleaning, antibacterial performance improved. Silver loading slightly reduced the removal efficiency of dissolved organic matter (DOM) including humic-like, fulvic-like, and protein-like components, as well as p-nitrophenol (PNP), a representative low-molecular-weight organic compound. Longer empty bed contact time (EBCT) enhanced both antibacterial performance and organic matter removal. Overall, Ag/AC exhibited sustained antibacterial activity throughout the 180-day operation, while showing slightly lower organic matter removal compared with AC. These findings could contribute to better understanding of the long-term operational behaviour of Ag-modified activated carbon in drinking water treatment.
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This study examines trends in nitrate contamination in Iowa's community water systems (CWS) from 2000 to 2022, focusing on the characteristics of CWS that are most vulnerable to elevated nitrate levels and those likely to be impacted by a lower maximum contaminant level (MCL). Using Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) compliance data for CWS currently without nitrate removal, we analyzed nitrate levels across CWS types, source water type, well characteristics, and geography. Results show that large CWS serving >100,000 people frequently exceed 5 mg-N/L due to their reliance on surface water that is vulnerable to non-point source pollution. Small systems (<10,000 consumers) often exhibit episodic spikes in nitrate, often during spring and early summer, coinciding with fertilizer use and rainfall-driven leaching. Shallow and pre-1990 wells were disproportionately affected. Geospatial mapping analysis identified nitrate hotspots in agriculturally intensive regions. A future MCL based on an annual average of 5 mg/L-N would only affect ∼25 CWS annually, far fewer than those impacted under a scenario where any instance above 5 mg/L-N would be a violation. These data-driven findings support future policy for nitrate regulation and drinking water protection. This study examined nitrate levels in the drinking water from 2000 to 2022 in Iowa. Nitrate is a chemical commonly used in farm fertilizer and can be harmful to human health at high levels. We studied community water systems, which supply drinking water to towns and cities across Iowa, to understand which systems are most at risk. We found that larger water systems serving >10,000 people often rely on rivers or lakes for drinking water. These surface water sources are more exposed to pollution from nearby agricultural land and show greater changes in nitrate levels over time. Smaller water systems serving fewer than 10,000 people usually depend on groundwater wells. These systems generally had lower average nitrate levels but sometimes experienced short‐term spikes, especially in spring and early summer, after fertilizer is applied to fields and rainfall moves nitrate into the ground. Older and shallower wells found higher nitrate levels than newer or deep wells, likely because older well construction standards provided less protection from contamination. We also examined how different safety rules could affect water systems. If the current legal limit of 10 mg/L were lowered to 5 mg/L and evaluated using yearly averages, only about 25 systems per year would exceed the limit. However, if a single test above 5 mg/L were counted as a violation, many more systems would be affected. Overall, this study shows that nitrate risk in drinking water depends on water source, system size, well construction, and farming activity, and that monitoring and protection strategies should reflect these differences.
Genetic polymorphisms of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes influence drinking behavior and susceptibility to alcohol-related liver disease (ALD). This study aimed to clarify the distribution of ALDH2 and ADH1B genotypes in liver transplant recipients with ALD, and to explore associations with post-transplant drinking behavior using a recipient-donor paired design. Twenty-four living donor liver transplant (LDLT) recipients with ALD, their corresponding living donors, and 50 healthy controls were analyzed. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of ALDH2 (rs671) and ADH1B (rs1229984) were determined by the Cycleave PCR method. Drinking behavior before and after transplantation was assessed by self-report and electronic health records. Post-transplant alcohol use was classified as habitual (≥ once per week) or occasional (< once per week). ALDH2 genotype distribution differed among three groups (p = 0.002), with enrichment of the ALDH2*1/*1 genotype in ALD recipients (92%). ADH1B genotype distribution also differed among groups (p = 0.041), although the effect size was modest. During a median follow-up of 5.3 years (range, 0.3-15.9 years), 11 recipients (45%) reported post-transplant alcohol use, including 5 habitual drinkers (20%). In an exploratory analysis, a non-significant trend toward higher rates of habitual drinking was observed among recipients who received grafts from donors with the ALDH2*1/*1 genotype compared with other genotypes (40% vs. 7%, p = 0.12). The ALDH2*1/*1 genotype was more prevalent among liver transplant recipients with alcohol-related cirrhosis than among donors or healthy controls, supporting a role of alcohol tolerance-related genetic background in progression to end-stage liver disease. Donor ALDH2 genotypes may also influence post-transplant drinking behavior in an exploratory manner.
Alcohol consumption triggers neuroinflammation, potentially creating a feed-forward loop that increases drinking. Previous studies have shown that activation of the toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) leads to escalated drinking. In this study, we aim to identify cell type-specific transcriptomic patterns underlying TLR7-induced neuroinflammation, potentially leading to escalated drinking. Therefore, male C57BL/6J mice were treated with the selective TLR7 agonist R848 every-other day for 20 days in total. After 10 treatment-free days, half of the cohort underwent two bottle-choice drinking; the other half was sacrificed and brains were collected for single-nucleus RNA-Sequencing (snRNA-Seq) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and central amygdala (AMG). The AMG showed a greater number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), primarily in inhibitory and excitatory neurons. Among glial cells, AMG astrocytes exhibited the greatest number of DEGs, which were involved in blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulation (e.g., Cldn5, Mecom, Nrg1), a finding supported by secondary validation using Xenium in situ spatial transcriptomics on AMG-containing sections. BBB-regulatory genes, including those in the Wnt signaling pathway (e.g., Notch3, Top2a, Aldoc), were altered across multiple cell types in both regions. Together with the alterations observed in neurons, these findings suggest that repeated TLR7 activation induces persistent BBB and neuronal dysregulation, potentially leading to TLR7-induced escalated drinking.
Substance use is a prevalent public health issue among adolescents in the United States (U.S.). While it's a known risk factor for adult cardiovascular disease (CVD), the long-term impact of adolescent substance use on future CVD risk is understudied. This study aimed to (1) characterize substance use patterns in adolescents and (2) examine their association with future CVD risk. We performed a secondary analysis using Waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) dataset. All analyses accounted for the Add Health multistage sampling design using survey procedures in SAS. In Wave I, adolescent substance use was evaluated through three self-report measures: binge drinking, marijuana use, and cigarette smoking. Substance use was defined in two ways: first, as mutually exclusive patterns (e.g., smoking only, smoking + binge drinking), and second, by the total number of substances used (0-3) to examine dose-response relationships. CVD risk in adulthood was measured using the 30-year Framingham CVD risk score and categorized as low or high. Using multiple logistic regression, we examined the association between substance use and CVD risk in adulthood, while adjusting for covariates. The final analytic sample comprised 4,128 participants with an average age of 15 years at baseline. About 26% of adolescents reported binge drinking, and a similar percentage (26%) reported smoking, while 13% used marijuana. Compared with adolescents who reported no substance use, those using one substance had 1.82 times higher odds of CVD in adulthood (95% CI: 1.47-2.25) after controlling for covariates. The odds increased to 2.38 times for two substances (95% CI: 1.74-3.25) and to 2.68 times for three substances (95% CI: 1.98-3.61). Adolescents using multiple substances, like smoking and binge drinking or all three substances, had higher odds of adult CVD compared to non-users. Substance use in adolescence is strongly associated with elevated CVD risk in adulthood. These findings underscore the need to include substance use prevention and early intervention within broader initiatives to lower the CVD burden. Addressing substance use in young people may thus be a vital opportunity to reduce long-term cardiometabolic risks.
Globally, approximately 8.6% of people will meet criteria for alcohol use disorder (AUD) in their lifetimes, with 2.2% meeting criteria for AUD in the past 12 months. In the United States, AUD prevalence is even greater, with 13.9% meeting criteria in the past 12 months. Effective treatments for AUD exist, although most people receive help through mutual support groups (ie, Alcoholics Anonymous [AA]). However, AA and other mutual support programs may not be desirable for all individuals, particularly those who do not seek abstinence-based approaches. Treatments that support reductions in drinking have been shown to be as effective as abstinence-based treatments in reducing alcohol-related harms, and may be more appealing to a broader range of people. Mindfulness-based interventions may be particularly effective in supporting long-term recovery, whole-person health, and functioning for those with abstinent and nonabstinent recovery goals. This study is designed to test a novel rolling group-based mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) delivered via videoconferencing, focused on drinking reduction goals and whole-person functioning. This study is a hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation design to prospectively test the effectiveness of MBRP and to identify barriers and facilitators of group participation to inform future implementation of MBRP as continuing care. Individuals with AUD (n=470) interested in stopping or reducing their drinking, meet criteria for AUD based on a symptom checklist, report heavy drinking at least once in the past 6 months, consent and understand study procedures in English, and provide a valid US mailing address are recruited nationwide via online sources in the United States. Participants are randomized to either MBRP groups via Zoom (Zoom Video Communications, Inc) or referral to online mutual support (eg, AA). All participants receive an individual orientation session delivered via Zoom that includes brief motivational interviewing and an overview of their assigned condition and next steps (MBRP condition: overview of the MBRP groups and instructions on participating in MBRP via Zoom; referral condition: referral to online mutual support groups). Participants provide blood samples for phosphatidylethanol testing at baseline and 3-year follow-up and complete self-report measures of psychosocial functioning, alcohol and other drug use, addiction cycle domains, and previously established predictors of recovery every 6 months for 3 years. Recruitment began on September 13, 2023, and the last recruited participant was randomized on March 20, 2025. Follow-up data collection is ongoing with all 6-month follow-ups completed (86% retention). This study evaluates the effectiveness and mechanisms of MBRP delivered via videoconferencing, compared with referral to online mutual support groups, in supporting recovery among individuals with AUD. It also examines the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance of MBRP as an accessible, freely available continuing care option to support long-term recovery from AUD.
Sexual and gender minority (SGM) young adults display higher rates of mental health symptoms and substance use, partially due to minority stressors, such as discrimination. Social support may mitigate these negative effects, but less is known about which types and sources of support are most beneficial. We analyzed 2 waves of survey data among 549 SGM young adults (ages 18-25) residing in Oklahoma and surrounding states. Logistic regressions examined: 1) main effects of discrimination and specific types (i.e., general, SGM specific) and sources (i.e., parent, peer, community) of social support on SGM young adults' behavioral health outcomes (i.e., mental health symptoms, past-month tobacco use, cannabis use, binge drinking); and 2) interactions between discrimination and each type/source of social support on behavioral health outcomes controlling for participant sociodemographics. Discrimination was more strongly associated with higher odds of mental health symptoms for SGM young adults with lower (vs. higher) SGM-specific parent support. Additionally, discrimination was associated with higher odds of tobacco and binge drinking among those with lower (but not higher) SGM-specific peer support. Findings highlight the need for interventions that strengthen affirming family and peer support networks to foster resilience among SGM young adults in ways that reduce mental health symptoms, tobacco use, and binge drinking.
To investigate risk factors for early childhood caries (ECC) among 1-2-year-old children in Beijing and to assess the effect modification of baseline caries experience on the associations between other risk factors and subsequent caries outcomes. A 12-24-month prospective study was conducted from 2021 to 2023, a total of 919 participants with valid data were included in this study, with a follow-up rate of 76.9%. Oral health information and related factors were collected through parent-completed questionnaires and clinical dental examinations. Univariate analyses and a zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression model were used to identify risk factors. Caries incidence during follow-up was 29.8%, and the mean increase in decayed, missing, and filled primary teeth (Δdmft) was 0.94 ± 1.94. In the full-sample ZINB model, significant predictors of caries risk were frequency of snack intake, frequency of candy consumption, frequency of bedtime tooth brushing, frequency of bottle use at bedtime, and baseline caries status. In the baseline caries-free group, additional significant predictors of incident caries risk were parents' caries status, frequency of saliva-sharing behavior, frequency of post-meal mouth rinsing, and the presence of additives in daily drinking water. Interaction analyses showed that the effects of parents' caries status, saliva-sharing frequency, post-meal mouth rinsing frequency, presence of additives in daily drinking water, bedtime brushing frequency, and history of dental attendance on caries risk differed significantly between children with and without baseline caries. The risk of early childhood caries (ECC) among 1-2-year-old children in Beijing was associated with multiple oral health-related factors. Baseline caries experience was a strong predictor of subsequent caries risk and significantly modified the effects of other risk factors.
Daihai Lake, a typical closed inland lake in the arid and semi-arid region of Inner Mongolia, has been subject to two consecutive years of ecological water replenishment to mitigate its severe ecological degradation. While the lake water level has risen and wetland ecosystems have been gradually restored, existing studies have predominantly focused on changes in lake water quality, leaving a critical research gap regarding the hydrochemical evolution, formation mechanisms, and drinking water safety risks of groundwater in the plain area of the Daihai Lake Basin under the dynamic conditions of ongoing water replenishment. To fill this gap, this study systematically analyzed the hydrochemical characteristics and formation mechanisms of groundwater in the study area, and conducted a comprehensive groundwater quality assessment. A suite of representative groundwater samples were collected from the study area after two years of ecological water replenishment, and analyzed using an integrated set of methods including Self-Organizing Map (SOM) clustering, hydrochemical graphical analysis, ion ratio analysis, multivariate statistical analysis, and the Entropy-weighted Water Quality Index (EWQI) method. The results show that: (1) Groundwater is divided into three clusters via SOM, with distinct ion sources from carbonate/silicate weathering and halite dissolution across clusters; some samples have excess SO₄2- and HCO₃-, requiring additional cations for charge balance. (2) Groundwater evolution is jointly controlled by water-rock interaction and evaporative concentration, with limited influence from atmospheric precipitation. (3) Three high-fluoride enrichment mechanisms are identified: mineral dissolution under weakly alkaline conditions, evaporative concentration-driven F⁻ enrichment, and accelerated dissolution of fluorine-bearing minerals induced by acidic mining wastewater. (4) 89% of Cluster-3 groundwater meets drinking standards (EWQI < 50), while 70% of groundwater samples from Cluster 1 and Cluster 2 are of poor quality, mainly distributed in the southwestern lakeshore. This study systematically elucidates the hydrochemical characteristics and formation mechanisms of groundwater in the Daihai Lake Basin under continuous ecological water replenishment, identifies key risk zones for groundwater quality, and provides a solid scientific basis for the protection and sustainable utilization of regional groundwater resources, as well as the optimization of ecological water replenishment strategies in similar arid and semi-arid inland lake basins.
Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of the feed additive consisting of l-arginine produced by fermentation with Corynebacterium glutamicum CCTCC M 20232577 when used as a nutritional additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species and categories. The production strain is non-genetically modified and viable cells of the production strain were not detected in the final product. The use of l-arginine produced with C. glutamicum CCTCC M 20232577 in feed is safe for the target species when supplemented in appropriate amounts to the diet according to their nutritional needs. The FEEDAP Panel has concerns on the use of l-arginine in water for drinking. The use of l-arginine (≥ 98.5%) produced with C. glutamicum CCTCC M 20232577 in animal nutrition is considered safe for the consumers and for the environment. Regarding the safety for the user, owing to the lack of data, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the potential of the additive to be irritant to skin and/or eyes and to be a potential skin sensitiser. The additive is regarded as an effective source of the amino acid l-arginine for all non-ruminant species. To be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminants, it should be protected from ruminal degradation.
The aim of this nationwide population-based cohort study was to identify the risk factors associated with the development of idiopathic cubital tunnel syndrome (CuTS), and the factors which influence the requirement for surgery in these patients. We analyzed data from 43,189 patients newly diagnosed with idiopathic CuTS between January 2009 and December 2021, using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. They were identified using diagnostic codes, procedural codes for surgery, and/or electrodiagnostic study codes. Patients with cervical radiculopathy, brachial plexopathy, polyneuropathy, previous CuTS and recent fracture, dislocation, or arthroplasty of the elbow were excluded. Age- and sex-matched controls were selected at a 1:5 ratio. Logistic regression identified risk factors for the development of CuTS, and Cox proportional hazards regression determined factors associated with surgical treatment. A false discovery rate-adjusted p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Risk factors for the development of CuTS included carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), arthritis of the elbow, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), gout, depression, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, current smoking, anaemia, and hazardous alcohol drinking, in decreasing order of odds ratios. A total of 7,810 patients (18%) underwent surgery. Factors associated with surgery included CTS, arthritis of the elbow, RA, hypertension, obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, current smoking, and hazardous alcohol drinking, in decreasing order of hazard ratios. Regular exercise significantly reduced the risk of both the development of CuTS and the requirement for surgery. In this large cohort study, we identified risk factors for the development of idiopathic CuTS and its surgical treatment, many of which parallel those for CTS. These findings may guide clinicians in risk stratification, prevention, and management of patients with idiopathic CuTS, and provide insights into the shared aetiology.
Persistent and mobile chemicals (PMs) threaten groundwater quality and drinking water safety, yet many remain undetected because analytical methods insufficiently address highly polar and ionic substances, while regulatory frameworks lack monitoring requirements for these compound classes. Here, we developed a supercritical fluid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry-based smart-screen approach that integrates three key prioritisation strategies: (i) sampling site prioritisation, (ii) suspect-level prioritisation through tiered suspect lists, and (iii) candidate prioritisation using stepwise scoring. Additionally, the method achieved the sensitive identification and reliable quantification of PMs in groundwater, with a median limit of quantification of 6.8 ng/L, stable recoveries (75%), and low matrix effects (-12%) across diverse groundwater types. Prioritisation reduced 599 groundwater wells to 10 representative sites, yielding an 8.6-fold reduction in analytical workload while maintaining chemical diversity. The tiered suspect lists and stepwise scoring strategies improved confirmation efficiency and facilitated the detection of substances of high environmental relevance. Collectively, 34 PMs were detected across six substance groups including polar per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, polyfluorinated inorganic species, transformation products, and amide or ether solvents at concentrations of 0.1-22,300 ng/L. Among these, 16 substances were newly detected in ambient groundwater and four were reported for the first time in any environmental compartment. Several substances (e.g. 2-phenylpropane-2-sulphonic acid) are not classified as persistent under EU regulation on registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemicals (REACH) yet occur ubiquitously in groundwater, suggesting an underestimation of PMs under aquifer conditions. These findings advance monitoring of PMs, supporting their regulation for groundwater and drinking water protection.
Alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine use are common among young adults with many "co-using" substances on the same day. Most co-use research has focused on alcohol and cannabis co-use, but many alcohol + cannabis use days involve nicotine. Nicotine is rarely considered, and such "tri-use" (same-day alcohol + cannabis + nicotine use) may increase one's risk for heavy use and harms. The current daily diary study compared substance use outcomes across tri-use, dual use, and alcohol-only use days. Participants were 99 young adult college students (Mage = 20.28, SD = 1.29) who reported weekly alcohol + cannabis co-use and reported on substance use behavior each day across four consecutive weekends. Multilevel models examined the role of type of use day: tri-use (alcohol + cannabis + nicotine) and dual use (alcohol + nicotine or alcohol + cannabis) compared to alcohol-only use days on the outcomes of number of drinks consumed, odds of heavy episodic drinking (HED; 4-7/5-9 drinks in one day for females/males), odds of high-intensity drinking (HID; 8+/10+ drinks), and odds of experiencing negative substance-related consequences. Participants reported more alcohol and greater odds of HID on tri-use days than alcohol-only days. Participants had higher odds of HID on tri-use days than alcohol + cannabis days. Participants reported more drinks on alcohol + nicotine days than alcohol-only days. Consequences did not differ by type of use day. Findings support that young adults engage in heavier alcohol use on days when nicotine was co-used relative to days with alcohol + cannabis or alcohol-only use. Future studies should continue to consider the role of nicotine use when exploring risks of alcohol and cannabis co-use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic metabolic bone disorder. The excessive activation of osteoclasts (OCs) leads to a decrease in bone mass and damage to the bone microstructure, which plays a crucial role in OP. β-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB), the main component of ketone bodies, not only serves as an ancillary fuel substituting for glucose but also induces anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective features via binding to several target proteins, including histone β-hydroxybutyrylation (Kbhb). Recent research has found that BHB has a positive therapeutic effect on OP, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we established osteoporosis (OP) animal models induced by estrogen deficiency and type 2 diabetes using ovariectomized (OVX) and db/db mice, respectively, and administered BHB to OP mice via free drinking in vivo. Our results indicated that BHB increased bone mineral density (BMD), improved bone microstructure, and inhibited the OC formation. Additionally, BHB upregulated the levels of PanKbhb, H3K9bhb, and H3K27bhb modifications in the bone tissue of OP mice. In vitro, we found that BHB or β-hydroxybutyryl-CoA (BHB-CoA) could inhibit RANKL-induced OC differentiation and bone resorption, and upregulate histone Kbhb levels in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the effects of BHB or BHB-CoA-induced histone Kbhb were reversed by inhibiting the activity of Acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 2 (ACSS2) or histone acyltransferase P300. In summary, our data reveal that BHB may alleviate bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency and type 2 diabetes through ACSS2/P300-induced histone Kbhb.