This work is devoted to the synthesis and comprehensive study of activated carbons (ACs) obtained from agricultural wastes-specifically corn cob (C) and onion (O)-for the effective removal of paracetamol (PCM) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) from aqueous media. The synthesis was carried out by chemical activation using H3PO4, HNO3, and NaOH as activating agents, which made it possible to obtain materials with a clearly defined microporous structure (microporous fraction Vmicro/Vtotal = 0.75-0.81) and specific surface chemistry. Particular attention was paid to studying the kinetics and equilibrium of adsorption in both single-component and binary (two-pollutant) systems. It was established that the equilibrium time is 8 h, and the experimental data are best described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. During binary adsorption tests, the competitive behavior was observed for certain materials, such as the corn-derived carbon activated with HNO3 (AC-CN) and the onion-derived carbon activated with HNO3 (AC-ON), where molecules compete for active sites. Conversely, synergistic effects were identified in other systems, controlled by specific surface-functional groups and hydration effects. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 29.4 mg∙g-1 for PCM on the AC-CN sample. Adsorption mechanisms, including multilayer isotherm profiles and the competition between pollutant and water molecules, were interpreted using quantum chemical calculations within the framework of Density Functional Theory (DFT). These calculations revealed that partial deprotonation and intense solvation of SMX molecules at natural pH reduce their adsorption capacity. In contrast, the PCM structure favors π-π interactions and the formation of strong hydrogen bonds with oxygen-containing groups on the carbon surface. These results demonstrate the high potential of using agro-industrial waste to create a new generation of selective adsorbents with tailored surface properties.
Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are essential for addressing heat dissipation challenges in high-performance electronic devices. Among various TIMs, thermal conductive gels exhibit significant potential in high heat flux applications due to their excellent flexibility and superior gap-filling capability. Current research primarily concentrates on the fabrication and performance characterization of novel thermal conductive gels, while comparatively little attention has been devoted to the optimization of processing parameters. Furthermore, existing characterization methods often fail to accurately replicate real-world operating conditions, resulting in discrepancies between laboratory measurements and actual performance. An orthogonal experimental design was adopted to systematically elucidate the influence of filler ratio, wetting time, and silicone oil viscosity on the bonding strength of thermal conductive gels. The filler ratio exerts the most significant influence, followed by silicone oil viscosity and wetting time. Subsequently, the thermal conductivity and thermal resistance of both commercial thermal conductive gels and the as-prepared gels were characterized using the steady-state heat flow method and the double-interface method, respectively. Under the optimized preparation conditions (filler ratio of 88%, silicone oil viscosity of 600 cP, and wetting time of 14 h), the self-developed thermal conductive gel exhibits a thermal conductivity of 3.75 W·m-1·K-1 and a bonding strength of 0.248 MPa, outperforming commercial counterparts and demonstrating promising application potential. It was further concluded, through comparisons of curing rheology and long-term reliability evolution with commercial counterparts, that the self-developed thermal conductive gel possesses enhanced stability and reliability. This study provides a practical reference for the development and engineering application of high thermal conductivity, low thermal resistance gels.
The development of self-powered micro-energy sources is critical for advancing IoT, wearable electronics, and implantable medical devices. Bio-piezoelectric materials like γ-glycine offer unique advantages due to their biocompatibility and piezoelectricity. However, their practical application is limited by the challenge of achieving macroscopic dipole alignment. Herein, we propose an innovative electric field-assisted physical vapor deposition (PVD) strategy to address this issue. By applying a continuous DC bias field during PVD crystallization, macroscopically polarized γ-glycine arrays with uniform molecular orientation have been successfully fabricated. Systematic characterizations using XRD, SEM, and PFM confirm enhanced crystallinity, γ-phase purity, and uniform polarization orientation. Piezoelectric energy harvesters based on these arrays exhibit a maximum open-circuit voltage of 0.25 V under 40 N periodic compression-over 400% higher than devices prepared without the electric field. Density functional theory calculations further reveal that directional hydrogen bonding in the non-centrosymmetric P31 crystal structure enhances dielectric polarization and piezoelectric response. This work is devoted to providing a scalable route to high-performance biocompatible energy harvesters and offering new insights into controlling polar orientation in molecular crystalline materials.
Nearly half of US adults with type 2 diabetes fail to achieve glycemic control (A1c < 7%), increasing complication risks. The American Diabetes Association recommends system-level strategies to optimize care delivery, yet the real-world impact of population-based programs on A1c control remains unclear. To examine the association between three components of a diabetes management program and attainment of target A1c in patients with type 2 diabetes, as well as the relationship between encounter frequency and target A1c. This retrospective nested case-control study utilized data from Kaiser Permanente Southern California (2017-2022). Patients with type 2 diabetes and baseline A1c ≥ 7%. Cases (two consecutive A1c < 7% within 2 years) were matched to controls based on baseline A1c and follow-up duration. The primary exposure variable was predominant encounter type: (1) primary care physician (PCP), (2) population care management (PCM), and (3) Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES). The secondary exposure variable was encounter frequency. Conditional logistic regression assessed the independent effects of predominant encounter type on A1c, adjusting for covariates. The sample consisted of 317,284 patients (94,647 cases), with a median age of 59 years, and 49% Hispanic. Patients with DSMES as their predominant care had higher odds of achieving A1c target (OR 1.39, 95%CI 1.35, 1.42), while those with predominantly PCM encounters had lower odds of achieving A1c target (OR 0.78, 95%CI 0.77, 0.80), compared to PCP-led care. Findings were consistent across racial and ethnic minority groups. The odds of achieving A1c control increased with encounter frequency up to 9-14 visits but diminished beyond this threshold, particularly at 25+ encounters. Further resources devoted to enhancing the reach and effectiveness of DSMES may help more patients living with diabetes achieve sustained glycemic control and prevent complications.
Bioplastics are in focus for the development of sustainable materials due to the depletion of fossil resources, generation of solid waste and global climate change. Considering this, the current research is devoted to the valorization of beachcast red seaweed F. lumbricalis for the development of thermoplastically processable bioplastics. The composites have been developed from beachcast red seaweed-derived furcellaran (FUR) and potato-derived thermoplastic starch (TPS) by using an ultrasound-assisted technique. Three different FUR concentrations (10, 30 and 50 wt.%) in relation to potato starch were examined for their thermoplastic processability. Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to reveal the structural changes in the developed TPS/FUR composites depending on FUR content as well as thermal pre-treatment. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile mechanical tests were performed to assess the performance of the developed TPS/FUR composites. It was demonstrated that the ultrasound-assisted manufacturing route allowed TPS/FUR composites with an improved spectrum of properties to be obtained. The highest mechanical stress at break (almost three times higher than for neat TPS) was observed for the TPS + 50 wt.% FUR composite, which also possessed decreased deformability (only ca 10%), reduced thermal resistance at processing temperatures (150 °C) and high shear sensitivity. Thus, the TPS + 30 wt.% FUR and especially the TPS + 10 wt.% FUR composites were recognized as more suitable for thermoplastic processing and the development of TPS-based composites with improved exploitation properties.
Azobenzene derivatives constitute a prototypical class of photoresponsive molecular switches with broad utility in synthetic chemistry and biomedical research, owing to their distinctive physicochemical properties. Recent molecular engineering has enabled red-shifted photoisomerization into the visible biological window, thereby enhancing tissue penetration and reducing phototoxicity. This review systematically surveys contemporary advances in azobenzene-based photoswitchable systems with a specific focus on medicinal chemistry and photopharmacology. Emphasis is placed on rational design strategies-including ortho-functionalization, heteroaryl substitution, and bridged diazocine scaffolds-that improve photophysical properties, thermal stability, and photostationary state distributions. Particular attention is devoted to the integration of these novel azobenzene motifs as privileged pharmacophores, highlighting their emerging therapeutic applications in neurological modulation, enzyme inhibition, receptor targeting, and oncology, as well as their translational potential in drug discovery and photodynamic therapy.
The Special Issue "Advanced Thin Films: Design, Fabrication and Applications, 2nd Edition" was devoted to thin films as functional coatings in optoelectronics, electrochemical systems, adaptive microsystem devices, biocompatible implants, and memory devices [...].
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the continuously advancing and frequently lethal idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, is pathologically characterized by abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix constituents, leading to progressive pulmonary scarring. Although substantial research efforts have been devoted to elucidating its pathogenesis, the etiology, molecular mechanisms, and effective treatment strategies for IPF remain inadequately characterized, contributing to a median postdiagnostic survival period of merely three to five years. Epigenetic modifications, particularly DNA methylation, have emerged as a potential missing link between the genetic background and environmental risk factors contributing to the pathogenesis of fibrotic disorders, including IPF. DNA methylation entails the attachment of a methyl group to the cytosine residue, frequently occurring at CpG dinucleotides, which are concentrated in clusters known as CpG islands and orchestrates the target gene expression. In this review, we will explore the mechanism of DNA methylation and provide insights into recent advancements concerning its role in major profibrotic cells within lung tissues during the progression of IPF, and by which, we aim to generate valuable evidence that can facilitate the advancement of antifibrotic therapies for clinical applications.
Aqueous potassium-ion batteries have emerged as a promising energy storage technology by combining the intrinsic safety of aqueous electrolytes with the high natural abundance of potassium. However, the narrow electrochemical stability window of water and the limited availability of suitable cathode and anode materials impose critical challenges on achieving high energy density and long-term cycling stability. In recent years, substantial progress has been achieved through electrolyte engineering strategies, which effectively suppress water activity, expand the operational voltage window, and stabilize electrode-electrolyte interfaces. On the cathode side, advances in materials such as Prussian blue analogs, transition-metal oxides, and polyanionic compounds have significantly improved structural robustness and K diffusion kinetics. On the anode side, increasing attention has been devoted to interfacial regulation, kinetic compatibility, and mechanical stability under aqueous conditions. Importantly, emerging insights into electrolyte-material interactions reveal that interfacial chemistry plays a decisive role in governing the reversibility and durability of aqueous potassium-ion batteries. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in electrolytes, cathode materials, and anode materials for aqueous potassium-ion batteries. It highlights the remaining challenges and future perspectives toward high-energy-density, durable, and practically viable aqueous potassium-ion batteries.
Glucose dehydrogenases (GDHs) are oxidoreductases that catalyze the oxidation of d-glucose to glucono-δ-lactone and are widely used in industrial applications such as biosensors, bioelectrodes, and biocatalytic cofactor regeneration. In particular, NAD(P)+-dependent GDHs are frequently employed as NAD(P)H-regenerating enzymes, with extensive efforts devoted to improving their robustness. BmGDHM6, an engineered variant of the Bacillus megaterium GDH with enhanced chemical and organic solvent tolerance, was developed as a potent cofactor-regeneration enzyme. In parallel, enzyme condensation via liquid-liquid phase separation has attracted increasing attention as a potential mechanism for organizing enzyme-catalyzed reactions, and short peptides capable of promoting condensate formation. However, efficient screening and evaluation of such peptide tags using conventional cell-based expression systems have remained challenging. This study established a peptide tag screening strategy using the PURE system, a reconstituted cell-free protein synthesis platform, and applied it to BmGDHM6 as a model enzyme. A small library of metabolic enzymes transiently assembling (META) body-forming signal (METAfos) tags and intrinsically disordered region (IDR)-derived peptide tags was evaluated with respect to expression, solubility, and assembly behavior within a defined in vitro environment. From this library, a short peptide tag, K7G3, 10-amino-acids-long, was identified that conferred droplet-like assembly-forming properties on BmGDHM6 under specified crowding conditions. These results demonstrated that the PURE system provided a rapid and controllable platform for screening peptide tags and down-selection of candidates that modulate enzyme assembly behavior in vitro.
In the biodegradable metal class, Mg-based alloys are considered the most promising candidates for temporary implant manufacture. However, their high corrosion rate in physiological media is considered a main drawback for clinical translation. Conversion coatings address the limitations of Mg-based alloys and provide a strategy to control corrosion and improve surface biocompatibility. In this review paper, a detailed analysis of various conversion coating techniques, including ceramic conversion coatings based on metals, polymeric conversion coatings, bioactive conversion coatings, and hybrid conversion coatings, is performed. Attention is devoted to the corrosion process and parameters, as well as to the biological response in relation to bioactivity or biocompatibility. The main angiogenic and osteogenic signaling pathways are described based on the analyzed conversion coatings, and the evolution of the cellular response is estimated. Although significant progress has been made in the field, there are still challenges associated with synchronizing Mg alloy degradation with new bone formation and with precisely guiding cell signaling responses to achieve a desired biological response. An overall conclusion of the paper consists of the fact that conversion coatings are an important topic, as they can enhance the surface of Mg-based alloys, making them prone to clinical translation.
Since 2012, with the publication of our foundational work "Solvent structure improves docking prediction in lectin-carbohydrate complexes," our group has been devoted to the study of protein-ligand interactions using molecular simulation tools. Over the past decade, we have shown that protein-solvent interactions, particularly when simulated in mixed solvents containing probes such as ethanol, phenol, and isopropanol, often mimic the interactions observed in experimental protein-ligand complexes. This knowledge can be used to improve docking performance by guiding pose prediction and scoring. We termed this strategy-biased docking. Over the years, we demonstrated its applicability to pose prediction, virtual screening (VS), protein-protein docking, and metalloprotein docking. In this short review, we summarize our results and contextualize them within the broader literature, offering a concise description of how to implement the biased docking strategy using current docking software. We also explore the physicochemical rationale behind its effectiveness and discuss how this knowledge can inform emerging Machine Learning and AI-based methodologies.
Sleep disturbances in children and adolescents are a frequent reason for consultation in pediatrics, primary care, and child and adolescent psychiatry. Their clinical presentation is heterogeneous and lies at the intersection of developmental, circadian, behavioral, psychological, and family-related factors. The aim of this review is to provide a structured clinical synthesis of the main sleep disorders in children and adolescents, as well as updated principles of their management. This narrative review is based on a critical synthesis of the literature and other reference sources (expert consensus) devoted to sleep disorders in children and adolescents, their validated psychotherapeutic management, and pharmacological treatment options. Data were selected for their clinical relevance and organized according to a structured analytical framework focusing on sleep development, assessment tools, differential diagnoses, comorbidities, and therapeutic strategies. This approach was intended to provide an integrative, developmental, and clinically applicable overview. Management of sleep disorders in pediatric populations first relies on a thorough clinical assessment, including analysis of 24-hour sleep-wake patterns, individual sleep needs, chronotype, external synchronizers, and somatic or psychiatric comorbidities. The most frequent disorders are behavioral insomnia of childhood, insomnia comorbid with anxiety or mood disorders, and circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, particularly delayed sleep phase syndrome in adolescence. First-line interventions are based on parental psychoeducation, sleep hygiene among which consistent bedtime routines, and cognitive-behavioral approaches. Pharmacological treatments, among which melatonin, have a limited role (except for neurodevelopmental or neurogenetic disorders) after failure of well-conducted non-pharmacological measures, with particular attention to the benefit-risk ratio, regulatory framework, and comorbidities. Sleep disorders in children and adolescents require an integrative, developmental, and family-centered approach. Behavioral interventions and circadian rhythm regulation constitute the cornerstones of clinical management. The use of pharmacological treatments should remain individualized, and regularly re-evaluated. Better clinician training and wider dissemination of sleep psychoeducation and cognitive-behavioural therapies targeting insomnia could improve early identification and quality of care.
The article is devoted to the study of the prospects of attracting medical tourists into Russia from the Persian Gulf countries. The Russian health care system has a number of competitive advantages to attract medical tourists from foreign countries: availability of highly qualified medical personnel, advanced technologies, high level of digitization of health care and possibility to provide high-tech medical care at relatively low prices for similar services. All this, in the aggregate, permits to meet the demand of the population of the Persian Gulf countries for medical care. The comparative analysis of the health care systems of the Persian Gulf countries and Russia demonstrated that Russian health care by many indicators surpasses health care systems of the Persian Gulf countries. The Russia has reputation of the country proposing the utmost modern methods of treatment by lower prices. However, and the level of qualification of medical workers, has a reputation as a country offering the most modern methods of treatment at lower prices. However, in our country, entrance medical tourism is developed insufficiently. The study of the prospects for attracting medical tourists from the Persian Gulf countries demonstrated availability of potential to develop entrance medical tourism. Статья посвящена исследованию перспектив привлечения медицинских туристов в Россию из стран Персидского залива. Российская система здравоохранения обладает рядом конкурентных преимуществ для привлечения медицинских туристов из зарубежных стран, среди которых наличие высококвалифицированного медицинского персонала, передовых технологий, высокий уровень цифровизации здравоохранения и возможность оказывать высокотехнологичную помощь по сравнительно низким ценам на аналогичные услуги, что в совокупности позволяет удовлетворять спрос населения стран Персидского залива на медицинскую помощь. Сравнительный анализ систем здравоохранения стран Персидского залива и России показал, что российское здравоохранение по многим показателям превосходит здравоохранение стран Персидского залива. Россия имеет репутацию страны, предлагающей самые современные методы лечения по более низким ценам. Однако въездной медицинский туризм в нашей стране развит недостаточно. Исследование перспектив привлечения медицинских туристов из стран Персидского залива показало наличие потенциала для развития въездного медицинского туризма.
Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains an incurable disorder with severe clinical consequences. The type 3 diabetes hypothesis posits that AD may constitute a neuroendocrine disorder driven by disrupted insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling. Amyloid pathogenesis in AD is characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) monomers, their subsequent oligomerization, and amyloid deposition. One of the causes of Aβ accumulation is disruption of amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing due to imbalance in ADAM10 and BACE1 expression. In recent years, increasing attention has been devoted to investigating the role of environmental factors in AD pathogenesis. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) serves as a key molecular link between environmental exposure and neuroinflammatory pathology. Formaldehyde (FA) is one of the most widespread environmental pollutants. Its involvement in amyloid plaque formation has been previously reported; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain insufficiently understood. Moreover, most available data are based on prolonged FA exposure, whereas industrial FA emissions are often short-term. The objective of this study was to determine whether brief intranasal administration of FA, modeling episodic industrial pollution, induces RAGE-mediated neuroinflammation and amyloid deposition in CD1 mice. Methods: Mice received intranasal FA at environmentally relevant 0.02 mg/day or 0.2 mg/day doses for seven days; an additional group was co-treated with insulin. Cognitive function was assessed using passive avoidance (PA) and radial arm maze (RAM) tests, and synaptic plasticity was evaluated by electrophysiology. Hippocampal tissue was analyzed for RAGE expression, ADAM10/BACE1 gene balance, Aβ42 monomer levels, and amyloid deposits using optimized Thioflavin-S (Th-S) staining. Results: We observed cognitive decline in mice receiving intranasal FA administration. Elevated blood glucose levels were also observed following intranasal FA exposure. Sustained impairment of glucose metabolism led to overexpression of the RAGE in the hippocampus. There was also an imbalance of ADAM10 and BACE1 expression in the hippocampus. This was caused by overexpression of RAGE, as the enhanced interaction of the ligand and RAGE is a key factor disrupting this balance. Finally, Th-S staining confirmed amyloid deposition in mice subjected to intranasal FA exposure. Conclusions: This study provides new insights into the RAGE-mediated mechanisms by which FA contributes to the pathogenesis of AD.
To report on findings from the most recent Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) nationwide survey of orthopaedic trauma surgeons on current practice details. Cross-sectional survey. Orthopaedic Trauma Association approved quadrennial survey. Orthopaedic trauma surgeons practicing in the United States with one of the following OTA membership types: active, candidate, or clinical. A 47-question survey was emailed to OTA members assessing demographics, practice setting, and current compensation. A total of 785/1501 (52%) orthopaedic traumatologists responded. Slightly more than half of respondents practiced in academic settings (51%), with a majority in practice for ≤10 years (47%). For those in private groups, 65% had achieved "partner" status, which generally took 1-3 years (53%) of employment. The majority of surgeons (87%) reported access to a dedicated orthopaedic trauma operating room, providing many surgeons (78%) with access during the daytime on weekdays and weekends, but only 21% with 24-hour access. Surgeons most commonly reported working 51-70 hours per week (64%), with 4-6 nights of call per month (40%), 1 clinic day per week (44%). Seventy-two percent reported more than 75% of their clinical practice was devoted to trauma (72%). More than half of surgeons (59%) received compensation for call. Annual work relative value units (wRVU) and case volumes varied. Typically, respondents had $501,000-$900,000 of their annual base salary guaranteed (62%), and most were eligible for additional revenue via production bonuses (76%). Further insight into clinical characteristics were provided by three subgroup analyses: years in practice, practice setting, and reported gender of surgeon. These findings provide updated data into the current landscape of orthopaedic trauma practice in the United States. This information may be useful to guide contract discussions and inform institutional decision-making. V.
Resistant hypertension (RHTN) is estimated to affect approximately 15% of all patients with hypertension, although its reported prevalence varies according to the blood pressure (BP) thresholds used for diagnosis, the criteria applied to exclude secondary or pseudoresistant hypertension, and the characteristics of the study populations. Regardless of its current prevalence, RHTN is expected to be encountered with increasing frequency in routine clinical practice, driven by the rising prevalence of conditions that are directly or indirectly linked with its increased risk, such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Consequently, recent clinical trials and hypertension guidelines have devoted substantial attention to RHTN, also considering its association with an increased risk of cardiovascular events and renal failure. In this narrative review, we summarize mechanistic insights and evidence from randomized clinical trials and real-world studies, as well as recommendations from current international guidelines, to provide an updated perspective on the management of RHTN. Among multiple systems, activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system represents a central pathophysiological mechanism in RHTN, promoting sodium retention and vascular dysfunction. β-blockers counteract SNS overactivity, a target mechanism not addressed by other first-line therapies, and have compelling indications in most comorbidities associated with RHTN, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation. They can be used across diverse patient populations, including those with advanced CKD, and their side effects can be readily monitored and managed. Evidence from randomized trials and real-world studies supports their efficacy, tolerability, and safety even in high-risk populations. Emerging strategies, including a quadruple single-pill combination containing a β-blocker, may enhance adherence, optimize BP control, and simplify RHTN management.
This paper is devoted to event-triggered control for nonlinear networked control systems via a data-based representation. A controller is built on this representation using the second-order Taylor series expansion. An improved data-dependent static event-triggered mechanism with relaxing parameter is proposed to reduce communication transmission. A dynamic version is further developed to establish an adjustable inter-event interval. Sufficient conditions are exploited to solve the control gain for both cases in terms of linear matrix inequalities and ensure the local stability of the closed-loop systems. Illustrative examples are simulated to verify the validity of the proposed scheme.
We introduce a new framework for understanding how cognitive systems (e.g., humans) learn from experience, based on the concept of representational capacity-the relative amount of representational resources devoted to encoding past experiences. Most paradigms in cognitive science have operated under the assumption that these resources are constrained, forcing cognitive systems to compress rich and noisy experiences to effectively generalize to new situations. We leverage recent advances in computer science to outline the implications of learning with excess capacity, or applying even more representational resources than needed to perfectly memorize all the details of one's past experiences. In particular, we review evidence suggesting that excess capacity systems can exhibit many of the characteristics of human learning, such as the simultaneous ability to memorize individual experiences and generalize knowledge to new situations. We define and differentiate between constrained (not enough), sufficient (just enough), and excess (more than enough to perfectly capture all the details of one's past experiences) capacity. We derive empirical properties of learning in each of these capacity regimes, and compare these predictions to effects documented for human learning. We highlight the broad implications of this framework for advancing theoretical and empirical work across cognitive, clinical, and developmental psychology.
This review summarizes current evidence on emerging biologics and their evolving role in IgE-mediated food allergy management. The goal is to assess the pros and cons of currently available and under evaluation biologicals. Anti-IgE therapies remain central to biologic-based approaches. Omalizumab improves desensitization rates as monotherapy or when combined with oral immunotherapy (OIT), whose enhances safety and accelerates desensitization efficacy. Next-generation anti-IgE antibodies, including UB-221, show increased potency and promising early results. Less encouraging are data on Dupilumab, targeting IL-4/IL1-3 receptor, in IgE-mediated food allergy. Biologics targeting epithelial alarmins, such as anti-IL-33 (etokimab) and anti-TSLP (tezepelumab), demonstrate encouraging preliminary immunologic and clinical effects, with early success noted in peanut allergy trials. Further research focus is devoted to small molecules and vaccines. Biologics offer a meaningful advance in food allergy treatment by targeting key immune pathways with an agnostic approach, therefore, independent on the specific antigen-specificity. This may offer the benefit of targeting multiple food allergies and also, eventually, further co-morbidities. There is broad evidence for an excellent safety profile for omalizumab. Studies are ongoing on other biologicals to explore the efficacy alongside the safety. A new era is also opened by the introduction of biosimilar on the market, by dramatically amortizing the economic burden. With the availability of multiple therapeutic options, the challenge for clinicians is to provide a personalized approach, shaped on the specific patient's need.