SUMMARY The common approach to the multiplicity problem calls for controlling the familywise error rate (FWER). This approach, though, has faults, and we point out a few. A different approach to problems of multiple significance testing is presented. It calls for controlling the expected proportion of falsely rejected hypotheses — the false discovery rate. This error rate is equivalent to the FWER when all hypotheses are true but is smaller otherwise. Therefore, in problems where the control of the false discovery rate rather than that of the FWER is desired, there is potential for a gain in power. A simple sequential Bonferronitype procedure is proved to control the false discovery rate for independent test statistics, and a simulation study shows that the gain in power is substantial. The use of the new procedure and the appropriateness of the criterion are illustrated with examples.
This article examines the adequacy of the “rules of thumb” conventional cutoff criteria and several new alternatives for various fit indexes used to evaluate model fit in practice. Using a 2‐index presentation strategy, which includes using the maximum likelihood (ML)‐based standardized root mean squared residual (SRMR) and supplementing it with either Tucker‐Lewis Index (TLI), Bollen's (1989) Fit Index (BL89), Relative Noncentrality Index (RNI), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Gamma Hat, McDonald's Centrality Index (Mc), or root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA), various combinations of cutoff values from selected ranges of cutoff criteria for the ML‐based SRMR and a given supplemental fit index were used to calculate rejection rates for various types of true‐population and misspecified models; that is, models with misspecified factor covariance(s) and models with misspecified factor loading(s). The results suggest that, for the ML method, a cutoff value close to .95 for TLI, BL89, CFI, RNI, and Gamma Hat; a cutoff value close to .90 for Mc; a cutoff value close to .08 for SRMR; and a cutoff value close to .06 for RMSEA are needed before we can conclude that there is a relatively good fit between the hypothesized model and the observed data. Furthermore, the 2‐index presentation strategy is required to reject reasonable proportions of various types of true‐population and misspecified models. Finally, using the proposed cutoff criteria, the ML‐based TLI, Mc, and RMSEA tend to overreject true‐population models at small sample size and thus are less preferable when sample size is small.
This paper presents a simple and widely ap- plicable multiple test procedure of the sequentially rejective type, i.e. hypotheses are rejected one at a tine until no further rejections can be done. It is shown that the test has a prescribed level of significance protection against error of the first kind for any combination of true hypotheses. The power properties of the test and a number of possible applications are also discussed.
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Following Boaventura de Sousa Santos, the authors of this article reject the type of “abyssal thinking” that erases the existence of counter-hegemonic knowledges and lifeways, adopting instead the “from the inside out” perspective that is required for thinking constructively about the language and education of racialized bilinguals. On the basis of deep personal experience and extensive field-work research, we challenge prevailing assumptions about language, bilingualism, and education that are based on raciolinguistic ideologies with roots in colonialism. Adopting a translanguaging perspective that rejects rigid colonial boundaries of named languages, we argue that racialized bilingual learners, like all students, draw from linguistic-semiotic, cultural, and historical repertoires. The decolonial approach that guides our work reveals these students making a world by means of cultural and linguistic practices derived from their own knowledge systems. We propose that in order to attain justice and success, a decolonial education must center non-hegemonic modes of “otherwise thinking” by attending to racialized bilinguals’ knowledges and abilities that have always existed yet have continually been distorted and erased through abyssal thinking.
Limitations of traditional magnetoencephalography (MEG) exclude some important patient groups from MEG examinations, such as epilepsy patients with a vagus nerve stimulator, patients with magnetic particles on the head or having magnetic dental materials that cause severe movement-related artefact signals. Conventional interference rejection methods are not able to remove the artefacts originating this close to the MEG sensor array. For example, the reference array method is unable to suppress interference generated by sources closer to the sensors than the reference array, about 20-40 cm. The spatiotemporal signal space separation method proposed in this paper recognizes and removes both external interference and the artefacts produced by these nearby sources, even on the scalp. First, the basic separation into brain-related and external interference signals is accomplished with signal space separation based on sensor geometry and Maxwell's equations only. After this, the artefacts from nearby sources are extracted by a simple statistical analysis in the time domain, and projected out. Practical examples with artificial current dipoles and interference sources as well as data from real patients demonstrate that the method removes the artefacts without altering the field patterns of the brain signals.
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The Rejected Body argues that feminist theorizing has been skewed toward non-disabled experience, and that the knowledge of people with disabilities must be integrated into feminist ethics, discussions of bodily life, and criticism of the cognitive and social authority of medicine. Among the topics it addresses are who should be identified as disabled; whether disability is biomedical, social or both; what causes disability and what could 'cure' it; and whether scientific efforts to eliminate disabling physical conditions are morally justified. Wendell provides a remarkable look at how cultural attitudes towards the body contribute to the stigma of disability and to widespread unwillingness to accept and provide for the body's inevitable weakness.
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Two-dimensional sociometric models have had a critical role in the investigation of children's peer relations in the past decade. In a meta-analysis, fitting categorical models (Hedges, 1982), sociometric group differences on behavioral and information source typologies were assessed. The broad-band behavioral analysis showed that popular children's array of competencies makes them likely recipients of positive peer nominations, whereas high levels of aggression and withdrawal and low levels of sociability and cognitive abilities are associated with rejected peer status. A consistent profile marked by less sociability and aggression emerged for neglected status. Controversial children had higher aggressive behavior than rejected children but compensated for it with significantly better cognitive and social abilities. The moderator effects of narrow-band behavioral categories and information source were also examined.
Journal Article A stagewise rejective multiple test procedure based on a modified Bonferroni test Get access G. HOMMEL G. HOMMEL Institut für Medizinische Statistik und Dokumentation, University of MainzD-6500 Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Biometrika, Volume 75, Issue 2, June 1988, Pages 383–386, https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/75.2.383 Published: 01 June 1988 Article history Received: 01 July 1987 Revision received: 01 October 1987 Published: 01 June 1988
Glen Sean Coulthard. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2014. 256 pp., index, notes. $22.50 paper (ISBN 978-0-8166-7965-2); $67.50 cloth (ISBN 978-0-8166-7964-5).Red Skin, White Masks ...
A floating, low-cost solar desalination system was constructed, capable of simultaneous salt rejection and heat localization for continuous operation.
The performance of a pattern recognition system is characterized by its error and reject tradeoff. This paper describes an optimum rejection rule and presents a general relation between the error and reject probabilities and some simple properties of the tradeoff in the optimum recognition system. The error rate can be directly evaluated from the reject function. Some practical implications of the results are discussed. Examples in normal distributions and uniform distributions are given.
Abstract Suppose that n hypotheses H 1, H 2, …, H n with associated test statistics T 1, T 2, …, T n are to be tested by a procedure with experimentwise significance level (the probability of rejecting one or more true hypotheses) smaller than or equal to some specified value α. A commonly used procedure satisfying this condition is the Bonferroni (B) procedure, which consists of rejecting H i , for any i, iff the associated test statistic T i is significant at the level α′ = α/n. Holm (1979) introduced a modified Bonferroni procedure with greater power than the B procedure. Under Holm's sequentially rejective Bonferroni (SRB) procedure, if any hypothesis is rejected at the level α′ = α/n, the denominator of α′ for the next test is n − 1, and the criterion continues to be modified in a stagewise manner, with the denominator of α′ reduced by 1 each time a hypothesis is rejected, so that tests can be conducted at successively higher significance levels. Holm proved that the experimentwise significance level of the SRB procedure is ≤ α, as is that of the original B procedure. Often, the hypotheses being tested are logically interrelated so that not all combinations of true and false hypotheses are possible. As a simple example of such a situation suppose, given samples from three distributions, we want to test the three hypotheses of pairwise equality: μ i = μ′ i (i < i′ = 1, 2, 3), where μ i is the mean of distribution i. It is easily seen from the relations among the hypotheses that if any one of them is false, at least one other must be false. Thus there cannot be one false and two true hypotheses among these three. If we are testing all hypotheses of pairwise equality with more than three distributions, there are many such constraints. As another example, consider the hypotheses of independence of rows and columns of all 2×2 subtables of a K x L contingency table. It is shown that if one such hypothesis is false, then at least (K − 1) (L − 1) must be false. When there are logical implications among the hypotheses and alternatives, as in the preceding examples, Holm's SRB procedure can be improved to obtain a further increase in power. This article considers methods for achieving such improvement. One way of modifying the SRB method is as follows: Given that j − 1 hypotheses have been rejected, the denominator of α′, instead of being set at n − j + 1 for the next test as in the SRB procedure, can be set at t j , where t j equals the maximum number of hypotheses that could be true, given that at least j − 1 hypotheses are false. Obviously, t j is never greater than n − j + 1, and for some values of j it may be strictly smaller, as for j = 2 in the first example. Then this modified sequentially rejective Bonferroni (MSRB) procedure will never be less powerful (and typically will be more powerful) than the SRB procedure while (as is proved in the article) maintaining an experimentwise significance level ≤ α. The MSRB procedure is readily applicable to a wide variety of standard and nonstandard problems. A number of examples are given, and extensions and generalizations are discussed. It is pointed out that the methods may be adapted in some circumstances to the use of non-Bonferroni multiple test procedures.
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This article explains a decision rule that uses Bayesian posterior distributions as the basis for accepting or rejecting null values of parameters. This decision rule focuses on the range of plausible values indicated by the highest density interval of the posterior distribution and the relation between this range and a region of practical equivalence (ROPE) around the null value. The article also discusses considerations for setting the limits of a ROPE and emphasizes that analogous considerations apply to setting the decision thresholds for p values and Bayes factors.
ABSTRACT Recent research indicates that a considerable number of children report extreme feelings of lonelines andthat unpopular children are more lonely than popular children. TJie present study assessed feelings of loneliness/in two subgroups of.unpopular children; those who 'were rejected (low on positive and high on negative peer nominations) and those who were neglected (low on both positive and negative peer nominations).'Dafta on pdular, average, and controversial children were also collected. I3esults from 200 thirdthrough sixVh-grade children 'indicated_ that' rejected children were the most lonely group and that popul9r children were the least lonely. Neglected., average, and controversial.children reported intermediate levels. Overall, the results provided added evidence of , the utility of the distinction between neglected and rejected status and support earlier conclusions' that rejected children are more at-risk than other status groups. (Author/RH)
Results from well-controlled colloidal fouling experiments with reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes suggest the existence of a new source of flux decline for salt-rejecting membranes-cake-enhanced osmotic pressure. The physical mechanisms leading to this enhanced osmotic pressure are a combination of hindered back-diffusion of salt ions and altered cross-flow hydrodynamics within colloidal deposit layers, which lead to an enhanced salt concentration polarization layer. A model that accounts for both hindered diffusion of salt ions and altered hydrodynamics within colloidal deposit ("cake") layers is presented. The model successfully links permeate flux and salt rejection to cake-enhanced concentration polarization and provides new insight into the mechanisms through which salt-rejecting membranes foul. Experimental data support the model calculations and highlight the role of enhanced concentration polarization phenomena in the performance (i.e., water flux and salt rejection) of polymeric thin-film composite RO/NF membranes in environmental applications.
Carbonaceous adsorbents were prepared by heat treatment of coal reject at 600 degrees C, after chemical treatment in HNO3, H2SO4, and NaOH at 25 and 75 degrees C. Pore structure characterization and the phenol adsorption capacities of the adsorbents showed that nitric acid pretreatment significantly enhanced the surface properties, consequently the adsorption capacities of the adsorbents. A number of samples were subsequently prepared by carbonizing coal reject at 600 degrees C, after pretreatment in HNO3 under various conditions. The acid concentration, residence time, and reaction temperature were varied to obtain adsorbents with various pore structures. The adsorption capacities of the derived adsorbents for phenol, p-nitrophenol, and benzene were measured to gain further insights into the pore structure evolution. Adsorption isotherms of phenol, p-nitrophenol, and p-chlorophenol on the best adsorbent prepared were determined and correlated with theoretical isotherm equations, such as the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich-Peterson equations.