Part 1: Production and seed improvement. Rapeseed and canola: Global production and distribution. North American production of canola. Agronomy of canola in the United States. New developments in canola research. The role of biotechnology in canola/rapeseed research. Part 2: Chemistry, analysis, and nutritional effects. Canola fatty acids - an ideal mixture for health, nutrition, and food use. Stability of canola oil. Hydrogenation of canola oil. Glucoinsulates: Structure - properties - function. Phytates in canola/rapeseed. Phenolic acids and tannins in rapeseed and canola. Carbohydrates of canola and rapeseed. Application of near infrared to analysis of oil, protein, chlorophyll and glucoinsulates in canola/rapeseed. Part 3: Commercial processing and new developments. Commercial processing of canola and rapeseed: Crushing and oil extraction. Further processing of canola and rapeseed oil. Enzyme pretreatment to enhance oil extractability in canola. Removal of glucoinsulates and other antinutritional from canola and rapeseed by methonal rapeseed and production of high quality products.
The genus Capsicum (Fam. Solanaceae) was known to ancient cultures and was more recently historically associated with the discovery of the New World. This genus provides many species and varieties used in flavoring foods popular in the cuisines of many parts of the world. From the pungent chilli to the colorful paprika and the bell pepper, with its remarkable aroma, the genus is of great interest for its chemistry, sensory attributes, and physiological action. The Capsicums, among the spices, are second only to black pepper in trade both in volume and value. The production of the different pungency forms, the processed seasonings, and the concentrated oleoresins, through technologically advanced processes and in specified standard grades, are critically reviewed. The pungency of Capsicum fruits, its evaluation, chemical structure relationship, its increasing acceptance and preference by a variety of populations are of great research interest. The wide traditional use in the growing regions and its intense physiological effects have attracted the attention of researchers of many different disciplines. These aspects are reviewed in four sequential parts. Part I deals with history, botany, cultivation, and primary processing.
Abstract Flow processes with microstructured reactors allow paradigm changes in process development and thus can enable a faster development time to the final production plant. They do this by exploiting similarity effects along the development chain (modularity) and intensification. The final result can be a (significantly) reduced number of apparatus in the plant, a (significantly) reduced apparatus size, and a higher predictability in the scale‐out of the apparatus. So far, this was mainly achieved via transport intensification given in microstructured reactors – improved mixing and heat transfer which increase productivity and possibly improve selectivity. A more new idea is chemical intensification through deliberate use of harsh chemistries at unusual (high) pressure, temperature, concentration, and reaction environment which again increases productivity. A very new idea is the process design intensification – the reaction‐maximized flow processes need less separation expenditure and the small unit size together with the high degree in functionality gives large potential for system integration. Both means change and simplify the process scheme totally which can lead to a reduced number of apparatus and has impact on predictability. The modular nature of the small flow units allow an easy implementation to modern modular plant environments (Future Factories) which enables to perform all the testing cycles (lab, pilot, production) in one plant environment; an example are here container plants. All these measures have large potential for (much) decreased overall development time.
This review is the first attempt to generalise, in a descriptive-conceptual form, material-synthesising and material-affecting combustion and explosion processes and relevant physicochemical, technological and materials science problems with special emphasis on their practical (technological and industrial) applications. The bibliography includes 127 references.
Contributors List. Foreword. Preface. Part 1: Surface Chemistry in Important Technologies. Surface Chemistry in Pharmacy (Martin Malmsten). Surface Chemistry in Food and Feed (Bjorn Bergenstahl). Surface Chemistry in Detergency (Wolfgang von Rybinski). Surface Chemistry in Agriculture (Tharwat F. Tadros). Surface and Colloid Chemistry in Photographic Technology (John Texter). Surface Chemistry in Paints (Krister Holmberg). Surface Chemistry in Paper (Fredrick Tiberg et al). Surface Chemistry in the Polymerization of Emulsion (Klaus Tauer). Colloidal Processing of Ceramics (Lennart Bergstrom). Surface Chemistry in Disperson, Flocculation and Flotation (Brij M. Moudgil eet al). Surface Chemistry in the Petroleum Industry (James R Kanicky et al). Part 2: Surfactants. Anionic Surfactants (Antje Schmalstieg and Guenther W. Wasow). Nonionic Surfactants (Michael F. Cox). Cationic Surfactants (Dale S. Steichen). Zwitterionic and Amphoteric Surfactants (David T. Floyd et al). Polymeric Surfactants (Tharwat F. Tadros). Speciality Surfactants (Krister Holmberg). Hydrotropes (Anna Matero). Physico-Chemical Properties of Surfactants (Bjorn Lindman). Surfactant-Polymer Systems (Bjorn Lindman). Surfactants Liquid Crystals (Syed Hussan et al). Environmental Aspects of Surfactants (Lothar Huber and Lutz Nitschke). Molecular Dynamics Computer Simulations of Surfactants (Hubert Kuhn and Heinz Rehage). Part 3: Colloidal Systems and Layer Structures at Surfaces. Solid Dispersons (Staffan Wall). Foams and Foaming (Robert J. Pugh). Vesicles (Brian H. Robinson and Madeleine Rogerson). Microemulsions (Klaus Wormuth et al). Langmuir-Blodgett Films (Hubert Motschmann and Helmuth Mohwald). Self-Assembling Monolayers: Alkaline Thiols on Gold (Dennis S. Everhart). Part 4: Phenomena in Surface Chemistry. Wetting, Spreading and Penetration (Karina Grundke). Foam Breaking in Aqueous Systems (Robert J. Pugh). Solubilization (Thomas Zemb and Fabienne Testard). Rheological Effects in Surfactant Phases (Heinz Hoffmann and Werner Ulbricht). Part 5: Analysis and Characterization in Surface Chemistry Measuring Equilibrium Surface Tensions (Michael Mulqueen and Paul D.T. Huibers). Measuring Dynamic Surface Tensions (Reinhard Miller et al). Determining Critical Micelle Concentration (Alexander Patist). Measuring Contact Angle (C.N. Catherine Lam et al). Measuring Micelle Size and Shape (Magnus Nyden). Identification of Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Mesophases (Stephen T. Hyde). Characterization of Microemulsion Structure (Ulf Olsson). Measuring Particle Size by Light Scattering (Michael Borkovec). Measurement of Electrokinetic Phenomena in Surface Chemistry (Norman L. Burns). Measuring Interactions between Surfaces (Per M Claesson and Mark W. Rutland). Measuring the Forces and Stability of Thin-Liquid Films (Vance Bergeon). Measuring Adsorption (Bengt Kronberg). Index.
Contributors Preface Introduction Principles of sustainable and green chemistry Chemistry and the environment Green chemistry and sustainable development Life cycle assessment: A tool for identification of more sustainable products and processes Industrial processes using solid acid catalysts Micelle templated silicas as catalysts in green chemistry Polymer-supported reagents Biocatalysis Recent advances in phase transfer catalysis Hydrogen peroxide in waste minimisation - current and potential contributions Waste minimisation in pharmaceutical process development: Principles, practice and challenges Green catalysts for industry Green chemistry in practice Process intensification for green chemistry Sonochemistry Applications of microwaves for environmentally benign organic chemistry Photochemistry Electrochemistry and sustainability Fuel cells: a clean energy technology for the future Supercritical carbon dioxide as an environmentally benign reaction medium for chemical synthesis Chemistry in fluorous biphasic systems Extraction of natural products with superheated water Index
Power ultrasound has been used for many years in two specific industrial areas: cleaning and plastic welding. Over the last ten years an increasing interest has been shown in its potential for use over a much wider range of chemistry and processing which has been grouped together under the general title of sonochemistry. Most of these uses depend on the generation of acoustic cavitation in liquid media but this text, while underlining the importance of the physics and mathematics of cavitation, mainly concentrates on applications of the technology. After an introduction to the topic and some historical background to the uses of power ultrasound the general principles of acoustic cavitation are explored including some background physics, bubble dynamics and factors which influence cavitation. The remainder of the book incorporates a series of applications of sonochemistry which illustrate the types of physical and chemical effects of ultrasonically induced cavitation which will interest chemists and engineers alike. Amongst the major topics included are chemical synthesis, environmental protection and remediation of water, sewage and soils, polymer synthesis and processing, electrochemistry including both analytical and synthetic aspects and plating. The final chapter reviews the range of ultrasonic equipment available in the laboratory and the progress made towards the scale-up of sonochemistry. The level is introductory to semi-advanced and no topic has been taken to a particularly specialist level since it is intended that this should be of general interest to readers with a scientific background.
Heavy metals are well-known environmental pollutants due to their toxicity, persistence in the environment, and bioaccumulative nature. Their natural sources include weathering of metal-bearing rocks and volcanic eruptions, while anthropogenic sources include mining and various industrial and agricultural activities. Mining and industrial processing for extraction of mineral resources and their subsequent applications for industrial, agricultural, and economic development has led to an increase in the mobilization of these elements in the environment and disturbance of their biogeochemical cycles. Contamination of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems with toxic heavy metals is an environmental problem of public health concern. Being persistent pollutants, heavy metals accumulate in the environment and consequently contaminate the food chains. Accumulation of potentially toxic heavy metals in biota causes a potential health threat to their consumers including humans. This article comprehensively reviews the different aspects of heavy metals as hazardous materials with special focus on their environmental persistence, toxicity for living organisms, and bioaccumulative potential. The bioaccumulation of these elements and its implications for human health are discussed with a special coverage on fish, rice, and tobacco. The article will serve as a valuable educational resource for both undergraduate and graduate students and for researchers in environmental sciences. Environmentally relevant most hazardous heavy metals and metalloids include Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg, and As. The trophic transfer of these elements in aquatic and terrestrial food chains/webs has important implications for wildlife and human health. It is very important to assess and monitor the concentrations of potentially toxic heavy metals and metalloids in different environmental segments and in the resident biota. A comprehensive study of the environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of hazardous heavy metals and metalloids shows that steps should be taken to minimize the impact of these elements on human health and the environment.
This paper focuses on the potential use of ammonia as a carbon-free fuel, and covers recent advances in the development of ammonia combustion technology and its underlying chemistry. Fulfilling the COP21 Paris Agreement requires the de-carbonization of energy generation, through utilization of carbon-neutral and overall carbon-free fuels produced from renewable sources. Hydrogen is one of such fuels, which is a potential energy carrier for reducing greenhouse-gas emissions. However, its shipment for long distances and storage for long times present challenges. Ammonia on the other hand, comprises 17.8% of hydrogen by mass and can be produced from renewable hydrogen and nitrogen separated from air. Furthermore, thermal properties of ammonia are similar to those of propane in terms of boiling temperature and condensation pressure, making it attractive as a hydrogen and energy carrier. Ammonia has been produced and utilized for the past 100 years as a fertilizer, chemical raw material, and refrigerant. Ammonia can be used as a fuel but there are several challenges in ammonia combustion, such as low flammability, high NOx emission, and low radiation intensity. Overcoming these challenges requires further research into ammonia flame dynamics and chemistry. This paper discusses recent successful applications of ammonia fuel, in gas turbines, co-fired with pulverize coal, and in industrial furnaces. These applications have been implemented under the Japanese ‘Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP): Energy Carriers’. In addition, fundamental aspects of ammonia combustion are discussed including characteristics of laminar premixed flames, counterflow twin-flames, and turbulent premixed flames stabilized by a nozzle burner at high pressure. Furthermore, this paper discusses details of the chemistry of ammonia combustion related to NOx production, processes for reducing NOx, and validation of several ammonia oxidation kinetics models. Finally, LES results for a gas-turbine-like swirl-burner are presented, for the purpose of developing low-NOx single-fuelled ammonia gas turbine combustors.
Background Lignin, nature’s dominant aromatic polymer, is found in most terrestrial plants in the approximate range of 15 to 40% dry weight and provides structural integrity. Traditionally, most large-scale industrial processes that use plant polysaccharides have burned lignin to generate the power needed to productively transform biomass. The advent of biorefineries that convert cellulosic biomass into liquid transportation fuels will generate substantially more lignin than necessary to power the operation, and therefore efforts are underway to transform it to value-added products. Advances Bioengineering to modify lignin structure and/or incorporate atypical components has shown promise toward facilitating recovery and chemical transformation of lignin under biorefinery conditions. The flexibility in lignin monomer composition has proven useful for enhancing extraction efficiency. Both the mining of genetic variants in native populations of bioenergy crops and direct genetic manipulation of biosynthesis pathways have produced lignin feedstocks with unique properties for coproduct development. Advances in analytical chemistry and computational modeling detail the structure of the modified lignin and direct bioengineering strategies for targeted properties. Refinement of biomass pretreatment technologies has further facilitated lignin recovery and enables catalytic modifications for desired chemical and physical properties. Outlook Potential high-value products from isolated lignin include low-cost carbon fiber, engineering plastics and thermoplastic elastomers, polymeric foams and membranes, and a variety of fuels and chemicals all currently sourced from petroleum. These lignin coproducts must be low cost and perform as well as petroleum-derived counterparts. Each product stream has its own distinct challenges. Development of renewable lignin-based polymers requires improved processing technologies coupled to tailored bioenergy crops incorporating lignin with the desired chemical and physical properties. For fuels and chemicals, multiple strategies have emerged for lignin depolymerization and upgrading, including thermochemical treatments and homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. The multifunctional nature of lignin has historically yielded multiple product streams, which require extensive separation and purification procedures, but engineering plant feedstocks for greater structural homogeneity and tailored functionality reduces this challenge.
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCharge-Transfer and Energy-Transfer Processes in π-Conjugated Oligomers and Polymers: A Molecular PictureJean-Luc Brédas, David Beljonne, Veaceslav Coropceanu, and Jérôme CornilView Author Information School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, and Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons-Hainaut, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 11, 4971–5004Publication Date (Web):September 28, 2004Publication History Received9 June 2004Published online28 September 2004Published inissue 1 November 2004https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr040084khttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr040084kresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2004 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views34788Altmetric-Citations2480LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Aromatic compounds,Excited states,Excitons,Hydrocarbons,Oligomers Get e-Alerts
Abstract Governments across the world are stimulating the valorization of local biomass to secure the energy supply, reduce the emissions of fossil CO 2 and support the rural economy. A first generation of fuels and chemicals is being produced from high‐value sugars and oils. Meanwhile, a second generation, based on cheaper and more abundant lignocellulosic feedstock, is being developed. This review addresses the variety of chemistries and technologies that are being explored to valorize lignocellulosic biomass. It shows the need to ‘deoxygenate’ the biomass and reviews the main chemical routes for it, i.e. a) the pyrolysis to char, bio‐crude or gas; b) the gasification to syngas and its subsequent conversion, e.g. to alkanes or methanol; c) the hydrolysis to sugar and their subsequent upgrading to oxygenated intermediates via chemical or fermentation routes. The economics of biomass conversion also needs to be considered: the current production cost of biofuels are typically $60–120/barrel of oil equivalent. Influential factors include the cost of the biomass at the plant gate, the conversion efficiency, the scale of the process and the value of the product (e.g. fuel, electricity or chemicals). © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Nine years has passed since the 1992 second edition of the encyclopedia was published. This completely revised third edition, which is a university and professional level compendium of chemistry, molecular biology, mathematics, and engineering, is refreshed with numerous articles about current research in these fields. For example, the new edition has an increased emphasis on information processing and biotechnology, reflecting the rapid growth of these areas. The continuing Editor-in-Chief, Robert Meyers, and the Board prepared a new topical outline of physical science and technology to define complete coverage. Section editors are either Nobel Laureates or editors of key journals in their fields. Additional board members representing the global scientific community were also recruited. The new 18-volume edition of the Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, 3E, will have the added feature of an Index Volume, containing abstracts of all of the articles in the encyclopedia. The latest edition of the Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology: has been completely updated with no less than 90 per cent revised material and 50 per cent new content throughout the volumes. It presents eighteen volumes, nearly 800 authoritative articles and 14,500 pages. It is lavishly illustrated with over 7,000 photographs, illustrations and tables. It presents an increased emphasis on the hottest topics such as information processing, environmental science, biotechnology and biomedicine. It includes a final Index Volume containing Thematic, Relational and Subject indexes.
Part 1: Agronomic characteristics, production and marketing. Part 2: Chemistry and nutrition of soybean components. Part 3: Biological and compositional changes during seed maturation, storage and germination. Part 4: Non-fermented oriental soyfoods. Part 5: Fermented oriental soyfoods. Part 6: Soybean oil extraction and processing. Part 7: Properties and edible application of soybean oil. Part 8: Soybean protein products. Part 9: The second generation of soyfoods. Part 10: Soyfoods: their role in disease prevention and treatment. Part 11: Soybean improvements through plant breeding and genetic engineering.
Abstract Laboratory scaled flow‐through processes have seen an explosive development over the past decade and have become an enabling technology for improving synthetic efficiency through automation and process optimization. Practically, flow devices are a crucial link between bench chemists and process engineers. The present review focuses on two unique aspects of modern flow chemistry where substantial advantages over the corresponding batch processes have become evident. Flow chemistry being one out of several enabling technologies can ideally be combined with other enabling technologies such as energy input. This may be achieved in form of heat to create supercritical conditions. Here, indirect methods such as microwave irradiation and inductive heating have seen widespread applications. Also radiation can efficiently be used to carry out photochemical reactions in a highly practical and scalable manner. A second unique aspect of flow chemistry compared to batch chemistry is associated with the option to carry out multistep synthesis by designing a flow set‐up composed of several flow reactors. Besides their role as chemical reactors these can act as elements for purification or solvent switch.
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure, Recognition, and Processing of Cisplatin−DNA AdductsElizabeth R. Jamieson and Stephen J. LippardView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 9, 2467–2498Publication Date (Web):August 14, 1999Publication History Received29 April 1999Published online14 August 1999Published inissue 8 September 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr980421nhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr980421nresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views13254Altmetric-Citations2491LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Adducts,Antineoplastic agents,Cells,Genetics,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
Over the past two decades, microreaction technology has matured from early devices and concepts to encompass a wide range of commercial equipment and applications. This evolution has been aided by the confluence of microreactor development and adoption of continuous flow technology in organic chemistry. This Perspective summarizes the current state‐of‐the art with focus on enabling technologies for reaction and separation equipment. Automation and optimization are highlighted as promising applications of microreactor technology. The move towards continuous processing in pharmaceutical manufacturing underscores increasing industrial interest in the technology. As an example, end‐to‐end fabrication of pharmaceuticals in a compact reconfigurable system illustrates the development of on‐demand manufacturing units based on microreactors. The final section provides an outlook for the technology, including implementation challenges and integration with computational tools. AIChE J , 2017 © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J , 63: 858–869, 2017
Milk and products made from it affect the lives of a large proportion of the world's population. Many dairy products are consumed at times and in places far removed from the point at which the milk was produced. This is made possible by the chemical and physical treatments and fractionations applied to milk by modern technology. These treatments are designed to preserve the nutritional value of the milk constituents in the form of palatable products. As food technology in general becomes more advanced and more sophisticated, there is less need for specific commodity technology; on the other hand, there is more need for specific knowledge of raw materials and the effects of various processing treatments on them. - From the Preface to Dairy Chemistry and Physics
Refineries must not only adapt to evolving environmental regulations for cleaner product specifications and processing, but also find ways to meet the increasing demand for petroleum products,particularly for liquid fuels and petrochemical feedstocks. The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum, Fourth Edition offers a 21st century perspective
Propylene is an important building block for enormous petrochemicals including polypropylene, propylene oxide, acrylonitrile and so forth. Propane dehydrogenation (PDH) is an industrial technology for direct propylene production which has received extensive attention in recent years. With the development of dehydrogenation technologies, the efficient adsorption/activation of propane and subsequential desorption of propylene on the surfaces of heterogeneous catalysts remain scientifically challenging. This review describes recent advances in the fundamental understandings of the PDH process in terms of emerging technologies, catalyst development and new chemistry in regulating the catalyst structures and inhibiting the catalyst deactivation. The active sites, reaction pathways and deactivation mechanisms of PDH over metals and metal oxides as well as their dependent factors are also analysed and discussed, which is expected to enable efficient catalyst design for minimizing the reaction barriers and controlling the selectivity towards propylene. The challenges and perspectives of PDH over heterogeneous catalysts are also proposed for further development.