Current therapeutic planning of chemotherapy is based on empirical dosimetry and intermittent dose administration, which can cause poorly defined therapeutic timepoints due to tumor heterogeneities and related highly uncertain tumor dynamics. Dynamic control strategies have been investigated to overcome these limitations, but their dependence on reliable mathematical models predicting tumor dynamics and/or their inherent intuition have hampered their use in clinical practice. This study proposes a control method for administering chemotherapeutic drugs using planet-formation-like dynamics to ensure high adaptability and versatility to uncertain tumor dynamics, taking advantage of the evolutive, deterministic, adaptive, convergent, and robust behavior of planetary systems. The planet-formation-inspired controller was designed using accretion and gravitational attraction that occur during planet formation, such that chemotherapeutic trajectories are attracted in an analogous pattern as planetesimal bodies (masses/particles) are attracted to protoplanets. The necessary conditions to guarantee stability are provided, as well as extensive simulation results for cyclophosphamide, different tumor volumes (200 and 2,000 mm3), and different modeling characterizations (therapy with and without chemoresistance). The Sobol indices were also computed to analyze the influence of controller parameters on planet-formation-inspired administration as well as to find the influence of astrophysical-like dynamics on mechanobiological tumor dynamics. This controller ensured either tumor remission or retention states, regardless of the initial tumor volume, tumor growth dynamics, and the potential impact of chemoresistance. Its non-linear drug administration resulted in highly robust, stable, and adaptive behaviors, with detumorization represented as an effective response metric that does not explicitly incorporate inter-individual biological variability and is associated with a uniformization of treatment times. Such planet-formation-inspired administration forces detumorization dynamics defined by geometro-pharmacokinetics that significantly outperform both non-adaptive and adaptive intermittent administrations. We also found that drag forces inside protoplanets are usually the most dominant astrophysical phenomenon influencing mechanobiological dynamics in resistance-free chemotherapy, while accretion is usually the most dominant one in cancer therapies with chemoresistance. This study provides a computationally promising proof-of-concept highlighting that planet-formation-inspired dynamics can effectively overcome the limitations of tumor heterogeneity and uncertain tumor dynamics, presenting significant improvements compared to conventional chemotherapy administration.
The interaction between planetary atmosphere and stellar winds governs atmospheric evolution in unmagnetized planets. Generally, an interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) drapes around the planetary ionosphere, creating a magnetic barrier that deflects stellar winds and leads to the formation of an induced magnetosphere. However, whether an induced magnetosphere can form under radial IMF conditions where the IMF aligns with solar wind flow in our Solar System remains controversial. By analyzing joint observations from the Tianwen-1 orbiter and the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission combined with hybrid numerical simulations, we clearly demonstrate the formation of Mars' induced magnetosphere during the radial IMF for the first time. This induced magnetosphere comprises a draped magnetic field and an induced magnetic field. Magnetic pressure buildup above the ionosphere surpasses incident solar wind pressure, which establishes a stable magnetic barrier. This finding indicates that the draped magnetic field still forms under a radial IMF. The formation of Mars' induced magnetosphere under the radial IMF could be a general pattern for the interaction between the IMF and planetary atmosphere, which can be referred to terrestrial exoplanets within the close-in habitable zone of dwarf stars. This work clarifies the fundamental understanding of solar wind interactions with unmagnetized planets across diverse solar wind conditions.
Electromagnetic (EM) sounding of planetary bodies other than the Earth was first possible on the Moon, but has since been used to probe interior structure of planets and moons throughout the solar system. This emergence has been facilitated by the growing availability of mission data and associated improved understanding of planetary magnetic field environments. In this review, I outline the general principles of EM induction, with particular emphasis on planetary specific assumptions and aspects that have to be considered in non-terrestrial environments, including limited or incomplete datasets. I review magnetic field mission data from past and ongoing space missions that can support EM investigations. The availability and quality of such data determine the scope and depth of investigations, ranging from characterizing most interior layers to identifying subsurface oceans. Looking ahead, upcoming missions will facilitate a better characterization of planetary bodies, which will contribute to addressing most fundamental questions, including the possibility of oceans and potential for life within the Jovian system.
Habitability of rocky planets relies on the budgets of life-essential elements (LEEs) in their building blocks. The provenance and geochemistry of the planetesimals that supplied the LEEs to Earth remain debated. Traditional models argue LEE delivery via outer Solar System chondrites, but their 2 to 4 million-year (Myr) accretion ages preclude them as the first feedstock. To investigate the initial LEE distribution, we reconstructed the phosphorus-nitrogen (P-N) budget of the iron meteorite parent bodies (IMPBs), which accreted <1 Myr of Solar System formation. High-pressure-temperature experiments of P-N partitioning between solid and liquid alloys combined with geochemical models reveal higher P/N ratios in outer Solar System IMPBs than in inner ones-a trend reversed in chondrites. This evolution reflects early refractory schreibersite delivery to the outer disk, later curtailed by Jupiter's growth. Further modeling in combination with previous elemental and isotopic data on volatile LEEs suggests that both early and later inner Solar System planetesimals are chief contributors to Earth's LEE inventory.
Epic MyChart, used as a patient portal or within Epic Healthy Planet programmes, is integrated with the Epic electronic health record system, enabling secure access to health information, communication with clinicians and self-management tools. Despite increasing portal adoption in the UK and internationally, there is fragmented and unclear evidence demonstrating impact on clinical outcomes, engagement, safety, experience, efficiency and equity. This scoping review will map existing research on Epic MyChart, identify barriers and facilitators to uptake, and explore technical and operational determinants influencing implementation. We will conduct a scoping review guided by Arksey and O'Malley's framework, refined by Levac et al, and report according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) and PRISMA-Equity guidelines. Eligible studies will include original research evaluating Epic MyChart or Epic Healthy Planet programmes, reporting outcomes related to patient-reported measures, clinical effectiveness, engagement, safety, efficiency or equity. Searches will cover MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, Scopus, trial registries and grey literature. Two reviewers will independently screen records and extract data on study characteristics, outcomes, equity factors and implementation determinants. Quantitative findings will be synthesised narratively using synthesis without meta-analysis guidance; qualitative data will undergo thematic synthesis. Stakeholder consultations with health informatics experts, clinicians, data scientists and health system managers, alongside a patient and public involvement workshop, will support interpretation of findings. A logic model will illustrate relationships between portal features, implementation factors and outcomes. Although focused on Epic MyChart, the review will offer insights relevant to other patient portals, as many implementation and equity considerations are shared across digital health systems. Ethical approval is not required as the review uses published data. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication, conferences and stakeholder engagement to inform implementation of patient portals internationally. The protocol is registered on the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/5azdh/overview).
Accurate knowledge of the electrical and thermal conductivities and structural properties of hydrogen-helium mixtures under thermodynamic conditions within and beyond the immiscibility range is very important to predict the thermal evolution and internal structure of gas giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. Here, we propose a novel method to determine the immiscibility boundary accurately without the need for free energy calculations, while providing consistent insights into structural and transport properties of mixtures. We show with direct large-scale ab initio simulations that the insulator-metal transition (IMT) of the hydrogen subsystem is strongly affected by an admixture with a small fraction of helium and occurs at temperatures significantly higher than those of pure hydrogen. At pressures below 150 GPa, the IMT boundary is not related anymore to the H2 subsystem dissociation, the system remains insulating even after the full dissociation of H2 molecules and its transition to an atomic H-He mixture. The offset of the IMT in the H-He mixture relative to the dissociation region in the hydrogen subsystem and the significant reduction of static electrical and thermal conductivity by a factor between two and a few thousand relative to pure hydrogen found in mixtures have consequences for Jupiter and Saturn's thermal evolution, internal structure, and dynamo action, affecting a large fraction of the interior of both planets.
The current kidney care model-focused on late-stage disease and in-center haemodialysis-is unsustainable because of costs, environmental burden, poor outcomes, and reduced quality of life. The 78th World Health Assembly's recognition of kidney disease as a serious health threat presents a critical opportunity to reshape kidney care. Aligned with this, the 2026 World Kidney Day theme, "Kidney Health for All: Caring for People, Protecting the Planet", calls for a systematic change. A sustainable model must prioritize early detection and prevention, reducing the need for kidney replacement therapy. Transplantation and home dialysis benefit people with kidney failure, environment and society. Dialysis itself must become more eco-friendly without compromising care quality, recognizing that planetary perturbations in turn affect kidney health. Conservative care should also be considered, particularly for elderly and frail patients, if the quality-of-life benefits outweigh the perspectives offered by dialysis. Achieving this shift requires coordinated action across all stakeholders: education and engagement of the public, policy makers and health professionals to raise awareness about the threat of kidney disease; and an urgent move toward patient-centered care.
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Earth's albedo is fundamental to the planetary energy budget1. The Northern Hemisphere (NH) and Southern Hemisphere (SH) contribute essentially equally to the planetary albedo-a remarkable yet puzzling phenomenon known as hemispheric albedo symmetry1-6. Although such symmetry is rare, it is not unique7. Nevertheless, other symmetry pairs have remained unexplored, despite their potential to illuminate possible causes of albedo symmetries and implications for the planetary energy budget. Using a 25-year satellite record, here we show that Earth also exhibits a unique and persistent east-west (E-W) albedo symmetry: the 27° E meridian divides the planet into an Eastern Hemisphere (EH) and a Western Hemisphere (WH) that reflect nearly identical amounts of sunlight. In contrast to the NH-SH symmetry, the EH-WH symmetry encapsulates a distinctive 'triple symmetry' in which clear-sky albedo, cloud radiative effect and open-ocean fraction all exhibit hemispheric symmetry around this meridian. This EH-WH symmetry arises from greater high-cloud reflection in the EH balancing greater low-cloud reflection in the WH. Furthermore, interannual variability in the EH-WH symmetry tracks the phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), indicating a potential connection to general circulation. This discovery of the EH-WH albedo symmetry and its emergence as a triple symmetry provides a reduced degree-of-freedom constraint for Earth system models (ESMs) and stresses the critical nature of continued Earth radiation budget observations under a rapidly changing climate.
Both the geologic and genomic records provide information on the earliest history of terrestrial life. Despite the challenges inherent to the fragmentary and highly metamorphosed earliest rock record, microfossils as old as ∼3.5 billion years (Ga) and potential morphological and isotopic traces in earlier rocks suggest the origin and diversification of life within the planet's first billion years. This is consistent with a growing body of evidence for liquid water in Earth's surface or near-surface environment by around 4.3 Ga, which provides at least one requirement of habitability. Genomic evidence further informs our understanding of early life, including some aspects of its environment, physiology, and metabolism. In addition, ancestral proteome reconstruction and molecular clocks provide clues to the nature and timing of the last universal common ancestor (LUCA), although the latter methodology remains challenging and highly uncertain. Improved molecular clock methods may be able to better constrain the timing of LUCA and the divergence of the major domains of extant life, while further interrogation of the earliest geologic and geochemical records may be able to reveal even earlier evidence for an inhabited planet.
The topography and chemical composition of Earth's early crust likely shaped the conditions under which self-replicating biomolecules emerged. The stability of these molecules depended on dynamic interactions across Earth's interior and surface, from the core to the atmosphere. Tracing the origin of a biosphere on Earth requires understanding its transformation from an initially uninhabitable planet into a temperate world with a stable crust, active rock recycling, volatile cycling, and surface oceans. These features are closely linked to plate tectonics, a process unique to Earth in our solar system. Before the onset of modern plate tectonics, Earth evolved from a global magma ocean (∼4.5 Ga) into a differentiated planet with a primordial crust, mantle, and core. The co-evolution of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere played a fundamental role in establishing surface conditions suitable for life. Here, we review current perspectives on the evolution of tectonic regimes from Earth's formation (∼4.567 Ga) to the emergence of mobile-lid tectonics and the implications for crustal environments that may have supported the origin of life.
In river-dependent regions such as the Brazilian Amazon, severe droughts can disrupt care continuity by isolating municipalities and fragmenting supply chains. We assessed how four major droughts affected tuberculosis and HIV care cascades in Amazonas state. We analysed monthly data (Jan 1, 2001, to Dec 31, 2024) from all 62 municipalities of the Amazonas state, Brazil, grouped into nine river basins and stratified by sex when available. Droughts were defined by the relative maximum cumulative water deficit value being below -2·0 or river discharge at or below the fifth historical percentile. We prespecified four major drought episodes affecting Amazonas at a monthly resolution: May to June, 2005; May to June, 2010; August, 2015, to April, 2016; and October, 2023, to February, 2024. Outcomes were primary-care consultations, tuberculosis and HIV notifications, treatment interruption, and disease-specific mortality. Additionally, we did a prespecified subgroup analysis stratified by sex for both diseases' indicators to assess whether drought-associated deviations differed systematically between men and women. We fitted Bayesian hierarchical negative binomial models to estimate counterfactual trajectories and summarised effects as incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and excess events per 100 000 population. The 2015-16 drought coincided with widespread consultation deficits (statewide peak IRR 0·78 [95% credible interval 0·68-0·89]) and pronounced increases in HIV treatment interruption across all basins (statewide peak IRR 6·01 [2·12-15·33]), particularly among men (Rio Negro peak IRR 5·57 [3·02-9·78]). By contrast, the 2023-24 drought coincided with increased care consultations statewide (peak IRR 1·63 [1·25-2·11]) but persistent treatment interruption and mortality signals, including female-predominant increases in HIV treatment interruption in Rio Negro (peak IRR 2·87 [1·27-5·63]) and female mortality statewide (1·97 [1·05-3·39]), with additional basin-level mortality increases in Alto Solimões, Baixo Amazonas, and Médio Amazonas. Tuberculosis notifications increased mainly in 2023-24 in specific basins, especially in Baixo Amazonas (peak IRR 2·09 [1·54-2·76]), Médio Amazonas (1·74 [1·30-2·28]), and Baixo Solimões (1·60 [1·24-2·07]). Severe droughts were associated with basin-specific disruptions in tuberculosis and HIV care cascades in the Brazilian Amazon, with clearer signals in adherence-dependent and downstream outcomes than in case detection. Strengthening resilience will require anticipatory, continuity-focused strategies that safeguard treatment access during climate-related transport constraints. Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas and Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development.
Vibrios have sustained various types of ocean ecosystems, being key players in marine mineral cycles and essential partners in specific groups of marine life. Observed genome plasticity and metabolic versatility are some of the unique biological features of vibrios, and these traits could contribute in expanding their ecological niche in marine environments. Vibrios are now recognized as ecophysiologically essential microbial species for our planet. At the time to "Sustainable Development Goals" (SDGs), their genome plasticity and metabolic versatility have also been studied with the aim of solving global issues such as energy production and plastic pollution by creating new microbial biocatalysts. Here, we introduce recent progress on the application of vibrios aiming towards green transformation (GX).
Microalgae have been gaining attention for biotechnological purposes in different fields, such as food, energy, cosmetics, and bioremediation. However, due to habitat variation across the planet, there is still a scarcity of information on microalgae development in extreme environments, such as those with low temperatures. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of growth stage and cold stress (5°C) on cell wall features, including ultrastructure, and main polysaccharides in three microalgal species from Northern Sweden: Coelastrella sp. 3-4, Chlorella vulgaris sp. 13-1, and Scenedesmus sp. B2-2. All microalgal strains grown at 25°C showed increased cell wall thickness between the exponential and stationary phases by around 45%, with Scenedesmus showing an increase of up to 230%. Under cold stress, the cell wall thickness between the exponential and stationary phases had the greatest increase of 68% in Scenedesmus. However, both Chlorella vulgaris sp. 13-1 and Scenedesmus sp. B2-2 showed that cold stress stimulated the formation of a thicker cell wall during exponential growth compared to control growth conditions. The layer configuration showed a differentiation, with Chlorella presenting a bilayer cell wall and the cell walls of Coelastrella and Scenedesmus being mainly composed of several layers distinguishable by transmission electron microscopy. Cold stress altered the microalgal cell wall ultrastructure and morphology. Glycosyl-linkage analysis did not show a change in the composition of the main cell wall polysaccharides under cold stress.
The extent to which different human activities disturb seabed carbon, the largest long-term organic carbon reservoir on the planet, is poorly understood. Research to date has focused primarily on bottom trawl fisheries, but industries that target and extract marine sediments are likely to disturb significant masses of sedimentary organic carbon. This can lead to its remineralisation and reduce the capacity of the ocean to absorb atmospheric CO2. In this study, we combine archival documents, industry records, and published seabed substrate data, to estimate historical disturbance of sedimentary organic carbon on the Northwest European Shelf (NWES) from port dredging activities and marine aggregate extraction. Monte Carlo simulations were used to provide probabilistic estimates of annual carbon disturbance and associated upper and lower bounds (5th and 95th percentiles, respectively). Based on annual Monte Carlo simulations run between 1995-2021, our results suggest that port dredging over the shelf area disturbed 2.2 ± 0.9 Mt organic carbon year-1. In the case of marine aggregate extraction, simulations run between 1955-2022, suggest that marine aggregate extraction disturbed 0.4 ± 0.3 Mt organic carbon year-1. At a country scale, analysis of activities in UK waters suggest that organic carbon disturbance from port dredging and aggregate extraction activities are approximately three orders of magnitude lower than published estimates of disturbance by bottom trawling. Nevertheless, historical and contemporary port dredging and aggregate extraction present substantial and spatially concentrated sources of anthropogenic carbon disturbance that have not been systematically quantified across the Northwest European Shelf until now. These findings therefore address an important knowledge gap and have the potential to inform marine management and conservation strategies aimed at minimising organic carbon loss from the seabed.
Solar energy is the ultimate power source for mass and energy conversions on this planet through photochemical reactions. Among these, photoinduced interfacial electron transfer (PIET) reactions are driven by photofield-induced Volta potentials, fundamentally different from classical electrochemical processes by directly applied potential through a potentiostat. Herein, we develop a colocated scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) approach─integrating with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM)─to correlate the morphology, Volta potential, and PIET kinetics at the same located silver sheet/single-layer graphene (Ag/SLG) electrode. We reveal that illumination induces π-π* transitions in SLG and d-electron excitations in Ag, leading to a synchronous positive shift of the Fermi level of the Ag/SLG electrode, acting effectively as a photogenerated interfacial potential. More importantly, the Volta potential difference across the Ag/SLG boundary, determined by their electron work function, remains nearly constant. The synergy between the photoinduced Volta potential and the Volta potential difference across the Ag/SLG boundary underpins the enhanced PIET efficiency. This study provides a direct methodology to quantify physical-field-driven interfacial electron transfer and establishes a framework for the rational design of catalyst/carrier systems beyond conventional electrochemical paradigms.
Plastics continuously fragment into micro- and nanoplastics (MPs/NPs), which are increasingly recognized as emerging environmental contaminants of global concern. Human exposure to nanoplastics through air, food, and water is becoming unavoidable; however, their direct effects on human immune cells remain poorly understood. Due to their small size, NPs can enter the circulation and directly interact with immune cells, yet their cellular effects in humans remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the impact of polystyrene NPs on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using an integrated approach that combined imaging, mitochondrial stress testing, basophil activation assays, and single-cell RNA sequencing. Confocal microscopy confirmed efficient cytoplasmic internalization of 25-nm NPs. Optical diffraction tomography revealed that even short-term (1 h) exposure induced pronounced biophysical remodeling, including reduced cell volume and dry mass alongside increased intracellular density and refractive index. Seahorse metabolic profiling demonstrated substantial suppression of mitochondrial respiration across major immune subsets, reflected in reduced basal and maximal respiration, ATP-linked oxygen consumption, and spare respiratory capacity. Basophil activation remained unaffected by NP exposure. Single-cell transcriptomics identified a distinct NP-induced "stress-cell" population, characterized by upregulation of heat-shock and proteostasis pathways and concomitant downregulation of mitochondrial-encoded transcripts. Together, these data show that NPs rapidly disrupt mitochondrial function and activate proteotoxic stress programs in human immune cells. By situating these mechanisms within the One Health framework (human, animal and the planet health), our findings highlight how environmental nanoplastic pollution may translate into immune dysregulation and inform integrated environmental-public health risk assessments.