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During a survey investigating fungal diversity in the Chishui River Basin, Guizhou Province, China, four fungal specimens were collected from submerged wood in freshwater habitats. Based on detailed morphological observations and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses, two novel species, Chloridium chishuiensis and Xylolentia chishuiensis, are herein described and illustrated in detail. Chloridium chishuiensis is phylogenetically closely related to C. crousii, C. kirkii, C. tropicale, and C. xishuangbannaense but differs from these taxa by producing multiple conidiogenous loci and possessing longer conidiophores. Xylolentia chishuiensis forms a sister lineage to X. oblongispora and is distinguished by its smaller, ellipsoid to subglobose conidia. Additionally, a new host record of Rhamphoriopsis aquimicrospora is reported, accompanied by a new geographical record of Xylolentia yibinensis. These findings enriched the fungal diversity of the Chishui River Basin.
Cytospora is a species-rich and globally distributed genus in Diaporthales, characterized by hyaline, aseptate, and allantoid ascospores and conidia. Many species in this genus are recognized as important plant pathogens that cause branch cankers on a wide range of hosts. Recent taxonomic revisions, integrating morphological and molecular phylogenetic data, have clarified the generic limits of Cytospora, resulting in the recognition of three groups and eight types in the teleomorph and three groups and thirteen types in the anamorph, as well as ten species complexes. In this study, canker diseases on Populus szechuanica var. tibetica and Salix lasiogyne were investigated in Xizang, China. Species identification was conducted using a polyphasic approach combining morphological characteristics and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses based on ITS, act, rpb2, tef1, and tub2 sequences. Consequently, two new species, Cytospora chayuensis from the C. leucostoma species complex and C. sinopopuli from the C. kantschavelii species complex, are introduced herein. This study contributes to knowledge of Cytospora species diversity and provides foundational data for the management of poplar and willow canker diseases.
Pleosporales is the largest order of Dothideomycetes and is widely distributed in terrestrial and aquatic environments. During a survey of saprobic fungi in southwestern China, we collected and isolated some Pleosporales taxa. Based on morphological comparisons and multi-gene (SSU-ITS-LSU-tef1) phylogenetic analyses, we describe two new species, Pleopunctum xizangense and Pseudolophiostoma yunnanense, as well as a new host record, Pleopunctum pseudoellipsoideum, that were collected from the plant family Fagales. Pseudolophiostoma yunnanense was found in its asexual state, the first such account for this genus. In this study, we compare and discuss morphologically similar species and phylogenetically related taxa, providing comprehensive illustrations and descriptions of the isolates.
During a survey of fungal diversity in Guangdong Province, China, two fungal strains were obtained from air contaminants, and three fungal strains were recovered from rock surfaces. Morphological characterization combined with multi-locus phylogenetic analyses based on LSU, ITS, and SSU sequence data indicated that these strains belong to the genera Ceratostomella and Pararamichloridium within the class Sordariomycetes. Phylogenetic results showed that the strains form distinct and well-supported lineages, clearly separated from previously described species. Therefore, they are introduced here as two new species: Ceratostomella guangdongensis sp. nov. and Pararamichloridium purpureum sp. nov. Detailed descriptions, illustrations, and a phylogenetic tree are provided. This study highlights rock surfaces and air environments as valuable sources of previously undocumented fungal diversity.
During an ongoing taxonomic investigation of microfungi in southern China, three novel taxa belonging to the family Chaetosphaeriaceae are introduced based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of combined ITS, LSU and tef1-α sequence data. Two of the new species, Brunneodinemasporium septatum and Codinaea yulinensis, possess phialidic asexual morphs, whereas the third new species, Pseudolomaantha yulinensis, is characterized by a non-phialidic, sporidesmium-like asexual morph. Detailed morphological descriptions and illustrations are provided for all taxa, together with notes comparing them to morphologically similar species. Phylogenetic analyses support their placement within Chaetosphaeriaceae and confirm their status as distinct species.
Xylobolus subpileatus, a corticioid fungus associated with white rot in woody angiosperms, represents a valuable resource for pharmaceutical and industrial applications due to its production of antitumor and neuroprotective compounds. It plays a significant ecological role in lignin decomposition and the global carbon cycle. Assessing the impact of climate change on its distribution is essential for germplasm conservation. This study employed the MaxEnt model with CMIP6 climate data to project potential suitable habitats across several periods: the Mid Holocene, the present (1970-2000), and future decades (2030s-2090s). The model performed reliably, with current predictions aligning well with known occurrences. Annual precipitation, precipitation of the driest quarter, and annual mean temperature were identified as the dominant factors shaping its distribution. The total suitable area under current conditions is approximately 2944.21 × 104 km2, categorized into low, moderate, and high suitability zones, with the most highly suitable regions concentrated in North America. Over time, the suitable area showed an initial expansion followed by a contraction. These projections help identify previously unexplored potential habitats and provide a scientific basis for the conservation and sustainable management of this species.
Hyperparasitism in fungi remains poorly understood and documented, despite its ecological significance. In this study, a hyperparasitic fungus associated with Ophiocordyceps jilinensis was collected in Jilin Province, China. A new genus, Sorobiellomyces gen. nov., is proposed to accommodate Sorobiellomyces jilinensis sp. nov., which is parasitic on an entomopathogenic host. Morphological observations and multilocus phylogenetic analyses based on ITS, SSU, LSU, tef1-α, rpb1, and rpb2 sequence data placed S. jilinensis within Polycephalomycetaceae as a distinct lineage. Sorobiellomyces is characterized by a white to yellowish hyphal covering, absence of synnemata, and cylindrical to subulate phialides producing hyaline, ovoid conidia. Ophiocordyceps jilinensis is redescribed and illustrated. In addition, Niveomyces pseudoalbus sp. nov. is introduced based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence. These results expand the diversity of Polycephalomycetaceae and Cordycipitaceae and provide new data on fungal hyperparasitism.
Rhizosphere soil, serving as the micro-ecological interface linking plant roots and the surrounding environment, is critical for the tea plant, as it harbors a rich diversity of microbial species that influence nutrient absorption and transformation in plant roots. During a fungal diversity survey of rhizosphere soil from tea plants, 10 fungal strains were isolated from soil samples collected in Guizhou, China. Based on morphological characteristics and multi-gene phylogenetic analysis, they were identified and proposed as three new species: Arthrographis guizhouensis sp. nov., Coniochaeta guizhouensis sp. nov., and Spiromyces sinensis sp. nov. In this study, morphological descriptions, illustrations, and molecular phylogenetic analyses of these three new species are presented.
Wood-decaying fungi are among the most important groups of macrofungi with crucial ecological roles and economic value. In this study, phylogenies were reconstructed using ITS + nLSU genetic loci of Phlebiopsis, and ITS + nLSU + tef1 genetic loci of Sicyoideibasidia. Two new wood-decaying fungal species on Arundo donax, Phlebiopsis arundinacea sp. nov. and Sicyoideibasidia luteocystidia sp. nov. are illustrated and described from Guangxi, southern China. Phlebiopsis arundinacea is characterized by resupinate, membranaceous basidiomata with smooth and grayish brown hymenial surface when fresh, a pseudodimitic hyphal system with simple-septate generative hyphae, the presence of brown skeletocystidia and lamprocystidia, and subcylindrical to oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores. Sicyoideibasidia luteocystidia is characterized by resupinate, membranaceous basidiomata with smooth and white to cream hymenial surface when fresh, a monomitic hyphal system bearing clamp connections on generative hyphae, the presence of fusiform to subulate and slight yellow clavate to capitate cystidia, and ellipsoid, thick-walled basidiospores. The phylogenetic analyses showed that P. arundinacea was closely related to P. crassa, with strong support based on the ITS + nLSU genetic loci. Scopuloides hainanensis was sister to S. yunnanensis and was grouped with other species of Sicyoideibasidia, both relationships strongly supported by ITS + nLSU + tef1 genetic loci. A full description, illustrations, and phylogenetic analysis results of the two new species are provided here. In addition, Sicyoideibasidia yunnanensis is secondly recorded after its original description, and it was found on Arundo donax from Guangxi Autonomous Region, Southern China.
Fungi in urban soils are an indispensable component of urban ecosystems, playing a central role in maintaining soil health, promoting nutrient cycling, facilitating plant growth, and safeguarding ecosystem functions. However, taxonomic studies of fungi in urban soils remain extremely limited. During an investigation of culturable fungi from urban soils in China, eight isolates belonging to Sympoventuriaceae were isolated. Although recent taxonomic refinements at the generic level within Sympoventuriaceae have progressed, the taxonomic status of some monotypic genera remains to be stabilized. Based on integrated morphological characterization and multigene phylogenetic analyses of five loci (ITS, LSU, tef1, tub2, and rpb2), three novel species are described and illustrated: Scolecobasidium campestre, Verruconis obovatus, and Veronaeopsis sinensis. This study provides comprehensive morphological descriptions, illustrations, phylogenetic data, and comparisons with closely related species for these novel taxa. This research contributes to fungal data from urban soils and enhances the understanding of the species diversity, taxonomy, and distribution of Sympoventuriaceae.
Metacapnodiaceae is one of several sooty mold families in Ascomycota. Its species grow as dense, black, spongy mats on the surfaces of plant leaves and twigs, typically in association with insect honeydew or plant leachates. Studying Metacapnodiaceae has been challenging because multiple species intermingle in the same small patches of mycelium, and they are difficult to culture or to distinguish by their morphology. Prior to this research, DNA sequences were available for only two species in the family. Here, with the goal of better characterizing species diversity, we determined complete or partial DNA sequence barcodes for ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions for 16 collections of Metacapnodium using a Metacapnodium-specific primer, followed by phylogenetic and morphological analyses. Tapering, moniliform hyphae, cells wider than long, and a distinctive phialidic asexual state were good predictors of membership in a well-supported Metacapnodium clade. Sequences from the 16 collections represent 9 named species of Metacapnodium. Barcoded species include: M. stanhughesii sp. nov., M. vancouverensis, sp. nov. and M. australis comb. nov. Based on morphological characters, we propose M. atro-olivaceus comb. nov., M. novae-zelandiae comb. nov., and M. pacificus comb. nov. We provide a key to identification of 15 species studied. To investigate the deeper phylogenetic relationships of Metacapnodiaceae, we sequenced partial nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU) gene regions from five specimens and elongation factor 1-alpha (ef1-α) gene regions from two specimens. In our analysis of concatenated sequences from ribosomal DNA, ef1-α, and from rpb2, the gene encoding the 2nd largest subunit of RNA polymerase II protein, Metacapnodium appeared within the subclass Chaetothyriomycetidae, class Eurotiomycetes with strong support, and as the sister group to Pleostigmataceae but without strong statistical support. Our study adds Metacapnodiaceae to the clades of enigmatic, slow growing fungi of harsh environments with lichenized, lichenicolous, resinicolous and rock-inhabiting niches. Resolving family relationships is relevant to age estimates of Ascomycota, as fossilized Metacapnodium specimens in amber potentially contribute to calibration of divergence times.
Myriolecis represents one of the richest genera in species diversity within Lecanoraceae. In this study, approximately 700 specimens collected from high-altitude, temperate continental arid-climate regions in northwestern China, including the Kunlun Mountains, the southern Tianshan Mountains, and the Karakoram Range, were examined. A total of six species were identified, among which three are described as new to science: Myriolecis convexa, M. incisa, and M. kunlunica; and three are newly recorded in China: M. fugiens, M. mons-nivis, and M. wetmorei. All species were identified based on morphological, anatomical, and molecular data. Phylogenetic analyses using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) sequences confirm the placement of these species within Myriolecis and support the current species delimitations. Detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations, distribution data, chemical information, and ecological notes are provided for each species, along with comparisons with morphologically similar and phylogenetically related species within the genus. A dichotomous key to 22 species of Myriolecis from China is presented.
Two new rhizomorph-forming species within the family Omphalotaceae, Gymnopus fuscostipes sp. nov. and Pseudomarasmius brunneodiscus sp. nov., are proposed based on morpho-molecular evidence. Both species are characterized by marasmioid basidiomata, brownish pileus, and black rhizomorphs. Detailed morphological descriptions, color photos, and illustrations are presented herein, as well as comparisons with closely related species.
Caves are globally recognised as reservoirs of high fungal diversity, with cave soils harbouring many previously underexplored taxa. Fungal research in Thailand has been conducted for more than two decades; however, studies focusing on fungal diversity in cave environments remain limited. In the present study, six fungal strains were isolated from soil samples collected from the prehistoric Phi Man Long Long Rak Cave located in Pang Mapha District, Mae Hong Son Province, northern Thailand. These strains were identified, based on morphological characteristics and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses using sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU), β-tubulin (BenA), calmodulin (CaM) and the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2). Four strains representing two new species, Malbranchea cavernicola and Talaromyces pangmaphaensis, are described herein. In addition, two strains identified as Malbranchea gymnoascoides are reported for the first time from soil and represent a new geographical record in Thailand. Full descriptions, illustrations and a phylogenetic tree showing the phylogenetic positions of the cave fungi identified in this study are provided.
Dacryobolus (Dacryobolaceae) is a brown-rot corticioid genus distributed mainly in temperate and subtropical regions. In this study, specimens of Dacryobolus collected on Pinus yunnanensis from Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces, southwestern China, were studied by morphological and molecular methods. As a result, three new lineages within the clade of the genus were recognized based on the concatenated ITS-nrLSU phylogenetic tree. Accordingly, three new species, Dacryobolus caesius, D. odontoides, and D. yunnanensis, are described and illustrated for these new lineages. Morphologically, Dacryobolus caesius and D. odontoides have odontoid hymenophores and lack cystidia, whereas D. yunnanensis has smooth hymenophores and possesses thick-walled skeletocystidia. The taxonomy and phylogeny of Dacryobolus are discussed, and a key to all known species of the genus worldwide is provided. This study enriches knowledge about the species diversity of Dacryobolus and brown-rot corticioid fungi in China.
Natural rubber is an important biopolymer utilized in more than 4,000 commercial products. Nevertheless, the accumulation of waste rubber poses a significant environmental challenge due to its resistance to natural degradation. The present study sought to isolate and identify fungi from discarded rubber materials and assess their potential involvement in the early-stage surface deterioration of natural rubber. An initial screening of 69 fungal strains for extracellular enzyme production, including esterases, lipases, proteases, and laccases, was conducted. Following preliminary qualitative assays, 36 enzyme-producing isolates were further assessed for their capacity to modify natural rubber using rubber disc assays. Four isolates (L-12A, L-25, L-33, and T-21) showed measurable surface alterations associated with early-stage deterioration, as evidenced by limited mass loss, positive Schiff's reagent staining, and surface alterations observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After 2 months of incubation, rubber mass loss ranged from 0.77% ± 0.27% to 1.24% ± 0.25%. Schiff's reagent staining indicated oxidative modification of the rubber surface, and SEM analysis revealed surface cracking, erosion-like features, and fungal colonization. Combined morphological characteristics and multilocus phylogenetic analyses identified these strains as Neocosmospora bostrycoides (L-12A), Neocosmospora sp. (T-21), Paracremonium laticis (L-25), and Schizophyllum commune (L-33). Descriptions, illustrations, and phylogenetic analyses of the four species are presented. This study provides preliminary evidence that these fungi may contribute to early-stage surface deterioration and oxidative modification of natural rubber.
The family Inocybaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) comprises ecologically important ectomycorrhizal fungi widely distributed across temperate and tropical forests. Pakistan hosts a diverse representation of this family, particularly species of the genus Inocybe. This study presents a comprehensive checklist of members of the family Inocybaceae reported from Pakistan. Based on the latest published data, the country contains 55 species of Inocybaceae, including 28 of the genus Inocybe, six of Inosperma, ten of Mallocybe, and 11 of Pseudosperma, while no records of Auritella, Nothocybe, or Tubariomyces have been documented in the country to date. Additionally, two new species, Inocybe khalidii and Inocybe floribundae, are described herein based on integrated morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses. Phylogenetically, I. khalidii forms a distinct and strongly supported clade within the genus, confirming its relationship to allopatric species from Mexico, Japan, and the USA, while I. floribundae forms a well-supported clade within the Xanthomelas group, sister to European I. corsica and I. diabolica. Basidiomata of I. khalidii are differentially characterized by a vivid orange-brown subglabrous pileus, large and broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid basidiospores, and a near absence of caulocystidia. Basidiomata of I. floribundae are morphologically distinct from their phylogenetic relatives by the beige to brown, distinctly scaly pileus, bulbous but weakly marginate stipe, apically restricted caulocystidia, utriform-obclavate hymenial cystidia, and subisodiametric, bluntly nodulose basidiospores. Morphological descriptions, illustrations, micrographs, and sequences of ITS+LSU- and tef1-based phylogenetic analyses are presented in this article with reference to the newly described species.
Geastrum is a typical saprotrophic genus with nearly 130 species distributed worldwide, yet its infrageneric classification has traditionally relied on morphological characteristics whose phylogenetic significance remains uncertain. Here, we revisit infrageneric concepts in Geastrum using Chinese material, integrating detailed morphological observations with multi-locus phylogenetic analyses. Eight specimens collected from temperate forests in Northeast and East China yielded three new species: G. capillitiononramosum sp. nov., G. villopannosum sp. nov., and G. kunyuense sp. nov. These species share a sessile endoperidial body lacking a collar and apophysis, a distinctly delimited fibrillose peristome, and globose to subglobose basidiospores with columnar ornamentation but differ mainly in the structure of the mycelial layer and the branching and ornamentation of capillitial hyphae. Phylogenetic analyses based on a concatenated ITS-nrLSU-rpb1 dataset recovered 12 well-supported clades and confirmed the distinct phylogenetic positions of the three new species. The resulting topology further demonstrates that several traditional infrageneric groupings defined by key morphological traits, such as the hygroscopic behavior of the exoperidium and debris-encrusted mycelial layers, are only partially congruent with molecular relationships, reflecting repeated character evolution across distant lineages. Nevertheless, specific combinations of peristome structure, mycelial layer features, and capillitial morphology remain informative at the species level. With the descriptions of three new species and an updated key to 43 Chinese taxa, this study refines current knowledge of Geastrum diversity in China and provides new evidence for reassessing infrageneric classification within the genus.
Sporocadus is the type genus of Sporocadaceae and is phylogenetically closely related to Seimatosporium. Traditionally, these two genera were distinguished by the presence or absence of conidial appendages; however, this morphological character is sometimes plastic and unstable. Previous studies have also shown that internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) sequence data are insufficient for their resolution. In this study, fungal specimens were collected from branches of two rosaceous hosts, Prunus cerasifera and Rosa chinensis, in Xizang, China. Based on morphological examination and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of a combined ITS, LSU, rpb2, tef1, and tub2 dataset, two new species are revealed and described herein as Sp. bomiensis and Sp. prunicola spp. nov. Furthermore, Seimatosporium parvum, which possesses distinct conidial appendages, is transferred to Sporocadus as Sp. parvus comb. nov. based on strong molecular evidence. Given the limited resolution of ITS and LSU and the instability of conidial appendages, we suggest that five-loci datasets including all accepted species are essential for accurate identification within the Sporocadus-Seimatosporium complex. This study not only expands the species diversity of Sporocadus in high-altitude regions but also provides new insights into the taxonomy and identification of pestalotioid fungi.
The Ophiocordyceps ravenelii complex (Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales) predominantly parasitizes Coleopteran larvae, yet its species diversity remains poorly documented, particularly on non-scarabaeid hosts. Based on morphological comparisons and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses (nrSSU, nrLSU, tef1-α, rpb1, rpb2), we present a taxonomic revision of this complex from Yunnan Province, southwestern China. Specimens CXAC 0024 and CXAC 0025 are identified as Ophiocordyceps jinguangensis, for which an emended description is provided, documenting its occurrence on Elateroidea larvae and expanding its known morphological variability. Ophiocordyceps rubroflava is described as a new species distinguished by stromata arising from the host's back, immersed perithecia, and cylindrical part-spores. Both taxa form well-supported independent lineages within the O. ravenelii clade, closely related to O. formosana, O. melolonthae and O. neovolkiana. These findings expand the known diversity and host range of the O. ravenelii complex in East Asia and underscore the need for continued surveys of Coleopteran-associated Ophiocordyceps in under-explored regions.