搜索结果：Journal of human kinetics

No AccessJournal of Urology1 Jan 1974Prediction of Prognosis for Prostatic Adenocarcinoma by Combined Histological Grading and Clinical Staging Donald F. Gleason, George T. Mellinger, and The Veterans Administration Cooperative Urological Research Group Donald F. GleasonDonald F. Gleason , George T. MellingerGeorge T. Mellinger , and The Veterans Administration Cooperative Urological Research Group View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)59889-4AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail © 1974 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByIto Y, Udo K, Vertosick E, Sjoberg D, Vickers A, Al-Ahmadie H, Chen Y, Gopalan A, Sirintrapun S, Tickoo S, Scardino P, Eastham J, Reuter V and Fine S (2019) Clinical Usefulness of Prostate and Tumor Volume Related Parameters following Radical Prostatectomy for Localized Prostate CancerJournal of Urology, VOL. 201, NO. 3, (535-540), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2019.Rosenbaum C, Mandel P, Tennstedt P, Boehm K, Chun F, Graefen M, Heinzer H, Tilki D and Salomon G (2018) The Impact of Repeat Prostate Biopsies on Oncologic, Pathological and Perioperative Outcomes after Radical ProstatectomyJournal of Urology, VOL. 197, NO. 1, (103-108), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2017.Hansel D (2016) The Gleason Grading System: The Approach that Changed Prostate Cancer AssessmentJournal of Urology, VOL. 197, NO. 2S, (S140-S141), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2017.Truong M, Hollenberg G, Weinberg E, Messing E, Miyamoto H and Frye T (2018) Impact of Gleason Subtype on Prostate Cancer Detection Using Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Correlation with Final HistopathologyJournal of Urology, VOL. 198, NO. 2, (316-321), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2017.Stroup S, Moreira D, Chen Z, Howard L, Berger J, Terris M, Aronson W, Cooperberg M, Amling C, Kane C and Freedland S (2018) Biopsy Detected Gleason Pattern 5 is Associated with Recurrence, Metastasis and Mortality in a Cohort of Men with High Risk Prostate CancerJournal of Urology, VOL. 198, NO. 6, (1309-1315), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2017.Newcomb L, Thompson I, Boyer H, Brooks J, Carroll P, Cooperberg M, Dash A, Ellis W, Fazli L, Feng Z, Gleave M, Kunju P, Lance R, McKenney J, Meng M, Nicolas M, Sanda M, Simko J, So A, Tretiakova M, Troyer D, True L, Vakar-Lopez F, Virgin J, Wagner A, Wei J, Zheng Y, Nelson P and Lin D (2018) Outcomes of Active Surveillance for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer in the Prospective, Multi-Institutional Canary PASS CohortJournal of Urology, VOL. 195, NO. 2, (313-320), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2016.Mandel P, Kriegmair M, Kamphake J, Chun F, Graefen M, Huland H and Tilki D (2018) Tumor Characteristics and Oncologic Outcome after Radical Prostatectomy in Men 75 Years Old or OlderJournal of Urology, VOL. 196, NO. 1, (89-94), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2016.Boehm K, Larcher A, Tian Z, Mandel P, Schiffmann J, Karakiewicz P, Graefen M, Huland H and Tilki D (2018) Low Other Cause Mortality Rates Reflect Good Patient Selection in Patients with Prostate Cancer Treated with Radical ProstatectomyJournal of Urology, VOL. 196, NO. 1, (82-88), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2016.Boehm K, Salomon G, Beyer B, Schiffmann J, Simonis K, Graefen M and Budaeus L (2018) Shear Wave Elastography for Localization of Prostate Cancer Lesions and Assessment of Elasticity Thresholds: Implications for Targeted Biopsies and Active Surveillance ProtocolsJournal of Urology, VOL. 193, NO. 3, (794-800), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2015.Eggener S, Badani K, Barocas D, Barrisford G, Cheng J, Chin A, Corcoran A, Epstein J, George A, Gupta G, Hayn M, Kauffman E, Lane B, Liss M, Mirza M, Morgan T, Moses K, Nepple K, Preston M, Rais-Bahrami S, Resnick M, Siddiqui M, Silberstein J, Singer E, Sonn G, Sprenkle P, Stratton K, Taylor J, Tomaszewski J, Tollefson M, Vickers A, White W and Lowrance W (2018) Gleason 6 Prostate Cancer: Translating Biology into Population HealthJournal of Urology, VOL. 194, NO. 3, (626-634), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2015.Adam M, Hannah A, Budäus L, Steuber T, Salomon G, Michl U, Haese A, Fisch M, Wittmer C, Steurer S, Minner S, Heinzer H, Huland H, Graefen M, Sauter G, Schlomm T and Isbarn H (2018) A Tertiary Gleason Pattern in the Prostatectomy Specimen and its Association with Adverse Outcome after Radical ProstatectomyJournal of Urology, VOL. 192, NO. 1, (97-102), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2014.Maldonado L, Brait M, Loyo M, Sullenberger L, Wang K, Peskoe S, Rosenbaum E, Howard R, Toubaji A, Albadine R, Netto G, Hoque M, Platz E and Sidransky D (2018) GSTP1 Promoter Methylation is Associated with Recurrence in Early Stage Prostate CancerJournal of Urology, VOL. 192, NO. 5, (1542-1548), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2014.Masterson T, Cheng L, Mehan R and Koch M (2018) Tumor Focality Does Not Predict Biochemical Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy in Men With Clinically Localized Prostate CancerJournal of Urology, VOL. 186, NO. 2, (506-510), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2011.Amin A, Partin A and Epstein J (2018) Gleason Score 7 Prostate Cancer on Needle Biopsy: Relation of Primary Pattern 3 or 4 to Pathological Stage and Progression After Radical ProstatectomyJournal of Urology, VOL. 186, NO. 4, (1286-1290), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2011.Epstein J (2018) An Update of the Gleason Grading SystemJournal of Urology, VOL. 183, NO. 2, (433-440), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2010.Budäus L, Isbarn H, Eichelberg C, Lughezzani G, Sun M, Perrotte P, Chun F, Salomon G, Steuber T, Köllermann J, Sauter G, Ahyai S, Zacharias M, Fisch M, Schlomm T, Haese A, Heinzer H, Huland H, Montorsi F, Graefen M and Karakiewicz P (2018) Biochemical Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy: Multiplicative Interaction Between Surgical Margin Status and Pathological StageJournal of Urology, VOL. 184, NO. 4, (1341-1346), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2010.Trock B, Guo C, Gonzalgo M, Magheli A, Loeb S and Epstein J (2018) Tertiary Gleason Patterns and Biochemical Recurrence After Prostatectomy: Proposal for a Modified Gleason Scoring SystemJournal of Urology, VOL. 182, NO. 4, (1364-1370), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2009.Kesarwani P, Mandhani A and Mittal R (2018) Polymorphisms in Tumor Necrosis Factor-A Gene and Prostate Cancer Risk in North Indian CohortJournal of Urology, VOL. 182, NO. 6, (2938-2943), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2009.Kordan Y, Salem S, Chang S, Clark P, Cookson M, Davis R, Herrell S, Baumgartner R, Phillips S, Smith J and Barocas D (2018) Impact of Positive Apical Surgical Margins on Likelihood of Biochemical Recurrence After Radical ProstatectomyJournal of Urology, VOL. 182, NO. 6, (2695-2701), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2009.Whittemore D, Hick E, Carter M, Moul J, Miranda-Sousa A and Sexton W (2018) Significance of Tertiary Gleason Pattern 5 in Gleason Score 7 Radical Prostatectomy SpecimensJournal of Urology, VOL. 179, NO. 2, (516-522), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2008.Sim H, Telesca D, Culp S, Ellis W, Lange P, True L and Lin D (2018) Tertiary Gleason Pattern 5 in Gleason 7 Prostate Cancer Predicts Pathological Stage and Biochemical RecurrenceJournal of Urology, VOL. 179, NO. 5, (1775-1779), Online publication date: 1-May-2008.Billis A, Guimaraes M, Freitas L, Meirelles L, Magna L and Ferreira U (2018) The Impact of the 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology Consensus Conference on Standard Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma in Needle BiopsiesJournal of Urology, VOL. 180, NO. 2, (548-553), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2008.Hattab E, Koch M, Eble J, Lin H and Cheng L (2018) Tertiary Gleason Pattern 5 is a Powerful Predictor of Biochemical Relapse in Patients With Gleason Score 7 Prostatic AdenocarcinomaJournal of Urology, VOL. 175, NO. 5, (1695-1699), Online publication date: 1-May-2006.Porter C, Kodama K, Gibbons R, Correa R, Chun F, Perrotte P and Karakiewicz P (2018) 25-Year Prostate Cancer Control and Survival Outcomes: A 40-Year Radical Prostatectomy Single Institution SeriesJournal of Urology, VOL. 176, NO. 2, (569-574), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2006.KRYGIEL J, SMITH D, HOMAN S, SUMNER W, NEASE R, BROWNSON R and CATALONA W (2018) INTERMEDIATE TERM BIOCHEMICAL PROGRESSION RATES AFTER RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY AND RADIOTHERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH SCREEN DETECTED PROSTATE CANCERJournal of Urology, VOL. 174, NO. 1, (126-130), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2005.GRUBB R, ROEHL K, ANTENOR J and CATALONA W (2018) RESULTS OF COMPLIANCE WITH PROSTATE CANCER SCREENING GUIDELINESJournal of Urology, VOL. 174, NO. 2, (668-672), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2005.TROJAN L, MICHEL M, RENSCH F, JACKSON D, ALKEN P and GROBHOLZ R (2018) LYMPH AND BLOOD VESSEL ARCHITECTURE IN BENIGN AND MALIGNANT PROSTATIC TISSUE: LACK OF LYMPHANGIOGENESIS IN PROSTATE CARCINOMA ASSESSED WITH NOVEL LYMPHATIC MARKER LYMPHATIC VESSEL ENDOTHELIAL HYALURONAN RECEPTOR (LYVE-1)Journal of Urology, VOL. 172, NO. 1, (103-107), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2004.ROEHL K, HAN M, RAMOS C, ANTENOR J and CATALONA W (2018) CANCER PROGRESSION AND SURVIVAL RATES FOLLOWING ANATOMICAL RADICAL RETROPUBIC PROSTATECTOMY IN 3,478 CONSECUTIVE PATIENTS: LONG-TERM RESULTSJournal of Urology, VOL. 172, NO. 3, (910-914), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2004.NG J, KOCH M, DAGGY J and CHENG L (2018) PERINEURAL INVASION IN RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY SPECIMENS: LACK OF PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCEJournal of Urology, VOL. 172, NO. 6 Part 1, (2249-2251), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2004.HAN M, BRANNIGAN R, ANTENOR J, ROEHL K and CATALONA W (2018) ASSOCIATION OF HEMOSPERMIA WITH PROSTATE CANCERJournal of Urology, VOL. 172, NO. 6 Part 1, (2189-2192), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2004.MANOHARAN M, CIVANTOS F, KIM S, GOMEZ P and SOLOWAY M (2018) Visual Estimate of Percent of Carcinoma Predicts Recurrence After Radical ProstatectomyJournal of Urology, VOL. 170, NO. 4 Part 1, (1194-1198), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2003.KONDYLIS F, MORIARTY R, BOSTWICK D and SCHELLHAMMER P (2018) Prostate Cancer Grade Assignment: The Effect of Chronological, Interpretive and Translation BiasJournal of Urology, VOL. 170, NO. 4 Part 1, (1189-1193), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2003.GROSSKLAUS D, COFFEY C, SHAPPELL S, JACK G, CHANG S and COOKSON M (2018) Percent Of Cancer in the Biopsy Set Predicts Pathological Findings After ProstatectomyJournal of Urology, VOL. 167, NO. 5, (2032-2036), Online publication date: 1-May-2002.EPSTEIN J and POTTER S (2018) THE PATHOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PROSTATE NEEDLE BIOPSY FINDINGS: IMPLICATIONS AND CURRENT CONTROVERSIESJournal of Urology, VOL. 166, NO. 2, (402-410), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2001.HAN M, PARTIN A, PIANTADOSI S, EPSTEIN J and WALSH P (2018) ERA SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL RECURRENCE-FREE SURVIVAL FOLLOWING RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY FOR CLINICALLY LOCALIZED PROSTATE CANCERJournal of Urology, VOL. 166, NO. 2, (416-419), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2001.ISOLA J, AUVINEN A, POUTIAINEN M, KAKKOLA L, JÄRVINEN T, MÄÄTTÄNEN L, STENMAN U, TAMMELA T, HAKAMA M and VISAKORPI T (2018) PREDICTORS OF BIOLOGICAL AGGRESSIVENESS OF PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN SCREENING DETECTED PROSTATE CANCERJournal of Urology, VOL. 165, NO. 5, (1569-1574), Online publication date: 1-May-2001.GILLILAND F, GLEASON D, HUNT W, STONE N, HARLAN L and KEY C (2018) TRENDS IN GLEASON SCORE FOR PROSTATE CANCER DIAGNOSED BETWEEN 1983 AND 1993Journal of Urology, VOL. 165, NO. 3, (846-850), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2001.GROSSKLAUS D, SHAPPELL S, GAUTAM S, SMITH J and COOKSON M (2018) RATIO OF FREE-TO-TOTAL PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN CORRELATES WITH TUMOR VOLUME IN PATIENTS WITH INCREASED PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGENJournal of Urology, VOL. 165, NO. 2, (455-458), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2001.NAM R, ELHAJI Y, KRAHN M, HAKIMI J, HO M, CHU W, SWEET J, TRACHTENBERG J, JEWETT M and NAROD S (2018) SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CAG REPEAT POLYMORPHISM OF THE ANDROGEN RECEPTOR GENE IN PROSTATE CANCER PROGRESSIONJournal of Urology, VOL. 164, NO. 2, (567-572), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2000.ROACH M, LU J, PILEPICH M, ASBELL S, MOHIUDDIN M, TERRY R and GRIGNON D (2018) LONG-TERM SURVIVAL AFTER RADIOTHERAPY ALONE: RADIATION THERAPY ONCOLOGY GROUP PROSTATE CANCER TRIALSJournal of Urology, VOL. 161, NO. 3, (864-868), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1999.OHORI M, ABBAS F, WHEELER T, KATTAN M, SCARDINO P and LERNER S (2018) PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES AND PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF PROSTATE CANCER IN THE APICAL SECTION DETERMINED BY WHOLE MOUNT HISTOLOGYJournal of Urology, VOL. 161, NO. 2, (500-504), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1999.COLOMBEL M, DANTE R, BOUVIER R, RIBIERAS S, PANGAUD C, MARECHAL J and LASNE Y (2018) DIFFERENTIAL RNA EXPRESSION OF THE PS2 GENE IN THE HUMAN BENIGN AND MALIGNANT PROSTATIC TISSUEJournal of Urology, VOL. 162, NO. 3 Part 1, (927-930), Online publication date: 1-Sep-1999.Oefelein M, Smith N, Grayhack J, Schaeffer A and McVary K (2018) LONG-TERM RESULTS OF RADICAL RETROPUBIC PROSTATECTOMY IN MEN WITH HIGH GRADE CARCINOMA OF THE PROSTATEJournal of Urology, VOL. 158, NO. 4, (1460-1465), Online publication date: 1-Oct-1997.Weldon V, Tavel F and Neuwirth H (2018) CONTINENCE, POTENCY AND MORBIDITY AFTER RADICAL PERINEAL PROSTATECTOMYJournal of Urology, VOL. 158, NO. 4, (1470-1475), Online publication date: 1-Oct-1997.O'Dowd G, Veltri R, Orozco R, Miller M and Oesterling J (2018) Update on the Appropriate Staging Evaluation for Newly Diagnosed Prostate CancerJournal of Urology, VOL. 158, NO. 3, (687-698), Online publication date: 1-Sep-1997.Cookson M, Fleshner N, Soloway S and Fair W (2018) Correlation between Gleason Score of Needle Biopsy and Radical Prostatectomy Specimen: Accuracy and Clinical ImplicationsJournal of Urology, VOL. 157, NO. 2, (559-562), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1997.Drew P, Murphy W, Kubilis P and Areford M (2018) Can Androgen Deprivation With Leuprolide be Predicted From Histology Alone? If Not, Why Not?Journal of Urology, VOL. 157, NO. 6, (2201-2205), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1997.Oyasu R (2018) Editorial: Prostate CancerJournal of Urology, VOL. 157, NO. 2, (563-564), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1997.Coetzee L, Layfield L, Hars V and Paulson D (2018) Proliferative Index Determination in Prostatic Carcinoma Tissue: Is There Any Additional Prognostic Value Greater Than That of Gleason Score, Ploidy and Pathological Stage?Journal of Urology, VOL. 157, NO. 1, (214-218), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1997.Lerner S, Blute M, Bergstralh E, Bostwick D, Eickholt J and Zincke H (2018) Analysis of Risk Factors for Progression in Patients with Pathologically Confined Prostate Cancers After Radical Retropubic ProstatectomyJournal of Urology, VOL. 156, NO. 1, (137-143), Online publication date: 1-Jul-1996.Parra R, Isorna S, Garcia Perez M, Cummings J and Boullier J (2018) Radical Perineal Prostatectomy without Pelvic Lymphadenectomy: Selection Criteria and Early ResultsJournal of Urology, VOL. 155, NO. 2, (612-615), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1996.Weldon V, Tavel F, Neuwirth H and Cohen R (2018) Patterns of Positive Specimen Margins and Detectable Prostate Specific Antigen After Radical Perineal ProstatectomyJournal of Urology, VOL. 153, NO. 5, (1565-1569), Online publication date: 1-May-1995.Fujikawa K, Sasaki M, Aoyama T, Itoh T and Yoshida O (2018) Prognostic Criteria in Patients with Prostate Cancer: Correlation with Volume Weighted Mean Nuclear VolumeJournal of Urology, VOL. 154, NO. 6, (2123-2127), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1995.Hancock S, Cox R and Bagshaw M (2018) Prostate Specific Antigen After Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer: A Reevaluation of Long-Term Biochemical Control and Kinetics of Recurrence in Patients Treated at Stanford UniversityJournal of Urology, VOL. 154, NO. 4, (1412-1417), Online publication date: 1-Oct-1995.Weldon V, Tavel F, Neuwirth H and Cohen R (2018) Failure of Focal Prostate Cancer on Biopsy to Predict Focal Prostate Cancer: The Importance of PrevalenceJournal of Urology, VOL. 154, NO. 3, (1074-1077), Online publication date: 1-Sep-1995.Oefelein M, Colangelo L, Rademaker A and McVary K (2018) Intraoperative Blood Loss and Prognosis in Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Radical Retropubic ProstatectomyJournal of Urology, VOL. 154, NO. 2, (442-447), Online publication date: 1-Aug-1995.Oesterling J, Jacobsen S and Cooner W (2018) The Use of Age-Specific Reference Ranges for Serum Prostate Specific Anitgen in Men 60 years Old or OlderJournal of Urology, VOL. 153, NO. 4, (1160-1163), Online publication date: 1-Apr-1995.Mettlin C, Murphy G, Lee F, Littrup P, Chesley A, Babaian R, Badalament R, Kane R and Mostofi F (2018) Characteristics of Prostate Cancer Detected in the American Cancer Society-National Prostate Cancer Detection ProjectJournal of Urology, VOL. 152, NO. 5 Part 2, (1737-1740), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1994.Ohori M, Goad J, Wheeler T, Eastham J, Thompson T and Scardino P (2018) Can Radical Prostatectomy Alter the Progression of Poorly Differentiated Prostate Cancer?Journal of Urology, VOL. 152, NO. 5 Part 2, (1843-1849), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1994.Zietman A, Coen J, Shipley W, Willett C and Efird J (2018) Radical Radiation Therapy in the Management of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma: The Initial Prostate Specific Antigen Value as a Predictor of Treatment OutcomeJournal of Urology, VOL. 151, NO. 3, (640-645), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1994.Bluestein D, Bostwick D, Bergstralh E and Oesterling J (2018) Eliminating the Need for Bilateral Pelvic Lymphadenectomy in Select Patients with Prostate CancerJournal of Urology, VOL. 151, NO. 5, (1315-1320), Online publication date: 1-May-1994.Partin A, Lee B, Carmichael M, Walsh P and Epstein J (2018) Radical Prostatectomy for High Grade Disease: A Reevaluation 1994Journal of Urology, VOL. 151, NO. 6, (1583-1586), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1994.Persons D, Gibney D, Katzmann J, Lieber M, Farrow G and Jenkins R (2018) Use of Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization for Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ploidy Analysis of Prostatic AdenocarcinomaJournal of Urology, VOL. 150, NO. 1, (120-125), Online publication date: 1-Jul-1993.Kuhn E, Kurnot R, Sesterhenn I, Chang E and Moul J (2018) Expression of the c-erbB-2 (Her-2/neu) Oncoprotein in Human Prostatic CarcinomaJournal of Urology, VOL. 150, NO. 5 Part 1, (1427-1433), Online publication date: W, A, A, D, Smith J, M, L and H (2018) A of Prostate Cancer in High Risk of Urology, VOL. NO. 3 Part 1, Online publication date: G, Y and J (2018) of by Cancer in the Prostatic Adenocarcinoma of Urology, VOL. NO. 2, Online publication date: J, F, G, S and M (2018) The Clinical Usefulness of Serum Prostate Specific Antigen After Therapy of Prostate CancerJournal of Urology, VOL. NO. 3 Part 2, Online publication date: S, F, M, B, G and J (2018) of Pathological Tumor Volume and Stage in Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: of and Magnetic Resonance of Urology, VOL. NO. 1, Online publication date: D, J, N, A and T (2018) Kinetics by and Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ploidy in Prostatic Carcinoma Needle BiopsiesJournal of Urology, VOL. NO. 4, Online publication date: S, C, C and Scardino P (2018) The Risk of of Prostate Cancer in Patients with Clinically Localized of Urology, VOL. NO. 4, Online publication date: F, J, Bergstralh E and Oesterling J (2018) Findings in Patients with Newly Prostate Cancer: Prostate Specific Antigen is to All Other Clinical of Urology, VOL. NO. 2, Online publication date: E (2018) Margin Status in Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy to of Tumor Tumor Grade and Tumor of Urology, VOL. NO. 1, Online publication date: Y, T and Yoshida O (2018) Prognostic Significance of Prostate Specific Antigen in Treatment for Prostatic CancerJournal of Urology, VOL. NO. 6, Online publication date: S, C, D, J, Farrow G, W and D (2018) Situ Hybridization of Antigen in Human of Urology, VOL. NO. 6, Online publication date: A, Walsh A, R, J, Epstein J and D (2018) A of Nuclear and Gleason Grade as a Predictor of Prognosis in Stage Prostate Cancer: A of Urology, VOL. NO. 5, Online publication date: G, G, D and (2018) of Therapy in the Management of Pathological Stage C or Prostate Cancer Radical ProstatectomyJournal of Urology, VOL. NO. 5, Online publication date: T, R, D and Farrow G (2018) Adenocarcinoma After Prostatic of Urology, VOL. NO. 1, Online publication date: A, Epstein J, K, A and Walsh P (2018) of Tumor Volume and of as of Pathological Stage in Clinical Stage Prostate CancerJournal of Urology, VOL. NO. 2, Online publication date: S, S, Paulson D and P (2018) Determination of Ploidy in Prostatic Adenocarcinoma: A with and Grading as a Predictor of Clinical RecurrenceJournal of Urology, VOL. NO. 4, Online publication date: and M (2018) Carcinoma of the An Analysis of the of of Urology, VOL. NO. 6, Online publication date: K (2018) of Human Prostatic Adenocarcinoma Usefulness of as a Predictor for of Urology, VOL. NO. 2, Online publication date: J, Berger U, P, R and R (2018) Detection of Tumor in of Patients with Prostatic Carcinoma by of Urology, VOL. NO. 3, Online publication date: J, J, L, S and A (2018) and Prostatic An of Urology, VOL. NO. 4, Online publication date: J, Partin A, W and D (2018) Nuclear for Assessment of Prognosis of Patients With Prostatic Of A SystemJournal of Urology, VOL. NO. 5, Online publication date: J, Partin A, Epstein J, W and D (2018) Nuclear for Assessment of Prognosis of Patients with Prostatic of for of Urology, VOL. NO. 5, Online publication date: J, Partin A and D (2018) of by a Grading of in the Prostatic Adenocarcinoma of Urology, VOL. NO. 1, Online publication date: L, E, L, Hannah J, B, and J (2018) Grading of Prostatic Biopsy: A with the Gleason Grading SystemJournal of Urology, VOL. NO. 4 Part 1, Online publication date: J, S, E, Lee D and M (2018) Carcinoma of the Prostate in the The of of Urology, VOL. NO. 6, Online publication date: G, G, M, G, F, and H (2018) The of Biopsy in the of Prostatic CancerJournal of Urology, VOL. NO. 2, Online publication date: K, M, K, A and H (2018) Adenocarcinoma of A and of the of Urology, VOL. NO. 5, Online publication date: C, B, G, W, M and J (2018) The Radiation of and Prostate of Urology, VOL. NO. 1, Online publication date: J, Z, R, R and L (2018) Prognostic Factors in Localized Prostatic CarcinomaJournal of Urology, VOL. NO. 6, Online publication date: J and Walsh P (2018) Radical Prostatectomy with of Pathological Findings in the of Urology, VOL. NO. 6, Online publication date: J and S (2018) Prostatic Clinical Pathological Gleason Histological Score and Early of Urology, VOL. NO. 1, Online publication date: F, D, J and J (2018) Correlation Between Stage and Grade in Prostatic Adenocarcinoma: A of Urology, VOL. NO. 3, Online publication date: C, P, R and A (2018) The of Treatment with and on and in Prostatic CarcinomaJournal of Urology, VOL. NO. 5, Online publication date: J, R and Grayhack J (2018) The Accuracy of Biopsy in Tumor by of Radical Prostatectomy SpecimensJournal of Urology, VOL. NO. 4, Online publication date: C (2018) of Urology, VOL. NO. 4, Online publication date: A and J (2018) Metastasis Prostatic CarcinomaJournal of Urology, VOL. NO. 4, Online publication date: R, P, A, C and R (2018) of and Biochemical Parameters of the Prostate Adenocarcinoma of the of Urology, VOL. NO. 6, Online publication date: K and C (2018) the of Metastasis Histological Grading of Prostate A Analysis of with of Urology, VOL. NO. 4, Online publication date: C, W, S and A (2018) Stage A Prostatic Carcinoma and Repeat A 5 Years of Urology, VOL. NO. 2, Online publication date: R, D, A, J and R (2018) Accuracy of in Pelvic Staging Biopsies for Adenocarcinoma of the of Urology, VOL. NO. 2, Online publication date: W (2018) of Urology, VOL. NO. 2, Online publication date: H, Smith J, J and R (2018) Surgical Treatment of Stage Prostatic Significance of Tumor Grade and of Urology, VOL. NO. 4, Online publication date: D (2018) of Urology, VOL. NO. 2, Online publication date: H, Farrow G, R, R, W and D (2018) Between Grade and Stage of of the Prostate and Pelvic of Urology, VOL. NO. 3, Online publication date: R, R, D, G, M and J (2018) to Clinical Grading in Prostatic CancerJournal of Urology, VOL. NO. 4, Online publication date: D, S, H, J and D (2018) A to of Human Prostate Cancer: Nuclear of Urology, VOL. NO. 4, Online publication date: A, H, L and F (2018) of by Gleason Grading in Prostatic CancerJournal of Urology, VOL. NO. 5, Online publication date: G, N, J, R, C, J and C (2018) The of Prostate Cancer in the by the American of of Urology, VOL. NO. 5, Online publication date: J, N, C and J (2018) for Prostatic Acid Clinical of Urology, VOL. NO. 2, Online publication date: B, D, J, J and Walsh P (2018) Pathological Factors that Prognosis in Stage a Prostatic Cancer: the of of Urology, VOL. NO. 4, Online publication date: C (2018) Needle Biopsy of the of Urology, VOL. NO. 5, Online publication date: S, W, R, C, Cox E, W and Paulson D (2018) Prognosis of Patients With Stage Prostatic AdenocarcinomaJournal of Urology, VOL. NO. 6, Online publication date: S, J, C, J and Paulson D (2018) with Grading in Prostatic CancerJournal of Urology, VOL. NO. 2, Online publication date: C, R and E (2018) Carcinoma of the a of the and of of Urology, VOL. NO. 5, Online publication date: D, P and W (2018) of in Prostatic Adenocarcinoma: Research Group of Urology, VOL. NO. 5, Online publication date: R (2018) Early Stage Prostatic Cancer Biopsy Acid of Urology, VOL. NO. 1, Online publication date: A and J (2018) Blood A Prognostic in Adenocarcinoma of the of Urology, VOL. NO. 1, Online publication date: M, R, P and S (2018) in Pathological Characteristics and Prognosis of Clinical Prostatic Cancer and of Urology, VOL. NO. 5, Online publication date: E, J and J (2018) An Approach to Prostatic CancerJournal of Urology, VOL. NO. Part 2, Online publication date: W, M, and W (2018) Prostatic Adenocarcinoma: of Grade and to the Pattern of of Urology, VOL. NO. 2, Online publication date: A, F, A and S (2018) Carcinoma of the A at of Urology, VOL. NO. 3, Online publication date: T and G (2018) Primary Treatment of Prostatic Carcinoma with of Urology, VOL. NO. 2, Online publication date: D and O (2018) The Carcinoma of the of Urology, VOL. NO. 6, Online publication date: F and E (2018) Carcinoma of the A of Patients with Stage C Treated by Perineal ProstatectomyJournal of Urology, VOL. NO. 2, Online publication date: Volume 1974 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Donald F. Gleason by George T. Mellinger by The Veterans Administration Cooperative Urological Research Group by All

No AccessJournal of Urology1 Jun 1963Crystallographic Analysis of Urinary Calculi: A 23-Year Survey Study Edwin L. Prien Edwin L. PrienEdwin L. Prien More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)64673-1AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail © 1963 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited by Racek M, Racek J and Hupáková I (2019) Scanning electron microscopy in analysis of urinary stonesScandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 10.1080/00365513.2019.1578995, VOL. 79, NO. 3, (208-217), Online publication date: 3-Apr-2019. Cai X, Lin R, Wu J, He J, Wu Y and Wang X (2018) Adsorption of ethylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride modified oxalate decarboxylase on calcium oxalateBiotechnic & Histochemistry, 10.1080/10520295.2017.1420820, VOL. 93, NO. 3, (220-229), Online publication date: 3-Apr-2018. Rimer J, Kolbach-Mandel A, Ward M and Wesson J (2016) The role of macromolecules in the formation of kidney stonesUrolithiasis, 10.1007/s00240-016-0948-8, VOL. 45, NO. 1, (57-74), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2017. He J, Lin R, Long H, Liang Y and Chen Y (2015) Adsorption characteristics of amino acids on to calcium oxalateJournal of Colloid and Interface Science, 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.02.014, VOL. 454, (144-151), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2015. He J, Lin R, Li H, Long H, Xuan J, He C and Lan Y (2015) Adsorption of EDTA onto calcium oxalate monohydrateRSC Advances, 10.1039/C5RA16498B, VOL. 5, NO. 105, (86795-86802) Moran M (2014) Modern Stone Science Urolithiasis, 10.1007/978-1-4614-8196-6_29, (381-410), . Moran M (2014) Epistemology and Lithology Urolithiasis, 10.1007/978-1-4614-8196-6_2, (5-15), . Popescu S, Stefanescu M, Popovici E and Perhaita I (2013) Evaluation of the renal calculi compositionsJournal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 10.1007/s10973-013-3033-3, VOL. 114, NO. 2, (765-775), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2013. Ichiyanagi O, Nagaoka A, Izumi T, Kawamura Y, Tsukigi M, Ishii T, Ohji H, Kato T and Tomita Y (2012) Stone clearance after extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy in patients with solitary pure calcium oxalate stones smaller than 1.0 cm in the proximal ureter, with special reference to monohydrate and dihydrate contentScandinavian Journal of Urology, 10.3109/00365599.2012.711771, VOL. 47, NO. 2, (131-139), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2013. Newcombe D (2013) Clinical Aspects of Gout and Associated Disease States Gout, 10.1007/978-1-4471-4264-5_5, (91-185), . Aguilar-Ruiz J, Arrabal-Polo M, Sierra M and Arrabal-Martin M (2012) Application of Mineralogical Techniques in the Study of Human LithiasisUltrastructural Pathology, 10.3109/01913123.2012.729879, VOL. 36, NO. 6, (367-376), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2012. Schubert G (2010) Urinary Stone Analysis Urinary Tract Stone Disease, 10.1007/978-1-84800-362-0_29, (341-353), . Mandel I and Mandel N Structure and Compositional Analysis of Kidney Stones Urinary Stone Disease, 10.1007/978-1-59259-972-1_5, (69-81) Wang L, Zhang W, Qiu S, Zachowicz W, Guan X, Tang R, Hoyer J, Yoreo J and Nancollas G (2006) Inhibition of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystallization by the combination of citrate and osteopontinJournal of Crystal Growth, 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2006.02.032, VOL. 291, NO. 1, (160-165), Online publication date: 1-May-2006. Zarse C, McAteer J, Sommer A, Kim S, Hatt E, Lingeman J, Evan A and Williams J (2004) Nondestructive analysis of urinary calculi using micro computed tomographyBMC Urology, 10.1186/1471-2490-4-15, VOL. 4, NO. 1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2004. Jung T, Sheng X, Choi C, Kim W, Wesson J and Ward M (2004) Probing Crystallization of Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate and the Role of Macromolecule Additives with in Situ Atomic Force MicroscopyLangmuir, 10.1021/la0488755, VOL. 20, NO. 20, (8587-8596), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2004. Anee T, Palanichamy M, Ashok M, Sundaram N and Kalkura S (2004) Influence of iron and temperature on the crystallization of calcium phosphates at the physiological pHMaterials Letters, 10.1016/S0167-577X(03)00529-9, VOL. 58, NO. 3-4, (478-482), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2004. Kaloustian J, El-Moselhy T and Portugal H (2003) Determination of calcium oxalate (mono- and dihydrate) in mixtures with magnesium ammonium phosphate or uric acid: the use of simultaneous thermal analysis in urinary calculiClinica Chimica Acta, 10.1016/S0009-8981(03)00228-6, VOL. 334, NO. 1-2, (117-129), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2003. Fleming D, Van Riessen A, Chauvet M, Grover P, Hunter B, Van Bronswijk W and Ryall R (2003) Intracrystalline Proteins and Urolithiasis: A Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Study of Calcium Oxalate MonohydrateJournal of Bone and Mineral Research, 10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.7.1282, VOL. 18, NO. 7, (1282-1291) Sheng X, Ward M and Wesson J (2003) Adhesion between Molecules and Calcium Oxalate Crystals: Critical Interactions in Kidney Stone FormationJournal of the American Chemical Society, 10.1021/ja029575h, VOL. 125, NO. 10, (2854-2855), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2003. BHANDARI A, KOUL S, SEKHON A, PRAMANIK S, CHATURVEDI L, HUANG M, MENON M and KOUL H (2002) Effects of Oxalate 0n HK-2 Cells, a Line of Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells From Normal Human KidneyThe Journal of Urology, 10.1097/00005392-200207000-00087, (253-259), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2002. Bhandari A, Koul S, Sekhon A, Pramanik S, Chaturvedi L, Huang M, Menon M and Koul H (2018) Effects of Oxalate 0n HK-2 Cells, a Line of Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells From Normal Human KidneyJournal of Urology, VOL. 168, NO. 1, (253-259), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2002. Simoes A (2002) Urinary Calculi Key Topics in General Surgery, 10.1201/b14719-87, (342-345), Online publication date: 15-Jun-2002. Guo S, Ward M and Wesson J (2002) Direct Visualization of Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Crystallization and Dissolution with Atomic Force Microscopy and the Role of Polymeric AdditivesLangmuir, 10.1021/la011754+, VOL. 18, NO. 11, (4284-4291), Online publication date: 1-May-2002. Kourambas J, Aslan P, Teh C, Mathias B and Preminger G (2001) Role of Stone Analysis in Metabolic Evaluation and Medical Treatment of NephrolithiasisJournal of Endourology, 10.1089/089277901750134548, VOL. 15, NO. 2, (181-186), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2001. Bernardo N and Smith A (2000) CHEMOLYSIS OF URINARY CALCULIUrologic Clinics of North America, 10.1016/S0094-0143(05)70264-0, VOL. 27, NO. 2, (355-365), Online publication date: 1-May-2000. WESSON &NA; J, WORCESTER E and KLEINMAN J (2000) ROLE OF ANIONIC PROTEINS IN KIDNEY STONE FORMATION:The Journal of Urology, 10.1097/00005392-200004000-00082, (1343-1348), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2000. WESSON J, WORCESTER E and KLEINMAN J (2018) ROLE OF ANIONIC PROTEINS IN KIDNEY STONE FORMATION: INTERACTION BETWEEN MODEL ANIONIC POLYPEPTIDES AND CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTALSJournal of Urology, VOL. 163, NO. 4, (1343-1348), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2000. Girija E, Sivakumar G, Narayana Kalkura S, Ramasamy P, Joshi D and Sivaraman P (2000) Knoop microhardness studies of urinary calculi and pure calcium oxalate monohydrate crystalsMaterials Chemistry and Physics, 10.1016/S0254-0584(99)00204-7, VOL. 63, NO. 1, (50-54), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2000. Smith R, Levine J and Rosenfeld A (1999) HELICAL CT OF URINARY TRACT STONESRadiologic Clinics of North America, 10.1016/S0033-8389(05)70138-X, VOL. 37, NO. 5, (911-952), Online publication date: 1-Sep-1999. Sabot J, Bornet C, Favre S and Sabot-Gueriaux S (1999) The analysis of peculiar urinary (and other) calculi: an endless source of challengeClinica Chimica Acta, 10.1016/S0009-8981(99)00047-9, VOL. 283, NO. 1-2, (151-158), Online publication date: 1-May-1999. Sivakumar G, Girija E, Narayana Kalkura S and Subramanian C (1998) Crystallization and Characterization of Calcium Phosphates: Brushite and MonetiteCrystal Research and Technology, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4079(1998)33:2<197::AID-CRAT197>3.0.CO;2-K, VOL. 33, NO. 2, (197-205), . Grases F, Söhnel O, García-Ferragut L and Costa-Bauzá A (2010) A Study on Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Renal Uroliths II. Fine Inner StructureScandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, 10.3109/00365599509180023, VOL. 29, NO. 4, (421-428), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1995. Daudon M, Hennequin C, Lacour B, Le Moel G, Donsimoni R, Fellahi S, Paris M and Troupel S (1995) Sex- and age-related composition of 10 617 calculi analyzed by infrared spectroscopyUrological Research, 10.1007/BF00300021, VOL. 23, NO. 5, (319-326), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1995. Rodgers A, Barbour L, Pougnet B, Lombard C and Ryall R (1995) Re-Evaluation of the “Week-end Effect” Data: Possible Role of Urinary Copper and Phosphorus in the Pathogenesis of Renal CalculiJournal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 10.1016/S0946-672X(11)80039-8, VOL. 9, NO. 3, (150-155), Online publication date: 1-Oct-1995. Matsuzaki S, Matsushita K, Tanikawa K, Masuda A and Matsunaga J (1995) SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS OF RECURRENT CALCIUM CALCULI BY INFRARED SPECTROSCOPYInternational Journal of Urology, 10.1111/j.1442-2042.1995.tb00463.x, VOL. 2, NO. 4, (235-237), Online publication date: 1-Sep-1995. Grover P and Resnick M (1995) Evidence for the Presence of Abnormal Proteins in the Urine of Recurrent Stone FormersThe Journal of Urology, 10.1097/00005392-199505000-00108, (1716-1721), Online publication date: 1-May-1995. Grover P and Resnick M (2018) Evidence for the Presence of Abnormal Proteins in the Urine of Recurrent Stone FormersJournal of Urology, VOL. 153, NO. 5, (1716-1721), Online publication date: 1-May-1995. Gupta M, Bolton D and Stoller M (1995) Etiology and management of cystine lithiasisUrology, 10.1016/0090-4295(95)80032-8, VOL. 45, NO. 2, (344-355), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1995. Sweeney P, Grover P and Resnick M (2018) High Resolution 2-Dimensional Electrophoretic Analysis of Proteins in Saline Bladder WashingsJournal of Urology, VOL. 152, NO. 6 Part 2, (2258-2261), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1994. Cody A and Cody R (1994) Calcium oxalate trihydrate phase control by structurally-specific carboxylic acidsJournal of Crystal Growth, 10.1016/0022-0248(94)90746-3, VOL. 135, NO. 1-2, (235-245), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1994. Reis- Santos J (1994) Composition of Urinary Calculi In the South of Portugal Urolithiasis 2, 10.1007/978-1-4615-2556-1_177, (465-467), . CHUONG C, ZHONG P and PREMINGER G (1993) Acoustic and Mechanical Properties of Renal Calculi: Implications in Shock Wave Lithotripsy*Journal of Endourology, 10.1089/end.1993.7.437, VOL. 7, NO. 6, (437-444), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1993. Badertscher E, Robson W, Leung A and Trevenen C (1993) Xanthine calculi presenting at 1 month of ageEuropean Journal of Pediatrics, 10.1007/BF01956156, VOL. 152, NO. 3, (252-254), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1993. Gault M, Chafe L, Longerich L and Mason R (2018) Calcium and Calcium Magnesium Carbonate Specimens Submitted as Urinary Tract StonesJournal of Urology, VOL. 149, NO. 2, (244-249), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1993. Abdel-Halim R, Al-Sibaai A and Baghlaf A (2010) Ionic Associations Within 460 Non-Infection Urinary StonesScandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, 10.3109/00365599309181242, VOL. 27, NO. 2, (155-162), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1993. Kerr A and Laing M (1993) Review of human renal stone analysis, with emphasis on results from the Durban area, South AfricaApplied Geochemistry, 10.1016/S0883-2927(09)80044-9, VOL. 8, (245-248), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1993. Škrtić D, Filipović-Vinceković N and Bišćan J (2010) Comparison of the Effects of Anionic and Cationic Surfactant on the Precipitation of Calcium OxalatesBerichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie, 10.1002/bbpc.19930970119, VOL. 97, NO. 1, (114-120), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1993. Agarwal R, Singh V, Pradhan M and Singh V (1991) Infrared spectroscopy for the study of urinary calculiInternational Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves, 10.1007/BF01009885, VOL. 12, NO. 2, (115-123), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1991. Kachel T, Vijan S and Dretler S (2018) Endourological Experience With Cystine Calculi and a Treatment AlgorithmJournal of Urology, VOL. 145, NO. 1, (25-28), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1991. Williams-Larson A (1990) Urinary Calculi Associated with Purine Metabolism: Uric Acid NephrolithiasisEndocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 10.1016/S0889-8529(18)30295-0, VOL. 19, NO. 4, (821-838), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1990. Katz G, Shapiro A, Lencovsky Z, Caine M and Pore D (1990) Place of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in management of cystine calculiUrology, 10.1016/0090-4295(90)80210-E, VOL. 36, NO. 2, (124-128), Online publication date: 1-Aug-1990. Ezzat M (1990) Treatment of radiolucent renal calculi using ESWL combined with urine alkalinizationInternational Urology and Nephrology, 10.1007/BF02549790, VOL. 22, NO. 4, (319-323), Online publication date: 1-Jul-1990. Miller L, Noe H and Stapleton F (1989) Uric acid excretion in children with urolithiasisThe Journal of Pediatrics, 10.1016/S0022-3476(89)80743-7, VOL. 115, NO. 6, (923-926), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1989. Smith L (2018) The Medical Aspects of Urolithiasis: An OverviewJournal of Urology, VOL. 141, NO. 3 Part 2, (707-710), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1989. Lindsjö M, Danielson B, Fellström B and Ljunghall S (2016) Intestinal Oxalate and Calcium Absorption in Recurrent Renal Stone Formers and Healthy SubjectsScandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, 10.1080/00365599.1989.11690431, VOL. 23, NO. 1, (55-59), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1989. Lindsjö M, Danielson B, Fellström B and Ljunghall S (1989) Intestinal Absorption of Oxalate and Calcium Urolithiasis, 10.1007/978-1-4899-0873-5_109, (347-350), . Hukins D (1989) Mineral deposits in tissues Calcified Tissue, 10.1007/978-1-349-09868-2_1, (1-19), . Singh A, Marshall F and Chang R (1988) Cystine calculi: Clinical management and in vitro observationsUrology, 10.1016/0090-4295(88)90140-9, VOL. 31, NO. 3, (207-210), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1988. Lindsjö M, Danielson B, Fellström B, Lithell H, Ljunghall S, Skarfors E and Vessby B (1987) Oxalate and calcium absorption tests in patients after jejunoileal anastomosis and in idiopathic renal stone formers in comparison with healthy subjects Pathogenese und Klinik der Harnsteine XII, 10.1007/978-3-642-72399-5_10, (42-45), . Dosch W (1987) Formalgenese Das Harnsteinleiden, 10.1007/978-3-642-71050-6_2, (47-89), . Breslau N and Sakhaee K (1987) Pathophysiology of Nonhypercalciuric Causes of Stones Renal Stone Disease, 10.1007/978-1-4613-2069-2_3, (47-84), . Mandel N and Mandel G (1987) Physicochemistry of Urinary Stone Formation Renal Stone Disease, 10.1007/978-1-4613-2069-2_1, (1-24), . Avogadro A, Santarelli G, Di Girolamo V, Vaccari R and Rigatti P (2018) Importanza Del Corretto Studio Dei Calcoli UrinariUrologia Journal, 10.1177/039156038605300602, VOL. 53, NO. 6, (830-835), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1986. Johrde L and Cocks F (1986) Effect of pH on the microhardness of renal calculiJournal of Biomedical Materials Research, 10.1002/jbm.820200709, VOL. 20, NO. 7, (945-950), Online publication date: 1-Sep-1986. Takasaki E (2018) Chronological Variation in the Chemical Composition of Upper Urinary Tract CalculiJournal of Urology, VOL. 136, NO. 1 Part 1, (5-9), Online publication date: 1-Jul-1986. Gaetani E, Laureri C, Vitto M, Borghi L, Elia G and Novarini A (1986) Determination of oxalate in urine by flow injection analysisClinica Chimica Acta, 10.1016/0009-8981(86)90180-4, VOL. 156, NO. 1, (71-75), Online publication date: 1-Apr-1986. Trombetta C, Bozzo W, Pittaluga P, Basso R, Ricci E, Puppo P and Belgrano E (2018) Studio Statistico Su 554 Esami Difrattometrici Di Calcoli UrinariUrologia Journal, 10.1177/039156038605300125, VOL. 53, NO. 1, (119-125), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1986. Rosenstein I and Griffith D (2009) Urinary Calculi: Microbiological and Crystallographic StudiesCRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 10.3109/10408368609165802, VOL. 23, NO. 3, (245-277), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1986. Lutzeyer W and Hering F (1986) Drug Therapy of Urinary Calculi and Prevention of Recurrence Urolithiasis, 10.1007/978-3-642-70712-4_1, (1-73), . Oka T, Koide T and Sonoda T (2018) Estimation by Infrared Spectrophotometer of the Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate to Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate RatioJournal of Urology, VOL. 134, NO. 4, (813-817), Online publication date: 1-Oct-1985. Johrde L and Cocks F (1985) Microhardness studies of renal calculiMaterials Letters, 10.1016/0167-577X(85)90009-6, VOL. 3, NO. 3, (111-114), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1985. Robertson W and Peacock M (1985) Pathogenesis of Urolithiasis Urolithiasis: Etiology · Diagnosis, 10.1007/978-3-642-70579-3_3, (185-334), . Schneider H (1985) Morphology of Urinary Tract Concretions Urolithiasis: Etiology · Diagnosis, 10.1007/978-3-642-70579-3_1, (1-136), . Heijnen W and Van Duijneveldt F (1984) The theoretical growth morphology of calcium oxalate dihydrateJournal of Crystal Growth, 10.1016/0022-0248(84)90192-1, VOL. 67, NO. 2, (324-336), Online publication date: 1-Jul-1984. (1984) Pepper Grains as Artifactual Urinary CalculiNew England Journal of Medicine, 10.1056/NEJM198401123100223, VOL. 310, NO. 2, (129-129), Online publication date: 12-Jan-1984. Tozuka K, Konjiki T and Sudo T (2018) Study of Passed Stones by Means of X-rays, Infrared and Thermal AnalysesJournal of Urology, VOL. 130, NO. 6, (1119-1122), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1983. Francini M, Ferraris V, Pisano P and Repetto E (2018) La Calcolosi Renoureterale Nel MonferratoUrologia Journal, 10.1177/039156038305000503, VOL. 50, NO. 5, (972-975), Online publication date: 1-Oct-1983. HUKINS D, HICKEY D and KENNEDY A (2008) Catheter Encrustation by StruviteBritish Journal of Urology, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.1983.tb03304.x, VOL. 55, NO. 3, (304-305) D'Ascenzo G, Curini R, de Angelis G, Cardarelli E, Magri A and Miano L (1983) Renal calculi analysis. Application of thermal analytical techniquesThermochimica Acta, 10.1016/0040-6031(83)85034-5, VOL. 62, NO. 2-3, (149-169), Online publication date: 1-Apr-1983. Otnes B (2010) Correlation Between Causes and Composition of Urinary StonesScandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, 10.3109/00365598309179789, VOL. 17, NO. 1, (93-98), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1983. Kuwahara M, Kambe K, Takahashi K, Orikasa S and Suzuki M (2018) Intermittent Irrigation System for Dissolution of Renal Calculi Monitored by ComputerJournal of Urology, VOL. 128, NO. 6, (1379-1381), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1982. Belgrano E, Carmignani G, Puppo P, Gaboardi F and Basso R (2018) L'Analisi Dei Calcoli Urinari: Studio Statistico Comoarativo Tra Diverse MetodicheUrologia Journal, 10.1177/039156038204900122, VOL. 49, NO. 1, (151-158), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1982. Sheldon C and Smith A (1982) Chemolysis of CalculiUrologic Clinics of North America, 10.1016/S0094-0143(21)00724-2, VOL. 9, NO. 1, (121-130), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1982. Ohta M and Tsutsumi M (1982) The relationship between the morphology of brushite crystals grown rapidly in silica gel and its structureJournal of Crystal Growth, 10.1016/0022-0248(82)90050-1, VOL. 56, NO. 3, (652-658), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1982. Tizzani A, Scaglione C, Giona C, Marangella M and Frea B (2018) La Familiarità Nella Calcolosi RenaleUrologia Journal, 10.1177/039156038104800505, VOL. 48, NO. 5, (801-804), Online publication date: 1-Oct-1981. Streitz J, Aufderheide A, Najjar M and Ortner D (2018) A 1,500-Year-Old Bladder StoneJournal of Urology, VOL. 126, NO. 4, (452-453), Online publication date: 1-Oct-1981. Werness P, Bergert J and Smith L (1981) CrystalluriaJournal of Crystal Growth, 10.1016/0022-0248(81)90063-4, VOL. 53, NO. 1, (166-181), Online publication date: 1-May-1981. Bambach C, Robertson W, Peacock M and Hill G (1981) Effect of intestinal surgery on the risk of urinary stone formation.Gut, 10.1136/gut.22.4.257, VOL. 22, NO. 4, (257-263), Online publication date: 1-Apr-1981. de la Peña E and Delatte L (1981) Forms of Ammonium Urate Presentation in Urinary Calculi of Non-Infectious and Infectious Origin Urolithiasis, 10.1007/978-1-4684-8977-4_151, (935-942), . Santos M and González-Díaz P (1980) Ultrastructural study of apatites in human urinary calculiCalcified Tissue International, 10.1007/BF02407170, VOL. 31, NO. 1, (93-108), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1980. C and R (1980) The of uric acids and the growth morphology of the of Crystal Growth, VOL. 49, NO. 3, Online publication date: J and I (2018) Calcium Oxalate Crystal in of Urology, VOL. NO. 3, Online publication date: L, Carmignani G, Belgrano E, Puppo P, A, A, Gaboardi F, S and Repetto (2018) La Nella Calcolosi Journal, VOL. 47, NO. 1, Online publication date: M, Kim H and S of in VOL. NO. 5, Online publication date: D and D The analysis of renal calculi with the VOL. 12, NO. 5, Online publication date: B and Nancollas G The of of calcium oxalate of Crystal Growth, VOL. NO. 3, Online publication date: Kuwahara M, S, Kato T and S (2018) Effects of on the of Renal Calculi and the of Urology, VOL. NO. 1, Online publication date: G of the urinary in Surgery, VOL. 15, NO. 7, Online publication date: T Uric Acid Uric . J and N (2018) on Urolithiasis in of Urology, VOL. 115, NO. 6, Online publication date: M, S and C Application de la de de la de VOL. 7, NO. 1, Online publication date: D of Urinary Calculi StruviteBritish Journal of Urology, VOL. 47, NO. 6, Online publication date: R Urinary stone VOL. 6, NO. 6, Online publication date: G and growth of calcium oxalate of Crystal Growth, VOL. NO. 2, Online publication date: Dosch W and K und der Pathogenese und Klinik der Harnsteine (1-24), . R and T of VOL. 2, NO. 6, Online publication date: J (2018) Structure and Composition of Urinary CalculiJournal of Urology, VOL. NO. 1, Online publication date: of the kidney and the of the . W (2010) für A, VOL. 18, NO. 10, J, F and S URINARY CALCULI AND IN Journal of VOL. 2, NO. Online publication date: D, S, K, R, R and H (2008) URINARY TRACT OF AND Journal of Urology, VOL. NO. 2, R, A, R and F (2018) in A La Calcolosi Journal, VOL. 37, NO. 6, Online publication date: P and S of renal calculi on micro by infrared Journal, VOL. 15, NO. 1, Online publication date: D OF CALCIUM OXALATE IN OF AND Journal of Urology, VOL. NO. 2, Online publication date: J Xanthine stone American Journal of Medicine, VOL. 45, NO. 5, Online publication date: A and T Uric acid American Journal of Medicine, VOL. 45, NO. 5, Online publication date: Prien E and Prien E Composition and of urinary American Journal of Medicine, VOL. 45, NO. 5, Online publication date: K Human VOL. NO. Online publication date: M and F Urolithiasis as a of American Journal of VOL. 12, NO. 5, Online publication date: K and D in and Modern Urinary Calculi: and VOL. NO. Online publication date: K, P and E and CalculiJournal of VOL. 7, NO. 8, Online publication date: K and Mason P Uric Uric Acid and in Urinary and VOL. 152, NO. Online publication date: D (2002) Chemical Microscopy of Urinary VOL. 37, NO. 11, Online publication date: T and Smith L Renal VOL. 9, NO. 11, Online publication date: 6 1963 & 1963 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Author Edwin L. Prien More articles by this author All

VIEWPOINTPerception of effort during exercise is independent of afferent feedback from skeletal muscles, heart, and lungsSamuele MarcoraSamuele MarcoraPublished Online:01 Jun 2009https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90378.2008This is the final version - click for previous versionMoreSectionsPDF (55 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations perception of effort, also known as perceived exertion or sense of effort, is a major feature of fatigue (7), and it is widely used to monitor and prescribe exercise intensity (18). However, despite its importance, the neurophysiological bases of this atypical sensation are poorly understood. A model popular among physiologists investigating central regulation of exercise performance is that perceived exertion results from the complex integration of different inputs to the central nervous system (CNS). These inputs include afferent feedback from the peripheral organs most active during aerobic exercise (i.e., skeletal muscles, heart, and lungs) and other interoceptors, with or without additional inputs from the CNS itself, such as knowledge of the exercise task endpoint (3, 6, 28).The purpose of this article is to challenge this view by reviewing evidence that perception of effort during dynamic whole body exercise is independent of afferent feedback from small-diameter muscle afferents, heart, and lungs. For isolated and/or isometric exercise, the reader is referred to other reviews demonstrating that the sense of effort is independent of sensory inputs from muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs (15, 24).Definitions.The common assumption that afferent feedback contributes significantly to perception of effort may derive from a too broad operational definition. Indeed, if subjects are instructed that rating of perceived exertion (RPE) refers to the discomfort experienced during exercise, then muscle pain, thermal discomfort, and thirst can be appropriately included in the perceptual rating because hedonicity is one of the four dimensions of any sensation (quality, intensity, duration, and hedonicity) (3). However, these and other unpleasant sensations experienced during exercise have their own specific neurophysiological mechanisms and verbal descriptors (i.e., quality) and can be differentiated from perception of effort (e.g., Ref. 19). Therefore, we believe that a narrower definition of exertion as “the effort expended in performing a physical activity” (Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science and Medicine) is physiologically more appropriate. Furthermore, this definition is in line with the verbal descriptors chosen by Borg for his RPE scale (“heavy/hard” and “light/easy”) (18) rather than ratings of hedonicity (“pleasant/unpleasant,” “feeling good/feeling bad,” “comfortable/uncomfortable”) (3).Perceived exertion and afferent feedback from skeletal muscles.Skeletal muscles are richly innervated by group III and IV fibers that provide afferent feedback related to metabolic, ionic, thermal, and mechanical stress (12). These small-diameter afferent fibers project, through lamina I neurons, to various spinal and supraspinal sites including the sensory cortex (5). Given the existence of such sensory system and the well-known increases in muscle metabolic by-products, potassium, temperature, and mechanical stress during intense exercise (12), it seems logical to assume that perception of effort is based on these afferent stimuli (Fig. 1A). Furthermore, there are high correlations between markers of metabolic stress (e.g., blood lactate concentration and %V̇o2max) with RPE during incremental exercise (18). However, the presence of the sensory machinery and a high correlation between the proposed metabolic stimuli and perceived exertion does not necessarily mean that the two are causally related. Indeed, several experimental studies in which perception of effort and metabolic stress have been dissociated argue against such common assumption.Fig. 1.Simplified afferent feedback (A) and corollary discharge (B) models of perceived exertion.Download figureDownload PowerPointFor example, when skeletal muscle weakness is induced by a small dose of curare (a drug that blocks transmission at the neuromuscular junction without affecting afferent pathways) there is a significant increase in RPE during cycling exercise (9). In theory, recruitment of glycolytic fibers due to the selective effect of curare on oxidative fibers may increase metabolic stimuli and perception of effort. However, the small increase in blood lactate concentration (0.36 mM) compared with the disproportionate increase in perceived exertion (4.8 points on Borg's 15-point RPE scale) argue against this hypothesis. Similarly, changes in afferent feedback from prefatigued locomotor muscles cannot explain the significant increase in perceived exertion we measured during a high-intensity cycling test (14). Indeed, we induced a significant reduction in locomotor muscle force using an eccentric exercise protocol known to affect primarily type II fibers without any metabolic stress or changes in muscle receptors sensitivity. Increased afferent feedback related to inflammation (which manifests itself at perceptual level as delayed-onset muscle soreness) was also controlled by performing the high-intensity cycling test 30 min after the intermittent 100 drop jumps.So what is the neural signal underlying perception of effort in these experimental conditions? The findings reviewed above support the hypothesis suggested more than 150 years ago that perception of effort is a “sensation of innervation” (24). Basically, it is proposed that the sense of effort is centrally generated by forwarding neural signals, termed corollary discharges or efference copies, from motor to sensory areas of the cerebral cortex (Fig. 1B). Therefore, it is not surprising that the increase in central motor command necessary to exercise at the same workload with muscles weakened by partial neuromuscular blockade or locomotor muscle fatigue is perceived as increased effort. Despite this kind of experimental evidence in favor of the corollary discharge model of perceived exertion (15), lack of a neurobiological mechanism and the discovery of muscle receptor function by Sherrington made most people believe that these receptors were responsible for all sensations related to muscle contraction (24). However, in recent years, corollary discharge pathways have been described in animals, including a single interneuron forwarding inhibitory signals from motor to sensory areas of the male singing cricket nervous system (23). This important discovery provides a “proof-of-principle” for the existence of neurons and pathways serving other corollary discharge functions including perception of effort.Lastly, convincing evidence against the widespread assumption that perceived exertion arises from afferent muscle feedback is provided by experiments using epidural anesthesia. Indeed, despite a marked reduction in sensory inputs from the lower limbs, RPE during cycling exercise is either unchanged or increased by spinal blockade (13, 27). The latter effect is due to the muscle weakness induced by the epidural anesthesia used in these studies and the compensatory increase in central neural drive to the motoneurons innervating the locomotor muscles. Even when this reduction in muscle strength is taken into account by exercising at the same relative intensity, RPE is not reduced by blockade of sensory inputs from the lower limbs (16). This is strong experimental evidence against the notion that somatosensory feedback from active muscles is important for perception of effort during exercise (6).Perceived exertion and afferent feedback from the heart.The correlation between perception of effort and heart rate (HR) during incremental exercise is so strong that the 6–20 RPE scale was originally developed by Borg to reflect the range of HR found in young and fit subjects (60 beats/min at rest, 200 beats/min during maximal exercise) (18). There is also evidence consistent with an afferent cortical representation of cardiac action (10), which is not surprising given the existence of both sympathetic and vagal afferent pathways from the heart (8), and chest wall mechanoreceptors (4). Indeed, some subjects can accurately report cardiac activity (4), and the crushing, burning, and squeezing sensations of angina pectoris are far too familiar to patients with ischemic heart disease (8). However, various studies in which cardiac function has been manipulated experimentally do not support a causal relationship between HR and perception of effort (18). For example, RPE during cycling exercise is unchanged or even increased when HR is reduced by calcium channel and β-adrenergic blockade (17). Therefore, it seems that normal subjects do not attend to afferent cardiac signals when rating perceived exertion. Furthermore, cardiac transplant patients (who have a denervated heart) report normal perception of effort during an incremental exercise test (1). Indeed, RPE is recommended by the American Heart Association for prescription of exercise intensity after transplantation (22).Perceived exertion and afferent feedback from the lungs.Dyspnea, from the Greek “difficult breathing,” is a major component of overall perceived exertion (18) and it has been extensively investigated because of its clinical relevance (20). As for the discomfort associated with intense exercise, the word “dyspnea” can refer to several sensations with different verbal descriptors and neurophysiological mechanisms. Inhibitory and excitatory afferent inputs from central and peripheral chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the chest wall, lungs, and airways are thought to play an important role in generating air hunger, chest tightness, and unsatisfied inspiration (20). However, the dyspnea experienced during aerobic exercise by healthy individuals without restricted breathing and normal blood gases largely reflects the sense of respiratory effort (11, 20, 21). This respiratory sensation is generated by corollary discharges of the central motor commands to the respiratory muscles (11, 20), and it is clearly independent of feedback from pulmonary vagal afferents. Indeed, patients with double lung transplantation can estimate the magnitude of inspiratory resistive loads based on their normal sense of effort (31). Similar results have been obtained in healthy subjects with anesthetized airways (2). Importantly, the common neurophysiological mechanism shared by perceptions of effort referred to breathing and locomotor muscle contraction justifies their integration in the overall rating of perceived exertion.Conclusions.Although essential for a variety of other physiological and perceptual processes such as cardiorespiratory regulation (12) and sense of position and movement (24), afferent feedback from skeletal muscles, heart, and lungs does not contribute significantly to perception of effort during exercise, which is the conscious awareness of the central motor commands to the locomotor and respiratory muscles. Preliminary imaging studies in humans (30), lesion studies in animals (29), and psychopharmacological studies in both humans (26) and animals (25) suggest that the anterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex, thalamus, dopamine, and endogenous opioids are important for perception of effort and related decision making, e.g., disengaging from a time to exhaustion test (14). Additional studies on the origin [primary motor cortex or upstream? (24)], neural pathways, and sensory processing of corollary discharges related to perceived exertion are warranted. Similarly, the role played by other neurocognitive processes (e.g., response inhibition and conflict monitoring) and activation-dependent plasticity in setting perception of effort during prolonged exercise needs to be established.REFERENCES1 Braith RW, Wood CE, Limacher MC, Pollock ML, Lowenthal DT, Phillips MI, Staples ED. Abnormal neuroendocrine responses during exercise in heart transplant recipients. Circulation 86: 1453–1463, 1992.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar2 Burki NK, Davenport PW, Safdar F, Zechman FW. The effects of airway anesthesia on magnitude estimation of added inspiratory resistive and elastic loads. Am Rev Respir Dis 127: 2–4, 1983.Crossref | ISI | Google Scholar3 Cabanac M. Exertion and pleasure from an evolutionary perspective. In: Psychobiology of Physical Activity, edited by Acevedo EO and Ekkekakis P. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2006, p. 79–89.Google Scholar4 Cameron OG. Interoception: the inside story—a model for psychosomatic processes. Psychosom Med 63: 697–710, 2001.Crossref | ISI | Google Scholar5 Craig AD. How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nat Rev Neurosci 3: 655–666, 2002.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar6 Dempsey JA, Amann M, Romer LM, Miller JD. Respiratory system determinants of peripheral fatigue and endurance performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 40: 457–461, 2008.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar7 Enoka RM, Stuart DG. Neurobiology of muscle fatigue. J Appl Physiol 72: 1631–1648, 1992.Link | ISI | Google Scholar8 Foreman RD. Mechanisms of cardiac pain. Annu Rev Physiol 61: 143–167, 1999.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar9 Gallagher KM, Fadel PJ, Stromstad M, Ide K, Smith SA, Querry RG, Raven PB, Secher NH. Effects of partial neuromuscular blockade on carotid baroreflex function during exercise in humans. J Physiol 533: 861–870, 2001.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar10 Gray MA, Taggart P, Sutton PM, Groves D, Holdright DR, Bradbury D, Brull D, Critchley HD. A cortical potential reflecting cardiac function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 6818–6823, 2007.Crossref | ISI | Google Scholar11 Grazzini M, Stendardi L, Gigliotti F, Scano G. Pathophysiology of exercise dyspnea in healthy subjects and in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Respir Med 99: 1403–1412, 2005.Crossref | ISI | Google Scholar12 Kaufman MP, Hayes SG, Adreani CM, Pickar JG. Discharge properties of group III and IV muscle afferents. Adv Exp Med Biol 508: 25–32, 2002.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar13 Kjaer M, Hanel B, Worm L, Perko G, Lewis SF, Sahlin K, Galbo H, Secher NH. Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to exercise in hypoxia during impaired neural feedback from muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 277: R76–R85, 1999.Link | ISI | Google Scholar14 Marcora SM, Bosio A, de Morree HM. Locomotor muscle fatigue increases cardiorespiratory responses and reduces performance during intense cycling exercise independently from metabolic stress. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 294: R874–R883, 2008.Link | ISI | Google Scholar15 McCloskey DI. Kinesthetic sensibility. Physiol Rev 58: 763–820, 1978.Link | ISI | Google Scholar16 Mitchell JH, Reeves DR Jr, Rogers HB, Secher NH. Epidural anaesthesia and cardiovascular responses to static exercise in man. J Physiol 417: 13–24, 1989.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar17 Myers J, Atwood JE, Sullivan M, Forbes S, Friis R, Pewen W, Froelicher V. Perceived exertion and gas exchange after calcium and β-blockade in atrial fibrillation. J Appl Physiol 63: 97–104, 1987.Link | ISI | Google Scholar18 Noble BJ, Robertson RJ. Perceived Exertion. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1996.Google Scholar19 O'Connor PJ, Cook DB. Exercise and pain: the neurobiology, measurement, and laboratory study of pain in relation to exercise in humans. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 27: 119–166, 1999.PubMed | Google Scholar20 O'Donnell DE, Banzett RB, Carrieri-Kohlman V, Casaburi R, Davenport PW, Gandevia SC, Gelb AF, Mahler DA, Webb KA. Pathophysiology of dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a roundtable. Proc Am Thorac Soc 4: 145–168, 2007.Crossref | Google Scholar21 O'Donnell DE, Chau LK, Webb KA. Qualitative aspects of exertional dyspnea in patients with interstitial lung disease. J Appl Physiol 84: 2000–2009, 1998.Link | ISI | Google Scholar22 Pina IL, Apstein CS, Balady GJ, Belardinelli R, Chaitman BR, Duscha BD, Fletcher BJ, Fleg JL, Myers JN, Sullivan MJ. Exercise and heart failure: a statement from the American Heart Association Committee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention. Circulation 107: 1210–1225, 2003.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar23 Poulet JF, Hedwig B. New insights into corollary discharges mediated by identified neural pathways. Trends Neurosci 30: 14–21, 2007.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar24 Proske U. What is the role of muscle receptors in proprioception? Muscle Nerve 31: 780–787, 2005.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar25 Salamone JD, Correa M, Farrar A, Mingote SM. Effort-related functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine and associated forebrain circuits. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 191: 461–482, 2007.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar26 Sgherza AL, Axen K, Fain R, Hoffman RS, Dunbar CC, Haas F. Effect of naloxone on perceived exertion and exercise capacity during maximal cycle ergometry. J Appl Physiol 93: 2023–2028, 2002.Link | ISI | Google Scholar27 Smith SA, Querry RG, Fadel PJ, Gallagher KM, Stromstad M, Ide K, Raven PB, Secher NH. Partial blockade of skeletal muscle somatosensory afferents attenuates baroreflex resetting during exercise in humans. J Physiol 551: 1013–1021, 2003.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar28 St. Clair Gibson A, Lambert EV, Rauch LH, Tucker R, Baden DA, Foster C, Noakes TD. The role of information processing between the brain and peripheral physiological systems in pacing and perception of effort. Sports Med 36: 705–722, 2006.Crossref | ISI | Google Scholar29 Walton ME, Kennerley SW, Bannerman DM, Phillips PE, Rushworth MF. Weighing up the benefits of work: behavioral and neural analyses of effort-related decision making. Neural Netw 19: 1302–1314, 2006.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar30 Williamson JW, Fadel PJ, Mitchell JH. New insights into central cardiovascular control during exercise in humans: a central command update. Exp Physiol 91: 51–58, 2006.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar31 Zhao W, Martin AD, Davenport PW. Magnitude estimation of inspiratory resistive loads by double-lung transplant recipients. J Appl Physiol 94: 576–582, 2003.Link | ISI | Google ScholarAUTHOR NOTESAddress for reprint requests and other correspondence: S. Marcora, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor Univ., George Bldg., Normal Site, Holyhead Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2PZ United Kingdom (e-mail: [email protected]) Download PDF Previous Back to Top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByA lab-based comparison of differential ratings of perceived exertion between a run and jump protocol involving low or high impacts on the lower extremities25 April 2022 | European Journal of Sport Science, Vol. 23, No. 5Effects of Sex and Cuff Pressure on Physiological Responses during Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise in Young Adults13 December 2022 | Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 55, No. 5Application of the Ratings of Perceived Exertion-Clamp Model to Examine the Effects of Joint Angle on the Time Course of Torque and Neuromuscular Responses During a Sustained, Isometric Forearm Flexion to Task Failure17 November 2022 | Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, Vol. No. of changes physiological during a time to | European Journal of Vol. and heart rate responses to of April | European Journal of Vol. and muscle during of April | European Journal of Vol. of a perceived effort cycling November 2022 | European Journal of Vol. No. of fatigue and neuromuscular of performance during prolonged | Vol. No. the model to among associated with perceived and performance in and | European Journal of Vol. Exertion Responses to Exercise for and of A | of Sport Science, Vol. No. of Muscle and of A with November 2022 | Sports Vol. No. control of respiratory and during November 2022 | European Journal of Vol. No. Neural in 2022 | Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise, Vol. No. of effort and the of physical A to motor | in Vol. and Human 2022 | Sports Vol. No. effect of on physical performance and effort perception during maximal dynamic exercise in Vol. effects of muscle on of endurance A and & Vol. of the Task to December 2022 | and Vol. of and in 2022 | Journal of Sports Vol. No. effects of on exercise performance and physiological of exercise performance during cycling A & Vol. No. during the the November Effect of Resistance Blood Flow Restriction on A and November 2022 | Sports A Vol. the and the and the November 2022 | Journal of and Vol. No. of breathing air during cycling on and performance in the Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Vol. No. when it The effects of on at high 2022 | Journal of Sports Sciences, Vol. No. of on and exercise performance in | European Journal of Sport Science, Vol. No. patients with neurocognitive are more and 2022 | and Research, Vol. No. I feedback the effects of fatigue on endurance exercise of Sport and Exercise, Vol. Perceived for and Resistance Exercise | Sports A Vol. No. of Perceived Exertion or April | Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, Vol. No. be the to the and performance in fatigue A and 2022 | in Vol. and perceptual mechanisms of fatigue task in response to and M. and 2022 | Journal of Vol. No. the of and on the of April 2022 | and Vol. No. of on and During a | Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, Vol. No. of on perceived exertion during endurance A with of Exercise Science & Vol. 20, No. Model for and of 2022 | Journal of and Vol. No. effects of pain induced by blood in one on exercise and and inhibition of the in and Vol. No. of action on the for action April 2022 | Journal of Sport and Exercise Vol. A of to Human 2022 | in Vol. as a 2022 | Journal of Vol. No. central fatigue after a December | Journal of Medicine & Science in Vol. No. to the Effect of on during and 2022 | Vol. No. effects of exercise intensity and on the relationship between the component of and peripheral 2022 | Vol. No. that Neuromuscular not a in with | Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. No. of the intensity of fatigue and on perceptual regulation and performance during physical 2022 | Vol. No. on and in | for Exercise and Sport, Vol. No. effort for is associated with | Journal of Vol. No. and by and movement descriptors in with during 2022 | Vol. and perceptual responses during at and in normal and | Journal of Vol. No. and a on Neural and Vol. the of Perceived Exertion and Heart to in and of Strength and Conditioning Research, Vol. No. of for November workload during in comparison between heart rate and perceived exertion based 2022 | & Sport - Science & Vol. No. and to Additional in 2022 | Journal of Human Kinetics, Vol. Vol. and to in Perceived | and Vol. No. and to Vol. and fatigue and the April | Vol. No. and mechanisms of fatigue and in | Vol. No. the hypothesis to an Journal of Vol. to Resistance Exercise of Strength and Conditioning Research, Vol. No. of maximal lactate by a lactate test in & Vol. No. of effort during an isometric contraction is by muscle or | European Journal of Vol. No. exertion and performance effects of and Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Vol. No. muscle and perceptual responses during and cycling to task Martin and | American Journal of and Vol. No. of on | Journal of Vol. No.

No AccessStand Alone Books1 Feb 2013Air pollution from motor vehiclesStandards and technologies for controlling emissionsAuthors/Editors: Asif Faiz, Christopher S. Weaver, and Michael P. WalshAsif Faiz, Christopher S. Weaver, and Michael P. Walshhttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-3444-1SectionsAboutPDF (1.9 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:This handbook presents a state-of-the-art review of vehicle emission standards and testing procedures and attempts to synthesize worldwide experience with vehicle emission control technologies and their applications in both industrialized and developing countries. It is one in a series of publications on vehicle-related pollution and control measures prepared by the World Bank in collaboration with the United Nations Environment Programme to underpin the Bank ' s overall objective of promoting transport development that is environmentally sustainable and least damaging to human health and welfare. Chapter 1 surveys vehicle emission standards adopted in various countries, emphasizing the international system of standards employed in North America and Europe. Chapter 2 discusses the test procedures used to quantify vehicle emissions in order to verify compliance and estimate emissions actually used. Chapter 3 describes the engine and aftertreatment technologies developed to enable new vehicles to comply with emission standards, as well as the costs and other impacts of these technologies. That measures to control emissions from in-use vehicles are an essential complement to emission standards for new vehicles is the subject explored in Chapter 4. Lastly, the role of fuels in reducing emissions is reviewed in Chapter 5, which discusses both the benefits of reformulating conventional gasoline and diesel fuels and the potential benefits of alternative cleaner fuels. FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetailsCited byQuantifying the impact of urban road traffic on air quality: activity pre-pandemic and during partial and full lockdownsEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol.196, No.53 April 2024Analysis of factors influencing attitude and intention to use electric vehicles for a sustainable futureThe Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol.136 November 2023Thermal stability and properties of Pd/CeAlO3 catalyst prepared by combustion synthesisJournal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol.148, No.206 May 2023Product Blending23 June 2023A Review of Policies and Legislations of Vehicular Exhaust Emissions in Ghana and Their EnforcementAerosol Science and Engineering, Vol.7, No.225 December 2022A mini review on the catalytic technology development for the mitigation of various air pollutantsMaterials Today: Proceedings, Vol.22Volatile organic compounds of diesel and porcine bone in a simulated controlled fireCanadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, Vol.395 April 2023An Overview of Vehicular Emission StandardsMAPAN, Vol.38, No.112 May 2022A Systematic Review on Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission Measurement Methods under PRISMA Guidelines: Transportation Sustainability and Development ProgramsSustainability, Vol.15, No.68 March 2023Implementation of Sustainable Reforms in the Indian Automotive Industry: From Vehicle Emissions PerspectiveCogent Engineering, Vol.9, No.124 January 2022The Effect of Skulduggery in Fuel of Diesel Engines on The Performance of I. C. EngineTikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.15, No.330 September 2008On the spread of ultrafine particulate matter: A mathematical model for motor vehicle emissions and their effects as an asthma triggerInternational Journal of Biomathematics, Vol.15, No.0128 September 2021A Review of Electric Vehicle Components25 February 2022Prioritization of Low-Volume Road Projects Considering Project Cost and Network Accessibility: An Incremental Benefit–Cost Analysis FrameworkSustainability, Vol.13, No.234 December 2021Evaporative quality of Nigeria's gasoline: truck loading perspectiveEnergy, Ecology and Environment, Vol.6, No.418 August 2020Environmental Standards in the BRICS: An Analysis of Vehicular PollutionInternational Studies, Vol.58, No.315 July 2021Enriched Oxygen for Crude Oil Preheating in Petroleum RefiningInternational Journal of Thermodynamics, Vol.24, No.226 May 2021Factors affecting vehicle exhaust emissions, driver motivations as a mediatorEnvironmental Economics and Policy Studies, Vol.23, No.218 November 2020Goal Programming Framework for Prioritization of Low-Volume Road Projects Considering Network Accessibility and Stakeholders' PreferencesTransportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol.2675, No.314 December 2020An Episodic Assessment of Vehicle Emission Regulations on Saving Lives in CaliforniaEnvironmental Science & Technology, Vol.55, No.19 December 2020Downstream Processing of Biofuels23 March 2021Modelling traffic flow emissions at signalized intersection with PTV vissimE3S Web of Conferences, Vol.2642 June 2021COVID-19, Commuting Flows, and Air QualitySSRN Electronic Journal, Vol.26Issues in Modelling Traffic-Related Air Pollution: Discussion on the State-Of-The-Art11 September 2021Green Technology Development and Adoption: Competition, Regulation, and Uncertainty—A Global Game ApproachManagement Science, Vol.67, No.1Review on Energy Management Systems for Hybrid E VehiclesCompression ignition engine - sources of pollutionIOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol.99725 December 2020Association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and prevalence of diabetes mellitus among Malaysian adultsEnvironmental Health, Vol.19, No.13 April 2020Study of diesel engine characteristics by adding nanosized zinc oxide and diethyl ether additives in Mahua biodiesel–diesel fuel blendScientific Reports, Vol.10, No.118 September 2020Estimating Emission Load from Road Transportation within the Bhaktapur Municipality, NepalJournal of Environmental and Public Health, Vol.2020A Noble Control Approach for Brushless Direct Current Motor Drive Using Artificial Intelligence for Optimum Operation of the Electric Vehicle3 September 2020A Privacy-Preserving Secure Framework for Electric Vehicles in IoT Using Matching Market and SigncryptionIEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol.69, No.7CNG and diesel urban buses in India: A life-cycle cost comparisonInternational Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Vol.14, No.825 April 2019Efficient Motion Control of a PMSM and Design of a Mechanic Energy Storage for a Four Stroke Free Piston EngineMobile vehicle emission inspection service optimization: a flow intercepting location model and applicationTransportation Planning and Technology, Vol.43, No.223 January 2020Effect of geometric parameters on the performance of motorcycle catalytic convertersJournal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol.1469, No.1Ceria doped CuMnOx as Carbon monoxide oxidation catalysts: Synthesis and their characterizationSurfaces and InterfacesThe Information and Analytical System for Monitoring Roadside Pollution by Traffic Flows31 January 2020Taşıt Emisyonlarının Mikroyapı AnaliziAfyon Kocatepe University Journal of Sciences and Engineering, Vol.19, No.331 December 2019Synthesis of highly active Cobalt catalysts for low temperature CO oxidationChemical Data Collections, Vol.24Emission Inventory for On-road Traffic Fleets in Greater Yangon, MyanmarAtmospheric Pollution ResearchA Review of Synthesis, Structure and Applications in Hopcalite Catalysts for Carbon Monoxide OxidationAerosol Science and Engineering, Vol.3, No.410 August 2019Using ANFIS technique for PEM fuel cell electric bicycle prediction modelInternational Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol.16, No.116 May 2019Removal of NOx from Diesel Engines Vehicle: Simulation and ExperimentA Sustainability Interrogation of the Autonomous Vehicle at Its Society-Technology InterfaceBulletin of Science, Technology & Society, Vol.39, No.3-415 October 2020A Review on Impacts of Road Activities and Vehicular Emissions on Native Ecosystems in Mountainous RegionCurrent World Environment, Vol.14, No.211 June 2019Application of hopcalite catalyst for controlling carbon monoxide emission at cold-start emission conditionsJournal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition)Experimental study of NO x and CO 2 emissions at load regimes for a passenger car powered by direct injection diesel engineIOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol.59520 September 2019Ambient temperature complete oxidation of carbon monoxide using hopcalite catalysts for fire escape mask applicationsAdvanced Composites and Hybrid Materials, Vol.2, No.320 June 2019Eco-driving Profiling and Behavioral Shifts Using IoT Vehicular Sensors Combined with Serious GamesEffect of Dominant Fatty Acid Esters on Emission Characteristics of Waste Animal Fat Biodiesel in CI EngineFrontiers in Energy Research, Vol.723 July 2019Interpreting sulfated crusts on natural building stones using sulfur contour maps and infrared thermographyEnvironmental Earth Sciences, Vol.78, No.1327 June 2019Dynamic Model of Sustainable Tourism Case Study Mampie Lampoko Reserve IndonesiaJournal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol.124425 June 2019Materials progress in the control of CO and CO2 emission at ambient conditions: An OverviewMaterials Science for Energy TechnologiesMultiscale Modeling of Isobutane Alkylation with Mixed C4 Olefins Using Sulfuric Acid as CatalystIndustrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol.58, No.1627 March 2019Trends in passenger exposure to carbon monoxide inside a vehicle on an arterial highway of the San Francisco Peninsula over 30 years: A longitudinal studyJournal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol.69, No.49 January 2019Exploring Fuzzy Logic and Random Forest for Car Drivers' Fuel Consumption Estimation in IoT-Enabled Serious GamesThe New Methodology to Control the Speed of e – Vehicles by using Brushless DC MotorVariability in Emission Rate of Auto-Rickshaw Based on Real World Driving Profile: A Case Study in Guwahati CitySynthesis of silver promoted CuMnOx catalyst for ambient temperature oxidation of carbon monoxideJournal of Science: Advanced Materials and DevicesUrban bus emission trends in the Krakow metropolitan area (Poland) from 2010 to 2015Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol.67A Crowdsensing Platform for Monitoring of Vehicular Emissions: A Smart City PerspectiveFuture Internet, Vol.11, No.18 January 2019Environmental Nanotechnology21 May 2019Towards a Reality-Enhanced Serious Game to Promote Eco-Driving in the Wild1 November 2019Experimental Analysis of the Voltage Pulsations at the Receiver's Side of a Dynamic Wireless Charging System for Electric VehiclesNon-thermal Plasma for Removal of NOx from Diesel Engine Vehicle: A Simulation StudyThe Concept of Sandwich Panel Structures for Battery Protections in Electric Vehicles Subjected to Ground ImpactCarboxyhaemoglobin Levels among Traders Exposed to Vehicular Emissions in Three Motor Parks in Ibadan, NigeriaJournal of Environmental and Public Health, Vol.2018Trends in onroad transportation energy and emissionsJournal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol.68, No.621 May 2018Trends in onroad transportation energy and emissionsJournal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol.68, No.628 March 2018Changes in Atmospheric Butanes and Pentanes and Their Isomeric Ratios in the Continental United StatesJournal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol.123, No.712 April 2018Characteristics of nanoparticle emission from a light-duty diesel vehicle during test cycles simulating urban rush-hour driving patternsJournal of Nanoparticle Research, Vol.20, No.429 March 2018Application of banana peels waste as adsorbents for the removal of CO 2 , NO, NO x , and SO 2 gases from motorcycle emissionsIOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol.3346 April 2018Geologic and anthropogenic sources of contamination in settled dust of a historic mining port city in northern Chile: health risk implicationsPeerJ, Vol.624 April 2018The peculiarities of monitoring road vehicle performance and environmental impactMATEC Web of Conferences, Vol.2445 December 2018Environmental Nanotechnology8 February 2018DNA damage assessment among urban female street sweepers exposed to vehicular exhaust in metro Manila, PhilippinesInternational Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES, Vol.4, No.121 December 2017Sectoral dynamics and technological convergence: an evolutionary analysis of eco-innovation in the automotive sectorIndustry and Innovation, Vol.24, No.82 May 2017Damage monitoring on carbonate stones: Field exposure tests contributing to pollution impact evaluation in two Italian sitesConstruction and Building Materials, Vol.152Machine learning for nano-scale particulate matter distribution from gasoline direct injection engineApplied Thermal Engineering, Vol.125Reduced order model design for three way catalytic converter temperature dynamicsInvestigation on private power generators pollutants in Koya cityA review of emissions and concentrations of particulate matter in the three major metropolitan areas of BrazilJournal of Transport & Health, Vol.4A Century of Environmental Technologies for Light-Duty VehiclesSAE International Journal of Engines, Vol.10, No.228 March 2017A study on smart mobility in Kuala LumpurAdvanced Catalytic Converter in Gasoline Enginer Emission Control: A ReviewMATEC Web of Conferences, Vol.8712 December 2016Light-Duty Vehicles10 December 2016Estimates the Emission of Passenger Cars Based on the First Developed Driving Cycle in Nakhon Ratchasima Municipality, ThailandMATEC Web of Conferences, Vol.12429 September 2017Determination of NOX and Soot Concentrations Using a Multi-wavelength Opacimeter15 November 2016Evaluation of traffic exhaust contributions to ambient carbonaceous submicron particulate matter in an urban roadside environment in Hong KongAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol.17, No.2421 December 2017Air pollution emission inventory along a major traffic route within Ibadan Metropolis, southwestern NigeriaAfrican Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol.10, No.1130 November 2016QUANTIFICA??O DAS TAXAS DE EMISS?ES ANUAIS DE CO, NOx E MP DE ?NIBUS URBANOS DAS CIDADES COM AS CINCO MAIORES FROTAS DO BRASIL1 October 2016Review of pollutants in urban road dust and stormwater runoff: part 1. Heavy metals released from vehiclesInternational Journal of Urban Sciences, Vol.20, No.327 June 2016Improving the environmental and performance characteristics of vehicles by introducing the surfactant additive into gasolineEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol.23, No.1721 May 2016Improvement of the environmental and operational characteristics of vehicles through decreasing the motor fuel densityEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol.23, No.712 December 2015What We Breathe As We CommuteModelling of a Residential Solar Energy Recuperation System SetupOpen Journal of Energy Efficiency, Vol.05, No.04Effects of air pollution on human health and practical measures for prevention in IranJournal of Research in Medical Sciences, Vol.21, No.1Russia's black carbon emissions: focus on diesel sourcesAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol.16, No.1712 September 2016A multi-wavelength opacimeter for NOX and sootClimatic benefits of black carbon emission reduction when India adopts the US on-road emission levelFuture Cities and Environment, Vol.1, No.129 December 2015Regulatory Emission Limits for Cars and the Porter Hypothesis: A Survey of the LiteratureTransport Reviews, Vol.35, No.61 September 2015Combustion process and emissions of a heavy-duty engine fueled with directly injected natural gas and pilot dieselApplied Energy, Vol.157Critical Factors for Microbial Contamination of Domestic Heating OilEnergy & Fuels, Vol.29, No.1014 September 2015enviroCar: A Citizen Science Platform for Analyzing and Mapping Crowd‐Sourced Car Sensor DataTransactions in GIS, Vol.19, No.329 June 2015New 0-D methodology for predicting NO formation under continuously varying temperature and mixture composition conditionsEnergy Conversion and Management, Vol.91The pollutant emissions from diesel-engine vehicles and exhaust aftertreatment systemsClean Technologies and Environmental Policy, Vol.17, No.111 June 2014On the Necessity and Nature of E-Mobility Services – Towards a Service Description Framework7 January 2015Regulated and Unregulated Emissions from a Flex Fuel Motorcycle Fuelled with Various Gasoline/Ethanol Blends11 November 2014Fuel production based on catalytic pyrolysis of waste tires as an optimized modelEnergy Conversion and Management, Vol.87An Evaluation of Drag Coefficient of Wind Turbine System Installed on Moving CarApplied Mechanics and Materials, Vol.6601 October 2014Composition of selected heavy metals in road dust from Kuala Lumpur city centreEnvironmental Earth Sciences, Vol.72, No.322 December 2013Comprehensive modeling study analyzing the insights of the NO–NO2 conversion process in current diesel enginesEnergy Conversion and Management, Vol.84Performance, Combustion and Emission Analysis for Various Combustion Chamber GeometryAdvanced Materials Research, Vol.984-9851 July 2014Drive Cycles22 April 2014Ru-doped ceria–zirconia mixed oxides catalyze soot combustionReaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis, Vol.111, No.117 October 2013Ecosystem Monitoring1 June 2013Investigation of Intake Flow Rate and Swirl Motion of Sl EngineApplied Mechanics and Materials, Vol.465-4661 December 2013An Investigation on Aldehyde and Ammonia Emissions from a 4-Stroke Gasoline-Fueled Motorcycle. Ammonia Emission Reduction by using a SCR Catalyst7 October 2013Descriptive analysis of Nissan's electric vehicle commercialization strategiesJournal of Product & Brand Management, Vol.22, No.5/6Monitoring trace elements generated by automobiles: air pollutants with possible health impactsEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol.20, No.721 December 2012Emission Performance of Neat and Blended Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers in an Old Light-Duty Diesel Car8 April 2013Road versus roadside particle size distribution in a hot Mediterranean summer—Estimation of fleet emission factorsJournal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol.63, No.314 January 2013A Study on Regulated and Unregulated Emissions from a Set of Five Gasoline and Ethanol Fueled Motorcycles2 November 2012Exergy Analysis and Environmental Impact Assessment of Using Various Refrigerants for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Thermal Management Systems22 September 2013Analysis of motorcycle fleet in Hanoi for estimation of air pollution emission and climate mitigation co-benefit of technology implementationAtmospheric Environment, Vol.59An Experimental Investigation on Regulated and Unregulated Emissions from Four 4-Stroke Gasoline-Powered Motorcycle16 April 2012Comparative exhaust emission study of diesel and CNG fuel buses of Karnataka State Road Transport CorporationReduction in pollution levels by the use of clean fuel CNG in Bangalore Municipal Transport Corporation busesEstimated Validity and Reliability of On-Board Diagnostics for Older Vehicles: Comparison with Remote Sensing ObservationsJournal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol.61, No.1027 September 2011Chemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of SOF and Soot from a Euro-4 Diesel Engine Fueled by Model Fuels30 August 2011Catalytic NO x Abatement Systems for Mobile Sources: From Three-Way to Lean Burn after-Treatment TechnologiesChemical Reviews, Vol.111, No.518 March 2011Vehicle combustion quality monitoring: A scene visibility-level based non-invasive approachImplementation of BRT system in developing countries as the best option in reducing emission the case study of Dart system in Dar es SalaamSolar-Assisted Electric Auto Rickshaw Three-WheelerIEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol.59, No.5The Rise and Fall of Organometallic Additives in Automotive GasolineEnvironmental Forensics, Vol.11, No.1-2Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles—A low-carbon solution for Ireland?Energy Policy, Vol.38, No.3Relationship between Vehicle Emissions Laws and Incidence of Suicide by Motor Vehicle Exhaust Gas in Australia, 2001?06: An Ecological AnalysisPLoS Medicine, Vol.7, No.15 January 2010Toward Integration of Vehicle and Fuel RegulationTransportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol.2191, No.122 May 2018Vehicle Emission Control Strategies and Public Opinion in BhutanTransportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol.2157, No.122 May 2018Solar/battery electric auto rickshaw the of as Diesel Fuel in Road of Energy Technology, August and April of using gas in Vol.24, October effects from a of of system for using International Journal of Cycle Assessment, Vol.13, June transport with as a Policy, of performance in design Journal of Research, and environmental The of in Policy, Vol.14, emissions of black and organic carbon from Vol.21, May to Carbon January on Catalysts in Materials, and of the Indian Society, November waste January estimation of dust and in of University Vol.7, December Vehicle Emissions in India: Behavioral and Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vehicle Emissions in Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No.122 May Air from Mobile in the of of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol.55, March 2012Emission Standards Development for an of Environmental Engineering, and Urban Air Pollution in Management, No.228 June urban transport in India: and Development Planning and the of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol.55, No.61 March in a vehicle emissions in Policy, pollution prediction a review of highway Reviews, Vol.24, AND Journal of Environmental Studies, Vol.61, inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from of Geophysical Research, February Energy and Emissions: February Air and at a and Environmental Air December Emission Inventory for Mobile and Fuel July and Cost in the in of Vol.6, Traffic Air Journal of Environmental Studies, Vol.59, September International Public benefits of gasoline Management and Health, to the case for and and Air Assessment in an and Environment, Vol.10, July and fuels for a October and of the evaluation of alternative tests in inspection and Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol.6, in Urban Air and of Urban Planning and of Motor Vehicle Emissions in the of Science & Technology, August of Engine Technology on the Vehicular Emissions in Science & Technology, May vehicle emission inspection to Research Part D: Transport and Environment, and of from Motor Science & Technology, February and in the exhaust system of a cold-start engine with a catalytic of the of Part D: Journal of Engineering, December air Environment, exposure to carbon monoxide from - Global Science, Vol.1, emissions in developing Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol.4, in Air Charging August November & and

Previous article Next article Prescribing a System of Random Variables by Conditional DistributionsR. L. DobrushinR. L. Dobrushinhttps://doi.org/10.1137/1115049PDFBibTexSections ToolsAdd to favoritesExport CitationTrack CitationsEmail SectionsAbout[1] V. V. Sazonov, On perfect measures, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat., 26 (1962), 391–414, (In Russian.) MR0181729 Google Scholar[2] K. R. Parthasarathy, Probability measures on metric spaces, Probability and Mathematical Statistics, No. 3, Academic Press Inc., New York, 1967xi+276 MR0226684 0153.19101 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[3] M. B. Averincev, A certain method of describing random fields with a discrete argument, Problemy Peredači Informacii, 6 (1970), 100–108, (In Russian.) MR0329038 Google Scholar[4] R. L. Dobrushin, The description of a random field by means of conditional probabilities and conditions of its regularity, Theory Prob. Applications, 13 (1968), 197–224 10.1137/1113026 LinkGoogle Scholar[5] Yu. A. Rozanov, On Gaussian fields with given conditional distributions, Theory Prob. Applications, 12 (1967), 381–391 10.1137/1112050 0212.20101 LinkGoogle Scholar[6] R. L. Dobrušin, Gibbsian random fields for lattice systems with pairwise interactions, Funkcional. Anal. i Priložen., 2 (1968), 31–43, (In Russian.) MR0250630 Google Scholar[7] R. L. Dobrushin, The problem of uniqueness for a Gibbsian random field and the problem of phase transitions, Funktsional'nyi Analiz i evo Primen, 2 (1968), 44–57, (In Russian.) 0192.61702 Google Scholar[8] R. L. Dobrušin, Gibbsian random fields. General case, Funkcional. Anal. i Priložen, 3 (1969), 27–35, (In Russian.) MR0239794 Google Scholar[9] R. L. Dobrushin, Gibbsian random fields for particles without a solid core, Funktsional'nyi Analiz i evo Primen., 4 (1970), 101–118, (In Russian.) Google Scholar[10] O. N. Stavskaja and , I. I. Pjateckii˘-Šapiro, Homogeneous networks of spontaneously active elements, Problemy Kibernet. No., 20 (1968), 91–106 MR0286511 0191.31102 Google Scholar[11] M. G. Shnirman, On the problem of ergodicity for a Markov chain, “Problemy Kibernetiki”, 20 (1968), 115–122, (In Russian.) Google Scholar[12] L. N. Vasershtein, Markov processes over denumerable products of spaces describing large system of automata, Problemy Peredači Informacii, 5 (1969), 64–72, (In Russian.) MR0314115 Google Scholar[13] Ju. K. Beljaev, , Ju. I. Gromak and , V. A. Malyšev, Invariant random Boolean fields, Mat. Zametki, 6 (1969), 555–566, (In Russian.) MR0258113 0201.18605 Google Scholar[14] A. L. Toom, A certain family of homogeneous nets of formal neurons, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 183 (1968), 49–52, (In Russian.) MR0238614 Google Scholar[15] N. B. Vasil'ev, The limiting behavior of a certain random medium, Problemy Peredači Informacii, 5 (1969), 68–74, (In Russian.) MR0309661 0284.60097 Google Scholar[16] Yu. V. Prokhorov, Convergence of random processes and limit theorems in probability theory, Theory Prob. Applications, 1 (1956), 157–214 10.1137/1101016 LinkGoogle Scholar[17] Nelson Dunford and , Jacob T. Schwartz, Linear Operators. I. General Theory, With the assistance of W. G. Bade and R. G. Bartle. Pure and Applied Mathematics, Vol. 7, Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1958xiv+858 MR0117523 0084.10402 Google Scholar[18] I. A. Ibragimov and , Yu. V. Linnik, Independent and Stationary-Connected Variables, Izd-vo “Nauka”, Moscow, 1965, (In Russian.) Google Scholar[19] R. L. Dobrushin, Central limit theorem for nonstationary Markov chains, I, II, Theory Prob. Applications, 1 (1956), , I, 1, pp. 65–80; II, 4, pp. 329–383 Google Scholar[20] L. N. Vaserštei˘n and , A. M. Leontovič, Invariant measures of certain Markov operators that describe a homogeneous random medium, Problemy Peredači Informacii, 6 (1970), 71–80, (In Russian.) MR0530400 Google Scholar[21] L. A. Ibragimov and , Yu. A. Rozanov, Gaussian Random Processes, Izd-vo “Nauka”, Moscow, 1970, (In Russian.) Google Scholar Previous article Next article FiguresRelatedReferencesCited ByDetails Multispectral and hyperspectral image fusion in remote sensing: A surveyInformation Fusion, Vol. 89 | 1 Jan 2023 Cross Ref Strict Kantorovich contractions for Markov chains and Euler schemes with general noiseStochastic Processes and their Applications, Vol. 151 | 1 Sep 2022 Cross Ref Quantum Concentration InequalitiesAnnales Henri Poincaré, Vol. 23, No. 9 | 21 April 2022 Cross Ref A Functional Central Limit Theorem for Polaron Path MeasuresCommunications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, Vol. 9 | 12 August 2022 Cross Ref A Wasserstein-based measure of conditional dependenceBehaviormetrika, Vol. 49, No. 2 | 25 June 2022 Cross Ref Identifying biases in the global placement of river gaugesNature Sustainability, Vol. 5, No. 7 | 25 April 2022 Cross Ref Assessing placement bias of the global river gauge networkNature Sustainability, Vol. 5, No. 7 | 25 April 2022 Cross Ref Implementation of the regularized Rudin-Osher-Fatemi denoising method in the coherent wave burst pipeline for gravitational-wave data analysisPhysical Review D, Vol. 106, No. 2 | 19 July 2022 Cross Ref Correlation decay for hard spheres via Markov chainsThe Annals of Applied Probability, Vol. 32, No. 3 | 1 Jun 2022 Cross Ref Memory drives the formation of animal home ranges: Evidence from a reintroductionEcology Letters, Vol. 25, No. 4 | 31 January 2022 Cross Ref Classical Particles in the Continuum Subjected to High Density Boundary ConditionsAnnales Henri Poincaré, Vol. 37 | 20 January 2022 Cross Ref OverlapNet: a siamese network for computing LiDAR scan similarity with applications to loop closing and localizationAutonomous Robots, Vol. 46, No. 1 | 5 August 2021 Cross Ref Model Compression Using Optimal Transport2022 IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV) | 1 Jan 2022 Cross Ref Ensemble Riemannian data assimilation: towards large-scale dynamical systemsNonlinear Processes in Geophysics, Vol. 29, No. 1 | 18 February 2022 Cross Ref Convergence of Spectral Triples on Fuzzy Tori to Spectral Triples on Quantum ToriCommunications in Mathematical Physics, Vol. 388, No. 2 | 20 August 2021 Cross Ref Optimal Representation of the Nuclear Ensemble: Application to Electronic SpectroscopyJournal of Chemical Theory and Computation, Vol. 17, No. 10 | 20 September 2021 Cross Ref Assessing data change in scientific datasetsConcurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, Vol. 33, No. 16 | 2 March 2021 Cross Ref Spectral Independence in High-Dimensional Expanders and Applications to the Hardcore ModelNima Anari, Kuikui Liu, and Shayan Oveis GharanSIAM Journal on Computing, Vol. 0, No. 0 | 12 July 2021AbstractPDF (704 KB)Geometric models reveal behavioural and neural signatures of transforming experiences into memoriesNature Human Behaviour, Vol. 5, No. 7 | 11 February 2021 Cross Ref Phase transitions in random mixtures of elementary cellular automataPhysica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Vol. 573 | 1 Jul 2021 Cross Ref The measurement of relations on belief functions based on the Kantorovich problem and the Wasserstein metricInternational Journal of Approximate Reasoning, Vol. 131 | 1 Apr 2021 Cross Ref A generative adversarial network for travel times imputation using trajectory dataComputer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Vol. 36, No. 2 | 24 June 2020 Cross Ref Poisson approximation in terms of the Gini–Kantorovich distanceExtremes, Vol. 174 | 8 January 2021 Cross Ref Stability in Distribution of Path-Dependent Hybrid DiffusionDang H. Nguyen, Duy Nguyen, and Son L. NguyenSIAM Journal on Control and Optimization, Vol. 59, No. 1 | 27 January 2021AbstractPDF (565 KB)Generative Adversarial Network Performance in Low-Dimensional SettingsJournal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Vol. 126 | 1 Jan 2021 Cross Ref Chaos in p-adic Statistical Lattice Models: Potts ModelAdvances in Non-Archimedean Analysis and Applications | 25 July 2021 Cross Ref An Integrated Consensus Improving Strategy Based on PL-Wasserstein Distance and Its Application in the Evaluation of Network Public Opinion EmergenciesComplexity, Vol. 2020 | 26 Nov 2020 Cross Ref Evaluating the Performance of Climate Models Based on Wasserstein DistanceGeophysical Research Letters, Vol. 47, No. 21 | 28 October 2020 Cross Ref What Can Local Transfer Entropy Tell Us about Phase-Amplitude Coupling in Electrophysiological Signals?Entropy, Vol. 22, No. 11 | 6 November 2020 Cross Ref Spectral Independence in High-Dimensional Expanders and Applications to the Hardcore Model2020 IEEE 61st Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS) | 1 Nov 2020 Cross Ref Machine-learning Prediction of Infrared Spectra of Interstellar Polycyclic Aromatic HydrocarbonsThe Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 902, No. 2 | 16 October 2020 Cross Ref An overview of distance and similarity functions for structured dataArtificial Intelligence Review, Vol. 53, No. 7 | 27 February 2020 Cross Ref Semantic Predictive Coding with Arbitrated Generative Adversarial NetworksMachine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, Vol. 2, No. 3 | 25 August 2020 Cross Ref On the rate of Poisson approximation to Bernoulli partial sum processesStatistics & Probability Letters, Vol. 162 | 1 Jul 2020 Cross Ref The physics of climate variability and climate changeReviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 92, No. 3 | 31 July 2020 Cross Ref Wilson Loops in Ising Lattice Gauge TheoryCommunications in Mathematical Physics, Vol. 377, No. 1 | 1 April 2020 Cross Ref The hidden geometry of particle collisionsJournal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2020, No. 7 | 1 July 2020 Cross Ref What can be sampled locally?Distributed Computing, Vol. 33, No. 3-4 | 27 April 2018 Cross Ref Transport-information inequalities for Markov chainsThe Annals of Applied Probability, Vol. 30, No. 3 | 1 Jun 2020 Cross Ref Towards a Robust WiFi-based Fall Detection with Adversarial Data Augmentation2020 54th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS) | 1 Mar 2020 Cross Ref Convergence rates of the blocked Gibbs sampler with random scan in the Wasserstein metricStochastics, Vol. 92, No. 2 | 27 May 2019 Cross Ref Exploring the space of jets with CMS open dataPhysical Review D, Vol. 101, No. 3 | 11 February 2020 Cross Ref Identification of the Polaron Measure I: Fixed Coupling Regime and the Central Limit Theorem for Large TimesCommunications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, Vol. 73, No. 2 | 12 August 2019 Cross Ref Jinping Neutrino Experiment: a Status ReportJournal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 1468, No. 1 | 1 Feb 2020 Cross Ref Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Nonautonomous Dynamical Systems, and the Climate SciencesMathematical Approach to Climate Change and its Impacts | 17 March 2020 Cross Ref Stable Approximation Schemes for Optimal FiltersDan Crisan, Alberto López-Yela, and Joaquin MiguezSIAM/ASA Journal on Uncertainty Quantification, Vol. 8, No. 1 | 26 March 2020AbstractPDF (557 KB)SCOTT: Shape-Location Combined Tracking with Optimal TransportXinye Zheng, Jianbo Ye, James Z. Wang, and Jia LiSIAM Journal on Mathematics of Data Science, Vol. 2, No. 2 | 8 April 2020AbstractPDF (1824 KB)Предельные теоремы для индикаторов рекордов в пороговых $F^{\alpha}$-схемахТеория вероятностей и ее применения, Vol. 65, No. 3 | 22 July 2020 Cross Ref Limit Theorems for Record Indicators in Threshold $F^\alpha$-SchemesP. He and K. A. BorovkovTheory of Probability & Its Applications, Vol. 65, No. 3 | 3 November 2020AbstractPDF (467 KB)Probabilistic Foundations of Spatial Mean-Field Models in Ecology and ApplicationsDenis D. Patterson, Simon A. Levin, Carla Staver, and Jonathan D. TouboulSIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems, Vol. 19, No. 4 | 8 December 2020AbstractPDF (1774 KB)Hyperspectral Sharpening Approaches Using Satellite Multiplatform DataIEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing | 1 Jan 2020 Cross Ref Hindsight-Combined and Hindsight-Prioritized Experience ReplayNeural Information Processing | 20 November 2020 Cross Ref On the accuracy of Poisson approximationExtremes, Vol. 22, No. 4 | 18 June 2019 Cross Ref His -GAN: A histogram-based GAN model to improve data generation qualityNeural Networks, Vol. 119 | 1 Nov 2019 Cross Ref A novel generative adversarial network for estimation of trip travel time distribution with trajectory dataTransportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, Vol. 108 | 1 Nov 2019 Cross Ref Logarithmic Sobolev inequalities in discrete product spacesCombinatorics, Probability and Computing, Vol. 28, No. 06 | 13 June 2019 Cross Ref Convergence rates of symmetric scan Gibbs samplerFrontiers of Mathematics in China, Vol. 14, No. 5 | 28 September 2019 Cross Ref Approximating stationary distributions of fast mixing Glauber dynamics, with applications to exponential random graphsThe Annals of Applied Probability, Vol. 29, No. 5 | 1 Oct 2019 Cross Ref Stein’s method for stationary distributions of Markov chains and application to Ising modelsThe Annals of Applied Probability, Vol. 29, No. 5 | 1 Oct 2019 Cross Ref On a Class of Infinite Systems of Linear Equations Originating in Statistical PhysicsLobachevskii Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 40, No. 8 | 3 September 2019 Cross Ref Inducing Any Feasible Level of Correlation to Bivariate Data With Any MarginalsThe American Statistician, Vol. 73, No. 3 | 4 June 2018 Cross Ref Metric Space of Collider EventsPhysical Review Letters, Vol. 123, No. 4 | 26 July 2019 Cross Ref Putting Distance Between Collider EventsPhysics, Vol. 12 | 26 July 2019 Cross Ref A Century of Nonlinearity in the GeosciencesEarth and Space Science, Vol. 6, No. 7 | 1 Jul 2019 Cross Ref Statistical Aspects of Wasserstein DistancesAnnual Review of Statistics and Its Application, Vol. 6, No. 1 | 7 Mar 2019 Cross Ref Randomized optimal transport on a graph: framework and new distance measuresNetwork Science, Vol. 7, No. 1 | 25 April 2019 Cross Ref CPS Dependability Framework Based on Inhomogeneous Stochastic Hybrid SystemsCyber Physical Systems. Model-Based Design | 2 July 2019 Cross Ref Poisson approximationProbability Surveys, Vol. 16, No. none | 1 Jan 2019 Cross Ref Locality of connective constantsDiscrete Mathematics, Vol. 341, No. 12 | 1 Dec 2018 Cross Ref A hard-core stochastic process with simultaneous births and deathsStochastic Models, Vol. 34, No. 4 | 7 January 2019 Cross Ref On large-girth regular graphs and random processes on treesRandom Structures & Algorithms, Vol. 53, No. 3 | 27 February 2018 Cross Ref The log-Sobolev inequality with quadratic interactionsJournal of Mathematical Physics, Vol. 59, No. 8 | 1 Aug 2018 Cross Ref Rapid mixing of geodesic walks on manifolds with positive curvatureThe Annals of Applied Probability, Vol. 28, No. 4 | 1 Aug 2018 Cross Ref Learning Graphical Models From the Glauber DynamicsIEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 64, No. 6 | 1 Jun 2018 Cross Ref Management of complex dynamical systemsNonlinearity, Vol. 31, No. 2 | 2 January 2018 Cross Ref Displacement Interpolation Using Monotone RearrangementDonsub Rim and Kyle T. MandliSIAM/ASA Journal on Uncertainty Quantification, Vol. 6, No. 4 | 6 November 2018AbstractPDF (4833 KB)Insurance Models Under Incomplete InformationStatistics and Simulation | 18 May 2018 Cross Ref Relation Between the Kantorovich–Wasserstein Metric and the Kullback–Leibler DivergenceInformation Geometry and Its Applications | 4 November 2018 Cross Ref Gibbs states of continuum particle systems with unbounded spins: Existence and uniquenessJournal of Mathematical Physics, Vol. 59, No. 1 | 1 Jan 2018 Cross Ref Inference for empirical Wasserstein distances on finite spacesJournal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology), Vol. 80, No. 1 | 18 May 2017 Cross Ref Uniqueness for the 3-state antiferromagnetic Potts model on the treeElectronic Journal of Probability, Vol. 23, No. none | 1 Jan 2018 Cross Ref Monotonicity-based ranking on the basis of multiple partially specified reciprocal relationsFuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 325 | 1 Oct 2017 Cross Ref Gini-type measures of risk and variability: Gini shortfall, capital allocations, and heavy-tailed risksJournal of Banking & Finance, Vol. 83 | 1 Oct 2017 Cross Ref BibliographySojourns and Extremes of Stochastic Processes | 31 October 2017 Cross Ref On Wasserstein Two-Sample Testing and Related Families of Nonparametric TestsEntropy, Vol. 19, No. 2 | 26 January 2017 Cross Ref Concentration of Measure Without Independence: A Unified Approach Via the Martingale MethodConvexity and Concentration | 21 April 2017 Cross Ref Strong Data-Processing Inequalities for Channels and Bayesian NetworksConvexity and Concentration | 21 April 2017 Cross Ref The Geometric Meaning of Curvature: Local and Nonlocal Aspects of Ricci CurvatureModern Approaches to Discrete Curvature | 5 October 2017 Cross Ref New Research Directions in Modern Actuarial SciencesModern Problems of Stochastic Analysis and Statistics | 22 November 2017 Cross Ref What Can be Sampled Locally?Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing - PODC '17 | 1 Jan 2017 Cross Ref The wind-driven ocean circulation: Applying dynamical systems theory to a climate problemDiscrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, Vol. 37, No. 1 | 1 Jan 2017 Cross Ref Interactions, specifications, DLR probabilities and the Ruelle operator in the one-dimensional latticeDiscrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, Vol. 37, No. 12 | 1 Jan 2017 Cross Ref Variogram calculations for random fields on regular lattices using quadrature methodsEnvironmetrics, Vol. 27, No. 7 | 14 September 2016 Cross Ref Efron–Stein inequalities for random Annals of Probability, Vol. No. 5 | 1 Sep 2016 Cross Ref An for IEEE Symposium on Information Theory | 1 Jul 2016 Cross Ref Wasserstein of Entropy and for Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. No. 7 | 1 Jul 2016 Cross Ref and by Ricci of Functional Vol. No. 5 | 1 Mar 2016 Cross Ref Implementation for by Stable and | 14 June 2016 Cross Ref of Information in Channels With Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. No. 1 | 1 Jan 2016 Cross Ref of and Gini and Electronic Journal | 1 Jan 2016 Cross Ref The of the American Mathematical Vol. No. 1 | 22 May Cross Ref Phase transitions in continuum with unbounded of Mathematical Physics, Vol. No. 11 | 1 Nov Cross Ref A of and Vol. No. 10 | October Cross Ref in on the Journal of Physics, Vol. No. 10 | 18 March Cross Ref and of and Applied Mathematics, Vol. | 1 May Cross Ref On model on of Statistical Theory and Vol. No. 5 | 27 May Cross Ref Stochastic Equations the Journal of Stochastic Vol. | 5 Apr Cross Ref and of Vol. No. 1 | 3 June Cross Ref Random and of Ising in Mathematical Physics, Vol. No. 2 | 3 July Cross Ref On on the Phase on Mathematical Physics, Vol. No. 1 | 1 Feb Cross Ref The Vol. No. 2 | 1 Feb Cross Ref Using the Wasserstein Analysis | 9 June Cross Ref Learning Ising Models on of the Annual ACM on Symposium on Theory of Computing - | 1 Jan Cross Ref Convergence rate and inequalities for Gibbs in Vol. No. 4 | 1 Nov Cross Ref Phase for the model on the of Statistical Theory and Vol. No. 10 | 21 October Cross Ref in antiferromagnetic Potts Review Vol. No. 14 | 21 October Cross Ref Statistics | September Cross Ref Learning models from the Glauber Annual Conference on and Computing | 1 Sep Cross Ref Gibbs states on random of Mathematical Physics, Vol. No. 8 | 1 Aug Cross Ref of in neural Annals of Applied Probability, Vol. No. 3 | 1 Jun Cross Ref of and of in Journal, Vol. 106, No. 9 | 1 May Cross Ref Approximate of in Theory | 1 Jan Cross Ref Stochastic | 21 August Cross Ref The Stochastic | 22 August Cross Ref and Stochastic | 21 August Cross Ref From Data to Stochastic | 21 August Cross Ref Stochastic | 21 August Cross Ref and Stochastic | 21 August Cross Ref The of in Stochastic Stochastic | 21 August Cross Ref Stochastic | 21 August Cross Ref of in in Systems | 1 Jan Cross Ref On the phase for the one-dimensional Potts of Statistical Theory and Vol. No. 1 | 16 January Cross Ref Distribution of With Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. No. 1 | 1 Jan Cross Ref the of in Electronic Journal | 1 Jan Cross Ref and Electronic Journal | 1 Jan Cross Ref in a hard model in in Probability, Vol. 19, No. none | 1 Jan Cross Ref Large and Phase in Large Stochastic and of Statistical Physics, Vol. No. 2 | 22 August Cross Ref and with applications in Vol. 47, No. 5 | 1 Oct Cross Ref Phase transitions for Potts model on the of of Statistical Theory and Vol. No. | July Cross Ref Gibbs states over the of discrete of Functional Vol. No. 11 | 1 Jun Cross Ref On Dynamical Systems and Phase for p-adic Potts Model on the Physics, Analysis and Vol. 16, No. 1 | 19 September Cross Ref Optimal of in the Theory of Probability and Statistics | 12 November Cross Ref of in the Theory of Probability and Statistics | 12 November Cross Ref Quantum metric spacesJournal of Functional Vol. No. 1 | 1 Jan Cross Ref An to the problem of description by means of of Mathematical Vol. No. 1 | 26 February Cross Ref Existence of p-adic Gibbs measure for Potts model on the of Inequalities and Applications, Vol. No. 1 | 8 May Cross Ref A Dynamical System Approach to Phase for Potts Model on the of on Mathematical Physics, Vol. No. 3 | 1 Dec Cross Ref description and of in networks of and Journal of Mathematical Vol. 2, No. 1 | 31 May Cross Ref and of Stochastic with Random of Statistical Physics, Vol. No. 4 | 5 October Cross Ref in Mathematical Physics, Vol. No. 10 | 26 November Cross Ref of Theory, Series Vol. No. 5 | 1 Sep Cross Ref Markov Random Random of Statistical Physics, Vol. No. 4 | 11 May Cross Ref Correlation decay and for of a of Discrete Algorithms, Vol. 12 | 1 Apr Cross Ref Equations for a Energy Functional Markov on a for Mechanics and Vol. No. 3 | 5 October Cross Ref in and Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems, Vol. No. 1 | 13 January - и Vol. No. 5 | 1 Jan Cross Ref with Applications to | 7 February Cross Ref of the limit of lattice Annals of Probability, Vol. No. 6 | 1 Nov Cross Ref and Phase in Potts Models on Review Letters, Vol. No. 16 | 12 October Cross Ref of Markov processes on large of Equations and Applications, Vol. 17, No. 8 | 1 Aug Cross Ref for Vol. No. 21 | 13 July Cross Ref Approximating functions of the Processing Letters, Vol. No. 14 | 1 Jul Cross Ref Gibbs models with a of on IEEE Symposium on Information Theory | 1 Jul Cross Ref A approximation for data Conference on Distributed Computing in Systems and | 1 Jun Cross Ref A for Computing Approximate and Correlation American Statistician, Vol. 65, No. 2 | 1 May Cross Ref System of for the functions of Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 32, No. 2 | 25 May Cross Ref of a of a of Statistical Physics, Vol. No. 3 | 26 January Cross Ref From Poisson to Gibbs Vol. 17, No. 1 | 1 Feb Cross Ref On the Vol. 29, No. 4 | 1 Jan Cross Ref inequalities for continuum Gibbs in Probability, Vol. 16, No. none | 1 Jan Cross Ref On a for Markov random Journal of Statistics, Vol. 5, No. none | 1 Jan Cross Ref and for Markov Annals of Probability, Vol. No. 6 | 1 Nov Cross Ref On p-adic Gibbs measures for Potts model on the and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 3 | 6 August Cross Ref A of the of Structures & Algorithms, Vol. 37, No. 2 | 1 February Cross Ref The of of A: Mathematical and Vol. No. | 21 June Cross Ref Simulation of Infinite Gibbs and Coupling with of Statistical Physics, Vol. No. | 1 December Cross Ref for Computing Energy and of Statistical Physics, Vol. No. 2 | 27 October Cross Ref On scan for of the Structures and Algorithms, Vol. No. 1 | 1 Aug Cross Ref A new inequality for Markov processes with positive Wasserstein Vol. No. 2 | 1 May Cross Ref of Gibbsian systems of particles with of Processes and their Applications, Vol. No. 3 | 1 Mar Cross Ref and mixing for Annals of Applied Probability, Vol. 19, No. 1 | 1 Feb Cross Ref without of the for certain physics Structures and Algorithms, Vol. 33, No. 4 | 1

POINT-COUNTERPOINTPoint:Counterpoint: Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is due to a central mechanism vs. respiratory sinus arrhythmia is due to the baroreflex mechanismDwain L. EckbergDwain L. EckbergPublished Online:01 May 2009https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.91107.2008This is the final version - click for previous versionMoreSectionsPDF (139 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations POINT: RESPIRATORY SINUS ARRHYTHMIA IS DUE TO A CENTRAL MECHANISMBlood pressure and heart periods fluctuate at respiratory frequencies in healthy humans. Some researchers (8, 23) explain this as a cause-and-effect relation: blood pressure changes trigger baroreflex-mediated R-R interval changes. Here I make the case that respiratory sinus arrhythmia is a central phenomenon that is independent of blood pressure changes. I base this argument on several well-documented physiological facts.Vagal-cardiac motoneuron membrane potentials fluctuate at respiratory frequencies (16), modulate responsiveness of vagal motoneurons to arterial baroreceptor inputs (12, 13), and impose a respiratory rhythm on vagal-cardiac nerve traffic and heart periods (18). Central respiratory gating of vagal motoneuron responsiveness (11) is sufficient to explain respiratory sinus arrhythmia.The cascade of events comprising a vagal baroreflex response does not play out instantaneously; each step in the sequence takes time. Therefore, a critical question is, how much time is required between the beginning of the cascade sequence, a change of arterial pressure, and the end of the sequence, a change of heart period?Latencies of individual components of vagal baroreflex responses have been measured directly in animals and include transduction of baroreceptive artery stretch into baroreceptor firing, 18 ms (19); polysynaptic central transactions, 26 ms (21); transmission of vagus nerve traffic from the brain stem to the sinoatrial node, 2 ms (6); and sinoatrial node responses, 120 ms (6). Simple addition of these latencies (14) yields a vagal baroreflex arc latency of 166 ms; the great majority of this latency, 72%, reflects the kinetics of sinoatrial node responses to released acetylcholine.These animal data comport well with results obtained with electrical carotid sinus nerve stimulation and abrupt intense neck suction in humans. Minimal human vagal baroreflex latency is remarkably short—less than 0.5 s (5, 25), and possibly as short as 0.24 s (9). However, the operative word in the preceding sentence is “minimal”; data derived from highly unphysiological experimental interventions do not necessarily answer the question, what is vagal-cardiac baroreflex latency in the arterial pressure, heart period transactions that occur in everyday life? The short answer to this question is this: vagal baroreflex responses do not occur instantaneously—they take time. The question then becomes, how much time?In one of the earliest quantitative studies of human vagal baroreflexes, Smyth, Sleight, and Pickering (27) gave intravenous bolus injections of angiotensin, and plotted heart period responses as functions of preceding arterial pressure increases. They reported that the best linear fits were obtained when each systolic pressure during the pressure rise was correlated with the R-R interval of the heart beat that followed the pressure pulse. In 1986 (15), we confirmed this observation and showed that most spontaneously occurring baroreflex sequences (3) yield the highest correlation coefficients when each arterial pulse is related to the following R-R interval.When baroreceptors are stimulated with abrupt intense neck suction, the time from the onset of the stimulus until the maximum P-P interval prolongation averages 1.5 s (2). (In a subject with a P-R interval of 0.15 s, the stimulus to R wave latency becomes 1.65 s.) Wallin and Nerhed (29) signal averaged arterial pressures and R-R intervals on the peaks of muscle sympathetic bursts and reported that diastolic pressure rises after sympathetic bursts and R-R intervals peak between 1.8 and 4.8 s (average, 2.9) later.The next question is, what is the latency between respiratory frequency arterial pressure and R-R interval changes? We performed cross-spectral analysis of systolic pressures and R-R intervals in two studies (7, 20), the results of which are summarized in Fig. 1.Fig. 1.Cross-spectral analysis of systolic pressures and R-R intervals in two studies (7, 20). Data shown in A and B were recorded during fixed-frequency breathing at progressive angles of passive upright tilt (7). The average phase angle was −53° at the low frequency (A) and did not change significantly during tilt (P = 0.48, linear regression). Data shown in C and D were recorded during fixed-frequency breathing (left) and conventional mechanical ventilation, both at a frequency of 0.25 Hz (20). Respiratory frequency phase angles averaged −25° during fixed-frequency breathing (D; left) and 49° during mechanical ventilation (D; right). Neither study reported fixed phase angles and respiratory frequencies (B and D).Download figureDownload PowerPointData in Fig. 1, A and B, were recorded during fixed-frequency breathing at progressive angles of passive upright tilt (7). The average phase angle was minus 53° at the low frequency (A) and did not change significantly during tilt (P = 0.48, linear regression). Such analyses do not indicate whether systolic pressure changes precede R-R interval changes [by 1.6 s (53°/360°·11.1 s)] or follow R-R interval changes [by 9.5 (11.1 − 1.6) s]. A latency of 9.5 s is not consistent with baroreflex mechanisms; systolic pressure returns to usual levels within 3 s after transient reductions of arterial pressure (30). Therefore, it is likely that low frequency R-R interval changes follow systolic pressure changes, with an average latency that is consistent with arterial baroreflex physiology (2).Figure 1B shows an entirely different picture for respiratory-frequency systolic pressure—R-R interval phase angles. The phase was positive in the supine position (extreme left) and declined systematically (P = 0.001) to negative levels, in proportion to the tilt angle. Average calculated latencies between systolic pressure and P-P intervals (subtracting an assumed P-R interval of 0.15 s) from these data were plus 0.3 s in the supine position and minus 0.1 s at the 80° the tilt position. Other studies (8, 23) document similar latencies for both low- and respiratory-frequency systolic pressure-R-R interval cross-spectra in supine subjects.Data shown in Fig. 1, C and D, (20) were recorded from supine subjects during controlled-frequency breathing and conventional mechanical ventilation (both at 0.25 Hz). Calculated latencies averaged −2.7 and −3.0 s at low frequencies (P = 0.88, Mann-Whitney Rank Sum, Fig. 1C) and −0.28 and 0.53 s at respiratory frequencies (P = 0.001, Fig. 1D) during spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation. One point that stands out in this figure [and in other studies (4, 7, 10, 24)] is that systolic pressure-R-R interval phase angles at respiratory frequencies vary greatly.Therefore, if respiratory frequency R-R interval fluctuations are baroreflex-mediated, baroreflex latencies—mainly reflecting the kinetics of acetylcholine effects on the sinoatrial node—vary systematically, according to the physiological circumstances of the moment. Saul and coworkers (24) proposed a vastly simpler explanation: R-R interval changes follow breathing, not pressure, with a nearly fixed time delay of ∼0.3 s.Although I emphasize baroreflex latencies, other types of evidence point to a respiratory, non-baroreflex causation of respiratory R-R interval changes. In anesthetized dogs, R-R interval fluctuations follow phrenic nerve activity and persist when intrathoracic pressure fluctuations are abolished (26). Thoracotomy increases respiratory blood pressure changes but decreases R-R interval fluctuations (17). Fixed-rate atrial pacing reduces respiratory frequency blood pressure fluctuations (28); if baroreflex responses buffer blood pressure fluctuations, blood pressure oscillations should be greater, not less, during fixed-rate pacing. Conventional mechanical ventilation, which presumably silences phrenic motoneurons, augments respiratory blood pressure fluctuations, but nearly abolishes respiratory R-R interval fluctuations (20). Removal of respiratory influences on systolic pressures and R-R intervals by partialization reduces coherence between the latter signals from close to 1.0 to <0.5 (1).I subscribe to the view that blood pressure changes provoke parallel R-R interval changes—a cause-and-effect baroreflex relation. However, in this physiology, timing is everything. Before I accept the view that R-R interval fluctuations at respiratory frequencies are baroreflex responses, someone must explain 1) how an arterial pressure change can, within 0.1 s, speed or slow the appearance of the next P wave; 2) how the kinetics of sinoatrial nodal responses to acetylcholine are modulated systematically by body position and breathing frequency; and most difficult of all, 3) how baroreflex R-R interval responses can occur before the arterial pressure changes that provoke them. I submit that the last possibility, that effects can precede causes, turns logic on its head.REFERENCES1 Badra LJ, Cooke WH, Hoag JB, Crossman AA, Kuusela TA, Tahvanainen KUO, Eckberg DL. Respiratory modulation of human autonomic rhythms. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 280: H2674–H2688, 2001.Link | ISI | Google Scholar2 Baskerville AL, Eckberg DL, Thompson MA. Arterial pressure and pulse interval responses to repetitive carotid baroreceptor stimuli in man. J Physiol 297: 61–71, 1979.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar3 Bertinieri G, DiRienzo M, Cavallazzi A, Ferrari AU, Pedotti A, Mancia G. A new approach to analysis of the arterial baroreflex. J Hypertens 3 (Suppl 3): S79–S81, 1985.ISI | Google Scholar4 Blaber AP, Yamamoto Y, Hughson RL. Change in phase relationship between SBP and R-R interval during lower body negative pressure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 268: H1688–H1693, 1995.Link | ISI | Google Scholar5 Borst C, Karemaker JM. Time delays in the human baroreceptor reflex. J Autonom Nerv Syst 9: 399–409, 1983.Crossref | PubMed | Google Scholar6 Brown GL, Eccles JC. The action of a single vagal volley on the rhythm of the heart beat. J Physiol 82: 211–241, 1934.Crossref | PubMed | Google Scholar7 Cooke WH, Hoag JB, Crossman AA, Kuusela TA, Tahvanainen KUO, Eckberg DL. Human responses to upright tilt: a window on central autonomic integration. J Physiol 517: 617–628, 1999.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar8 de Boer RW, Karemaker JM, Strackee J. Relationships between short-term blood-pressure fluctuations and heart-rate variability in resting subjects 1: a spectral analysis approach. Med Biol Eng Comput 23: 352–358, 1985.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar9 Eckberg DL. Temporal response patterns of the human sinus node to brief carotid baroreceptor stimuli. J Physiol 258: 769–782, 1976.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar10 Eckberg DL. Human sinus arrhythmia as an index of vagal cardiac outflow. J Appl Physiol 54: 961–966, 1983.Link | ISI | Google Scholar11 Eckberg DL. The human respiratory gate. J Physiol 548: 339–352, 2003.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar12 Eckberg DL, Kifle YT, Roberts VL. Phase relationship between normal human respiration and baroreflex responsiveness. J Physiol 304: 489–502, 1980.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar13 Eckberg DL, Orshan CR. Respiratory and baroreceptor reflex interactions in man. J Clin Invest 59: 780–785, 1977.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar14 Eckberg DL, Sleight P. Human Baroreflexes in Health and Disease. Oxford: Clarendon, 1992.Google Scholar15 Fritsch JM, Eckberg DL, Graves LD, Wallin BG. Arterial pressure ramps provoke linear increases of heart period in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 251: R1086–R1090, 1986.Link | ISI | Google Scholar16 Gilbey MP, Jordan D, Richter DW, Spyer KM. Synaptic mechanisms involved in the inspiratory modulation of vagal cardio-inhibitory neurones in the cat. J Physiol 356: 65–78, 1984.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar17 Hedman AE, Hartikainen JEK, Tahvanainen KUO, Hakumaki MOK. Power spectral analysis of heart rate and blood pressure variability in anaesthetized dogs. Acta Physiol Scand 146: 155–164, 1992.Crossref | PubMed | Google Scholar18 Katona PG, Jih F. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: noninvasive measure of parasympathetic cardiac control. J Appl Physiol 39: 801–805, 1975.Link | ISI | Google Scholar19 Katona PG, Poitras JW, Pantelakis N, Jensen EW, Barnett GO. Deterministic nature of baroreceptor firing. Am J Physiol 215: 1–7, 1968.Link | ISI | Google Scholar20 Koh J, Brown TE, Beightol LA, Eckberg DL. Contributions of tidal lung inflation to human R-R interval and arterial pressure fluctuations. J Autonom Nerv Syst 68: 89–95, 1998.Crossref | PubMed | Google Scholar21 Kunze DL. Reflex discharge patterns of cardiac vagal efferent fibres. J Physiol 222: 1–15, 1972.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar22 Pagani M, Lombardi F, Guzzetti S, Rimoldi O, Furlan R, Pizzinelli P, Sandrone G, Malfatto G, Dell'Orto S, Piccaluga E, Turiel M, Baselli G, Cerutti S, Malliani A. Power spectral analysis of heart rate and arterial pressure variabilities as a marker of sympatho-vagal interaction in man and conscious dog. Circ Res 59: 178–193, 1986.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar23 Pagani M, Somers V, Furlan R, Dell'Orto S, Conway J, Baselli G, Cerutti S, Sleight P, Malliani A. Changes in autonomic regulation induced by physical training in mild hypertension. Hypertension 12: 600–610, 1988.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar24 Saul JP, Berger RD, Chen MH, Cohen RJ. Transfer function analysis of autonomic regulation. II. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 256: H153–H161, 1989.Link | ISI | Google Scholar25 Seidel H, Herzel H, Eckberg DL. Phase dependencies of the human baroreceptor reflex. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 272: H2040–H2053, 1997.Link | ISI | Google Scholar26 Shykoff BE, Naqvi SSJ, Menon AS, Slutsky AS. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in dogs. Effects of phasic afferents and chemostimulation. J Clin Invest 87: 1621–1627, 1991.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar27 Smyth HS, Sleight P, Pickering GW. Reflex regulation of arterial pressure during sleep in man. A quantitative method of assessing baroreflex sensitivity. Circ Res 24: 109–121, 1969.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar28 Taylor JA, Eckberg DL. Fundamental relations between short-term RR interval and arterial pressure oscillations in humans. Circulation 93: 1527–1532, 1996.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar29 Wallin BG, Nerhed C. Relationship between spontaneous variations of muscle sympathetic activity and succeeding changes of blood pressure in man. J Auton Nerv Syst 6: 293–302, 1982.Crossref | PubMed | Google Scholar30 Welch WJ, Smith ML, Rea RF, Bauernfeind RA, Eckberg DL. Enhancement of sympathetic nerve activity by single premature ventricular beats in humans. J Am Col Cardiol 13: 69–75, 1989.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar Download PDF Previous Back to Top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByRespiratory patterns and baroreflex function in heart failure8 February 2023 | Scientific Reports, Vol. 13, No. 1Comparative features of the morphometric correlates of blood pressure response to physical load of qualified athletes in some sports1 April 2023 | Physical Rehabilitation and Recreational Health Technologies, Vol. 8, No. 1Analysis of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia and Directed Information Flow between Brain and Body Indicate Different Management Strategies of fMRI-Related Anxiety27 March 2023 | Biomedicines, Vol. 11, No. 4Autonomic Cardiovascular Control in Health and Disease30 March 2023Cerebral blood flow response to cardiorespiratory oscillations in healthy humansAutonomic Neuroscience, Vol. 245Autonomic nervous system assessment using heart rate variability21 February 2023 | Acta Cardiologica, Vol. 5Breathing exercise for hypertensive patients: A scoping review25 January 2023 | Frontiers in Physiology, Vol. 14On the significance of estimating cardiorespiratory coupling strength in sports medicine4 January 2023 | Frontiers in Network Physiology, Vol. 2Cardiorespiratory coupling strength in athletes and non-athletesRespiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, Vol. 305Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia is Mainly Driven by Central Feedforward Mechanisms in Healthy Humans7 July 2022 | Frontiers in Physiology, Vol. 13Embracing a curiosity‐driven approach in the microneurographic exploration of the human vagus nerves9 June 2022 | The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 600, No. 13Negative respiratory sinus arrhythmia (nRSA) in the MRI-scanner - a physiologic phenomenon observed during elevated anxiety in healthy personsPhysiology & Behavior, Vol. 245Variability of cardiorespiratory interactions under different breathing patternsBiomedical Signal Processing and Control, Vol. 71Information decomposition in the frequency domain: a new framework to study cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory oscillations25 October 2021 | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 379, No. 2212Cardiopulmonary coupling indices to assess weaning readiness from mechanical ventilation6 August 2021 | Scientific Reports, Vol. 11, No. 1MRI-related anxiety can induce slow BOLD oscillations coupled with cardiac oscillationsClinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 132, No. 9Scaling of heart rate with breathing frequency and body mass in cetaceans14 June 2021 | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 376, No. 1830Influence of respiration frequency on heart rate variability parameters: A randomized cross-sectional studyJournal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, Vol. 157The role of the autonomic nervous system in the patterns of heart rate fragmentationBiomedical Signal Processing and Control, Vol. 67Longitudinal Assessment of Autonomic Function during the Acute Phase of Spinal Cord Injury: Use of Low-Frequency Blood Pressure Variability as a Quantitative Measure of Autonomic FunctionJournal of Neurotrauma, Vol. 38, No. 3Second Ventilatory Threshold Assessed by Heart Rate Variability in a Multiple Shuttle Run Test7 August 2020 | International Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 42, No. 01Traube–Hering waves are formed by interaction of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and pulse pressure modulation in healthy menWilliam H. Barnett, Elizaveta M. Latash, Robert A. Capps, Thomas E. Dick, Erica A. Wehrwein,* and Yaroslav I. Molkov*18 November 2020 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 129, No. 5Autonomic Nervous System and Recall Modeling in Audiovisual Emotion-Mediated Advertising Using Partial Least Squares-Path Modeling30 October 2020 | Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 11How to Use Heart Rate Variability: Quantification of Vagal Activity in Toddlers and Adults in Long-Term ECG21 October 2020 | Sensors, Vol. 20, No. 20The use of biofeedback in the treatment of ADHD in childrenDiskuze v psychologii, Vol. 2, No. 1Can Slow Deep Breathing Reduce Pain? An Experimental Study Exploring MechanismsThe Journal of Pain, Vol. 21, No. 9-10Partial Information Decomposition in the to Control Mechanisms of Heart Rate Variability at and at is to Heart Rate baroreflex sequence method at does not interactions but the heart rate to blood pressure variability April 2020 | Vol. No. for of Heart and Autonomic in A Transactions on Vol. No. analysis of fluctuations in heart rate and breathing when the autonomic in with of Vol. No. in Physiology, Vol. to A of | Frontiers in Physiology, Vol. of heart rate February | Scientific Reports, Vol. No. of heart rate variability biofeedback is by May | Scientific Reports, Vol. No. of inspiratory load on cardiovascular responses to breathing at 0.1 July | Vol. No. baroreflex is one of the of the heart period variability de and | Journal of and Physiology, Vol. No. with breathing heart rate and slow June | Journal of Vol. 13, No. for in with Vol. within the in from July | Vol. 21, No. of the of Cardiovascular Control during in Recreational Rate to in the Human and March | The Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. No. quantitative of between blood pressure fluctuations and the respiratory sinus | & Biological Engineering & Vol. No. Information Decomposition Control Mechanisms of Heart Rate Variability at and May | Vol. 21, No. Temporal and the by or February | Frontiers in Physiology, Vol. of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia | Breathing the of Control in Healthy and Heart | Vol. 20, No. of in A in October | Frontiers in Physiology, Vol. for Heart Rate Variability in Simple in Average Heart October | Frontiers in Physiology, Vol. index of cardiac autonomic on respiration derived from M. and August | Journal of and Physiology, Vol. No. patterns of from different cardiac and using short-term | Physiology and Vol. 38, No. interactions in and for L. J. and July | Journal of and Physiology, Vol. No. to June | Frontiers in Physiology, Vol. in the in and Vol. autonomic November | Journal of Vol. No. physiology approach to the assessment of the between sinoatrial and ventricular cardiac June | Vol. 38, No. in physiological April | Vol. 38, No. to Cardiovascular August A to Cardiovascular and August Sinus Arrhythmia and with to Minimal by with Transfer for the Study of Cardiovascular and Transactions on Vol. of cardiac vagal and respiratory sinus | The Journal of Physiology, Vol. No. of Heart and in October | Frontiers in Physiology, Vol. modulation of human autonomic function on July | The Journal of Physiology, Vol. No. of heart rate is for the of the and indices of heart A in and Medicine, Vol. for on and Heart rate variability to May | Vol. No. of the human and April | Journal of and Physiology, Vol. No. of autonomic on the oscillations of ventricular action in A. and | Journal of and Physiology, Vol. No. and in cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory for the study of and Transfer in Heart Variability during July | Vol. 10, No. in sinus arrhythmia arterial blood pressure at interval in healthy November | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. No. mechanisms are for effects on frequency heart rate An approach in a healthy and a Journal of Vol. No. of Heart and in with January | Vol. No. during A of respiratory Vol. No. coupling by slow breathing can persist in normal Physiology & Neurobiology, Vol. of ventricular action in heart at respiratory rate and low October | Frontiers in Physiology, Vol. of for estimating the spectral of under respiration March | Journal of and Vol. No. using features from the respiration and the recorded with regulation of heart rate and the appearance of respiratory sinus arrhythmia: from Vol. and explain healthy heart rate and August | of the of Sciences, Vol. No. in the assessment of heart rate variability in July | Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. in short-term May | Frontiers in Physiology, Vol. Cardiovascular Variability a February rate variability at evidence of mechanisms at January | Vol. No. spectral analysis effects of January | Acta Vol. No. heart rate variability is related to the variability in the respiratory | Vol. No. of the sympatho-vagal in the of oscillations in the human cardiovascular February | Human Physiology, Vol. No. cardiac phase response human respiratory heart rate | Vol. No. and a for exploration of human

Previous article Next article Extension of Davidon's Variable Metric Method to Maximization Under Linear Inequality and Equality ConstraintsDonald GoldfarbDonald Goldfarbhttps://doi.org/10.1137/0117067PDFBibTexSections ToolsAdd to favoritesExport CitationTrack CitationsEmail SectionsAbout[1] M. J. Box, A comparison of several current optimization methods, and the use of transformations in constrained problems, Comput. J., 9 (1966), 67–77 MR0192645 0146.13304 CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar[2] Charles W. Carroll, The created response surface technique for optimizing nonlinear, restrained systems, Operations Res., 9 (1961), 169–185 MR0129020 0111.17004 CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar[3] R. Courant and , D. Hilbert, Methods of mathematical physics. Vol. I, Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1953xv+561 MR0065391 0051.28802 Google Scholar[4] W. C. Davidon, Variable metric method for minimization, Atomic Energy Commission Research Development Report, ANL-5990, 1959 Google Scholar[5] Jack B. Dennis, Mathematical programming and electrical networks, The Technology Press of The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., 1959vi+186 MR0108400 Google Scholar[6] V. N. Faddeeva, Computational methods of linear algebra, Dover Publications Inc., New York, 1959xi+252 MR0100344 0086.10802 Google Scholar[7] A. V. Fiacco and , G. P. McCormick, Programming under nonlinear constraints by unconstrained minimization: A primal-dual method, Tech. Paper, RAC-TP-96, Research Analyses Corporation, 1963 Google Scholar[8] A. V. Fiacco and , G. P. McCormick, The sequential unconstrained minimization technique for nonlinear programming, a primaldual method, Management Sci, 10 (1964), 360–366 CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar[9] A. V. Fiacco and , G. P. McCormick, Computational algorithm for the sequential unconstrained minimization technique for nonlinear programming, Management Sci, 10 (1964), 601–617 CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar[10] A. V. Fiacco and , G. P. McCormick, Extensions of the sequential unconstrained minimization technique (SUMT) for nonlinear programming, presented at the American Meeting of the Institute of Management Sciences, San Francisco, 1965 Google Scholar[11] R. Fletcher and , M. J. D. Powell, A rapidly convergent descent method for minimization, Comput. J., 6 (1963/1964), 163–168 MR0152116 0132.11603 CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar[12] R. Fletcher and , C. M. Reeves, Function minimization by conjugate gradients, Comput. J., 7 (1964), 149–154 10.1093/comjnl/7.2.149 MR0187375 0132.11701 CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar[13] R. Frisch, The multiplex method for linear programming, Memorandum, Universetetets Socialo-konomisk Institute, Oslo, 1958 Google Scholar[14] Saul I. Gass, Linear programming: Methods and applications, Second edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1964xii+280 MR0195573 Google Scholar[15] D. Goldfarb, Masters Thesis, A conjugate gradient method for nonlinear programming, Doctoral thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, 1966 Google Scholar[16] D. Goldfarb and , L. Lapidus, Conjugate gradient method for nonlinear programming problems with linear constraints, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, 7 (1968), 142–151 10.1021/i160025a024 CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar[17] G. Hadley, Nonlinear and dynamic programming, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., Reading, Mass.-London, 1964xi+484 MR0173543 0179.24601 Google Scholar[18] Paul R. Halmos, Finite-dimensional vector spaces, The University Series in Undergraduate Mathematics, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., Princeton-Toronto-New York-London, 1958viii+200 MR0089819 0107.01404 Google Scholar[19] H. W. Kuhn and , A. W. Tucker, Nonlinear programming, Proceedings of the Second Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, 1950, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1951, 481–492 MR0047303 0044.05903 Google Scholar[20] C. E. Lemke, The constrained gradient method of linear programming, J. Soc. Indust. Appl. Math., 9 (1961), 1–17 10.1137/0109001 MR0121247 0112.12302 LinkISIGoogle Scholar[21] Clair E. Miller, R. L. Graves and , P. Wolfe, The simplex method for local separable programmingRecent advances in mathematical programming, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963, 89–100 MR0171624 0232.90060 Google Scholar[22] M. J. D. Powell, An iterative method for finding stationary values of a function of several variables, Comput. J, 5 (1962), 147–151 0104.34303 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[23] M. J. D. Powell, An efficient method for finding the minimum of a function of several variables without calculating derivatives, Comput. J., 7 (1964), 155–162 10.1093/comjnl/7.2.155 MR0187376 0132.11702 CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar[24] J. B. Rosen, The gradient projection method for nonlinear programming. I. Linear constraints, J. Soc. Indust. Appl. Math., 8 (1960), 181–217 10.1137/0108011 MR0112750 0099.36405 LinkISIGoogle Scholar[25] H. H. Rosenbrock, An automatic method for finding the greatest or least value of a function, Comput. J., 3 (1960/1961), 175–184 10.1093/comjnl/3.3.175 MR0136042 CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar[26] H. A. Spang, III, A review of minimization techniques for nonlinear functions, SIAM Rev., 4 (1962), 343–365 10.1137/1004089 MR0145642 0112.12205 LinkISIGoogle Scholar[27] B. V. Shah, , R. J. Buehler and , O. Kempthorne, The method of parallel tangents (Partan) for finding an optimum, Rep., NR-042-207, Office of Naval Research, 1961 Google Scholar[28] C. Witzgall, Gradient projection methods for linear programming, Tech. Rep., 2, Princeton-IBM Mathematics Research Project, 1960 Google Scholar[29] G. Zoutendijk, Methods of feasible directions: A study in linear and non-linear programming, Elsevier Publishing Co., Amsterdam-London-New York-Princeton, N.J., 1960ii+127 MR0129119 0097.35408 Google Scholar[30] G. Zoutendijk, Nonlinear programming: A numerical survey, SIAM J. Control, 4 (1966), 194–210 10.1137/0304019 MR0189832 0146.13303 LinkGoogle Scholar Previous article Next article FiguresRelatedReferencesCited byDetails Exoskeleton kinematic design robustness: An assessment method to account for human variability4 November 2020 | Wearable Technologies, Vol. 1 Cross Ref FreePSI: an alignment-free approach to estimating exon-inclusion ratios without a reference transcriptome9 November 2017 | Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 46, No. 2 Cross Ref A scaled three-term conjugate gradient method for unconstrained optimization13 December 2016 | Journal of Inequalities and Applications, Vol. 2016, No. 1 Cross Ref An active-set projected trust region algorithm for box constrained optimization problems28 November 2014 | Journal of Systems Science and Complexity, Vol. 28, No. 5 Cross Ref SOLVING A SPECIAL CLASS OF MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE LINEAR FRACTIONAL PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS9 October 2014 | The ANZIAM Journal, Vol. 56, No. 1 Cross Ref A New Procedure for Solving Integer Linear Programming Problems5 April 2014 | Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Vol. 39, No. 6 Cross Ref Optimization-Based Atmospheric Plume Source Identification28 March 2014 | Environmental Forensics, Vol. 15, No. 2 Cross Ref An accurate active set conjugate gradient algorithm with project search for bound constrained optimization1 February 2013 | Optimization Letters, Vol. 8, No. 2 Cross Ref References8 July 2013 Cross Ref AN ADAPTIVE GRADIENT ALGORITHM FOR LARGE-SCALE NONLINEAR BOUND CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION26 June 2013 | Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 30, No. 03 Cross Ref An Active Set Modified Polak–Ribiére–Polyak Method for Large-Scale Nonlinear Bound Constrained Optimization9 June 2012 | Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, Vol. 155, No. 3 Cross Ref A Limited Interval Gradient Projection Algorithm for Inverse Kinematics1 March 2012 | Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 490-495 Cross Ref An active set limited memory BFGS algorithm for bound constrained optimizationApplied Mathematical Modelling, Vol. 35, No. 7 Cross Ref Feasible Direction Method15 February 2011 Cross Ref Subspace Barzilai-Borwein Gradient Method for Large-Scale Bound Constrained Optimization23 May 2008 | Applied Mathematics and Optimization, Vol. 58, No. 2 Cross Ref A new method for solving the sum of linear and linear fractional programming problemsJournal of Information and Optimization Sciences, Vol. 29, No. 5 Cross Ref An optimization framework of biological dynamical systemsJournal of Theoretical Biology, Vol. 253, No. 1 Cross Ref An active set limited memory BFGS algorithm for large-scale bound constrained optimization7 March 2008 | Mathematical Methods of Operations Research, Vol. 67, No. 3 Cross Ref Rosen's Method, Global Convergence, and Powell's Conjecture Cross Ref A new subspace limited memory BFGS algorithm for large-scale bound constrained optimizationApplied Mathematics and Computation, Vol. 185, No. 1 Cross Ref Serial Clustering of Extratropical Cyclones1 August 2006 | Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 134, No. 8 Cross Ref Bibliography Cross Ref Investigating path-based solution algorithms to the stochastic user equilibrium problemTransportation Research Part B: Methodological, Vol. 39, No. 3 Cross Ref Hub-Spoke Network Choice Under Competition with an Application to Western EuropeTransportation Science, Vol. 39, No. 1 Cross Ref Near real-time atmospheric contamination source identification by an optimization-based inverse method31 August 2006 | Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering, Vol. 13, No. 3 Cross Ref A computationally attractive approach for near real-time contamination source identification Cross Ref Vavilov Cherenkov amplifiers with irregular electrodynamic structuresUspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk, Vol. 174, No. 6 Cross Ref Optimizing backscattering from arrays of perfectly conducting stripsIEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 45, No. 5 Cross Ref An application of the continuous time replicator dynamic to economicsMathematics and Computers in Simulation, Vol. 59, No. 1-3 Cross Ref Evaluating optimal multi-hub networks in a deregulated aviation market with an application to Western EuropeTransportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Vol. 35, No. 5 Cross Ref Competition in a deregulated air transportation marketEuropean Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 129, No. 2 Cross Ref Rosen's Method, Global Convergence, and Powell's Conjecture Cross Ref SOLVING LARGE SCALE MEAN-VARIANCE MODELS WITH DENSE NON-FACTORABLE COVARIANCE MATRICESJournal of the Operations Research Society of Japan, Vol. 44, No. 3 Cross Ref Parallel direct method for linear equationsAdvances in Engineering Software, Vol. 30, No. 9-11 Cross Ref A robust superlinearly convergent algorithm for linearly constrained optimization problems under degeneracyActa Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica, Vol. 14, No. 4 Cross Ref Efficient iterative solution of constrained finite element analysesComputer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 160, No. 1-2 Cross Ref Computing Limit Loads by Minimizing a Sum of NormsKnud D. Andersen, Edmund Christiansen, and Michael L. Overton25 July 2006 | SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, Vol. 19, No. 3AbstractPDF (632 KB)Newton Methods For Large-Scale Linear Inequality-Constrained MinimizationAnders Forsgren and Walter Murray31 July 2006 | SIAM Journal on Optimization, Vol. 7, No. 1AbstractPDF (281 KB)A generalized gradient projection method for optimization problems with equality and inequality constraints about arbitrary initial pointActa Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica, Vol. 12, No. 1 Cross Ref Limit analysis of collapse states Cross Ref A constrained conjugate gradient method and the solution of linear equationsComputers & Mathematics with Applications, Vol. 30, No. 11 Cross Ref Inverse kinematics positioning using nonlinear programming for highly articulated figuresACM Transactions on Graphics, Vol. 13, No. 4 Cross Ref A feasible descent cone method for linearly constrained minimization problemsComputers & Mathematics with Applications, Vol. 28, No. 6 Cross Ref ABS Methods for Nonlinear Optimization Cross Ref Replacement strategies with mixed corrective actions at failureComputers & Operations Research, Vol. 18, No. 2 Cross Ref On Rosen's gradient projection methodsAnnals of Operations Research, Vol. 24, No. 1 Cross Ref On the analysis of the buckling behaviour of laminated composite plates and shellsInternational Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 2 Cross Ref Global convergence of Rosen's gradient projection methodMathematical Programming, Vol. 44, No. 1-3 Cross Ref Some History of the Conjugate Gradient and Lanczos Algorithms: 1948–1976Gene H. Golub and Dianne P. O'Leary2 August 2006 | SIAM Review, Vol. 31, No. 1AbstractPDF (6558 KB)Linearly constrained optimizationComputing, Vol. 42, No. 1 Cross Ref Polynomial goal programming: A procedure for modeling preference trade-offs6 June 2002 | Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 7, No. 3-4 Cross Ref Optimization of chemical plants with recyclesComputers & Chemical Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 4 Cross Ref Optimal block replacement policies with multiple choice at failureNaval Research Logistics, Vol. 35, No. 1 Cross Ref An Evaluation of Expected Value and Expected Value-Variance Criteria in Achieving Risk Efficiency in Crop Selection10 May 2017 | Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Vol. 16, No. 2 Cross Ref A class of one-to-one two-dimensional transformationsComputer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing, Vol. 39, No. 3 Cross Ref MORE EVIDENCE ON EXPECTED VALUE-VARIANCE ANALYSIS VERSUS DIRECT UTILITY MAXIMIZATION27 August 2014 | Journal of Financial Research, Vol. 10, No. 3 Cross Ref Quadratically Constrained Information Theoretic AnalysisJianzhong Zhang and Patrick L. Brockett11 July 2006 | SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, Vol. 47, No. 4AbstractPDF (1376 KB)Remarks on the convergence of Rosen's gradient projection methodActa Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica, Vol. 3, No. 3 Cross Ref Discussion on the convergence of Rosen's gradient projection methodActa Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica, Vol. 3, No. 3 Cross Ref A convergence theorem of Rosen's gradient projection methodMathematical Programming, Vol. 36, No. 2 Cross Ref Étude thermodynamique des systèmes Hf-I-H-C-O: Préparation du carbure et de l'oxyde de hafnium par dépôt chimique à partir d'une phase vapeurJournal of the Less Common Metals, Vol. 115, No. 2 Cross Ref A hybrid method fur linearly constrained optimisation problemsOptimization, Vol. 17, No. 3 Cross Ref DESIGN OF LAMINATED PLATES FOR MAXIMUM BENDING STRENGTH24 October 2007 | Engineering Optimization, Vol. 8, No. 4 Cross Ref Optimal simultaneous structural and control design of maneuvering flexible spacecraftJournal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 8, No. 1 Cross Ref Equivalence of some quadratic programming algorithmsMathematical Programming, Vol. 30, No. 1 Cross Ref Termination and equivalence results for conjugate gradient algorithmsMathematical Programming, Vol. 29, No. 1 Cross Ref Design of Laminated Plates for Maximum Stiffness27 July 2016 | Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 18, No. 1 Cross Ref Projected Newton methods and optimization of multicommodity flowsIEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 28, No. 12 Cross Ref Iterative Solution to the Optimal Poison Management Problem in Pressurized Water Reactors13 May 2017 | Nuclear Technology, Vol. 63, No. 3 Cross Ref A dual differentiable exact penalty functionMathematical Programming, Vol. 25, No. 3 Cross Ref A least-distance programming procedure for minimization problems under linear constraintsJournal of Optimization Theory and Applications, Vol. 40, No. 4 Cross Ref Dynamic Light Scattering of Polystyrene Latex in the Ordered StateJournal of the Physical Society of Japan, Vol. 52, No. 7 Cross Ref Computations in limit analysis for plastic platesInternational Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 19, No. 2 Cross Ref Evaluating computational efficiency: A stochastic approachMathematical Programming, Vol. 22, No. 1 Cross Ref Modifications and implementation of the ellipsoid algorithm for linear programmingMathematical Programming, Vol. 23, No. 1 Cross Ref Optimum Elastic Design of A Reinforced Beam27 July 2016 | Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 16, No. 5 Cross Ref Minimizing a differentiable function over a differential manifoldJournal of Optimization Theory and Applications, Vol. 37, No. 2 Cross Ref Projected Newton Methods for Optimization Problems with Simple ConstraintsDimitri P. Bertsekas14 July 2006 | SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization, Vol. 20, No. 2AbstractPDF (2277 KB)Determining feasibility of a set of nonlinear inequality constraints25 February 2009 Cross Ref Dielectric properties of spherical macroion suspensionsBiophysical Chemistry, Vol. 14, No. 1 Cross Ref An algorithm for linearly constrained nonlinear programming problemsJournal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, Vol. 81, No. 1 Cross Ref Constrained optimization along geodesicsJournal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, Vol. 79, No. 2 Cross Ref References Cross Ref Algoritmo risolutivo per una classe particolare di problemi di minimo vincolatoCalcolo, Vol. 17, No. 2 Cross Ref On the solution of a partially structured nonlinear program17 February 2009 | The Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. Series B. Applied Mathematics, Vol. 21, No. 3 Cross Ref An algorithm for minimizing a differentiable function subject to box constraints and errorsJournal of Optimization Theory and Applications, Vol. 29, No. 4 Cross Ref A computational study of active set strategies in nonlinear programming with linear constraintsMathematical Programming, Vol. 16, No. 1 Cross Ref A Distributed Model of Iron Kinetics for Clinical Assessment of Normal-Abnormal Erythropoietic ActivityIEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. BME-26, No. 10 Cross Ref Software Package for Optimization and Nonlinear ApproximationIFAC Proceedings Volumes, Vol. 12, No. 3 Cross Ref The Topkis-Veinott algorithm for solving nonlinear programs with lower and upper bounded variablesJournal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, Vol. 70, No. 2 Cross Ref Rates of convergence of a one-dimensional search based on interpolating polynomialsJournal of Optimization Theory and Applications, Vol. 27, No. 2 Cross Ref Engine Control Optimization Via Nonlinear Programming1 February 1979 Cross Ref SOFTWARE PACKAGE FOR OPTIMIZATION AND NONLINEAR APPROXIMATION Cross Ref Large-scale linearly constrained optimizationMathematical Programming, Vol. 14, No. 1 Cross Ref Decomposition in large system optimization using the method of multipliersJournal of Optimization Theory and Applications, Vol. 25, No. 2 Cross Ref A VARIABLE METRIC METHOD FOR LINEARLY CONSTRAINED MINIMIZATION PROBLEMS Cross Ref Quadratic termination properties of Davidon's new variable metric algorithmMathematical Programming, Vol. 12, No. 1 Cross Ref Least Squares Image Restoration Using Spline Basis FunctionsIEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol. C-26, No. 9 Cross Ref Algorithmes de programmation convexe par linéarisation en format constant4 May 2009 | RAIRO. Analyse numérique, Vol. 11, No. 3 Cross Ref OPTIMIZATION OF A WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM BY NON-LINEAR PROGRAMMINGEngineering Optimization, Vol. 2, No. 4 Cross Ref Superlinearly convergent variable metric algorithms for general nonlinear programming problemsMathematical Programming, Vol. 11, No. 1 Cross Ref Matrix factorizations in optimization of nonlinear functions subject to linear constraints1 December 1976 | Mathematical Programming, Vol. 10, No. 1 Cross Ref An introduction to nonlinear programming—IV Numerical methods for constrained minimizationComputers & Electrical Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 4 Cross Ref Constrained Minimization Using Powell's Conjugacy ApproachA. G. Buckley14 July 2006 | SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, Vol. 13, No. 4AbstractPDF (1819 KB)An Experimental Method of Determination of Optimal Maintenance Schedules in Power Systems Using the Branch-and-Bound TechniqueIEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. SMC-6, No. 8 Cross Ref The Application of Combinatorial Methods to the Problems of Maintenance Scheduling and Unit Commitment in Large Power SystemsIFAC Proceedings Volumes, Vol. 9, No. 3 Cross Ref Chebyshev approximation by H-polynomials: A numerical methodJournal of Approximation Theory, Vol. 17, No. 1 Cross Ref A variable metric algorithm for constrained minimization based on an augmented LagrangianInternational Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 5 Cross Ref On minimization under linear equality constraints Cross Ref Minimization methods with constraintsJournal of Soviet Mathematics, Vol. 5, No. 1 Cross Ref An alternate implementation of Goldfarb's minimization algorithmMathematical Programming, Vol. 8, No. 1 Cross Ref Decentralized optimization for distributed-lag models of discrete systemsAutomatica, Vol. 11, No. 6 Cross Ref A class of quadratically convergent algorithms for constrained function minimizationJournal of Optimization Theory and Applications, Vol. 16, No. 5-6 Cross Ref Implementation of variable metric methods for constrained optimization based on an augmented lagrangian functional27 May 2005 Cross Ref Implementation of Variable Metric Methods for Constrained Optimization Based on an Augmented Lagrangian Functional Cross Ref Algorithms for rational discrete least squares approximation20 September 2006 Cross Ref Nonlinear Programing by Projection-Restoration Applied to Optimal Geostationary Satellite PositioningAIAA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 12 Cross Ref Optimization of mechanical vibration isolation systems with multi-degrees of freedomJournal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 36, No. 1 Cross Ref Multilevel optimization for conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water9 July 2010 | Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 4 Cross Ref Nonlinear optimization using the generalized reduced gradient method29 March 2011 | Revue française d'automatique, informatique, recherche opérationnelle. Recherche opérationnelle, Vol. 8, No. V3 Cross Ref On the modification of 𝐿𝐷𝐿^{𝑇} factorizations1 January 1974 | Mathematics of Computation, Vol. 28, No. 128 Cross Ref A superlinearly convergent method for minimization problems with linear inequality constraintsMathematical Programming, Vol. 4, No. 1 Cross Ref A Kuhn–Tucker AlgorithmHilbert K. Schultz18 July 2006 | SIAM Journal on Control, Vol. 11, No. 3AbstractPDF (738 KB)Parameter Estimation in Spatial Interaction Modeling24 July 2016 | Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, Vol. 5, No. 4 Cross Ref Experiment versus analysis: Computational techniques for the description of static material responseInternational Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 4 Cross Ref A variance algorithm for constrained minimization with linear constraintsJournal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, Vol. 41, No. 2 Cross Ref Management scienceCommunications of the ACM, Vol. 15, No. 7 Cross Ref A New Tehoretical and Computational Approach to the Exact Solution of the Problem of the Optimal Control of Integrated (Hydro-Thermal) Power SystemsIFAC Proceedings Volumes, Vol. 5, No. 1 Cross Ref On the Convergence of the Conjugate Gradient Method for Singular Linear Operator EquationsW. J. Kammerer and M. Z. Nashed1 August 2006 | SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, Vol. 9, No. 1AbstractPDF (1764 KB)An efficient algorithm for minimizing barrier and penalty functionsMathematical Programming, Vol. 2, No. 1 Cross Ref An algorithm for solving linearly constrained optimization problemsMathematical Programming, Vol. 2, No. 1 Cross Ref Extension of techniques for Vol. 12, No. 1 Cross Ref Large optimization techniques to chemical and Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. No. 6 Cross Ref A method for structured nonlinear Programming, Vol. No. 1 Cross Ref GRADIENT AND GRADIENT OF of the American Water Resources Vol. No. 5 Cross Ref Some Algorithms Based on the of Feasible Cross Ref A Second Method for the Constrained Nonlinear Programming Problem Cross Ref for Feasible Direction Algorithms for Constrained Optimization Cross Ref of a for Cross Ref Optimization algorithms in 1979 Cross Ref Variable metric gradient projection method and replicator Cross Ref 17, Journal on Applied Mathematics History May July 2006 Society for Industrial and Applied & for Industrial and Applied Mathematics

No AccessStand Alone Books1 Feb 2013Curbing the epidemicGovernments and the economics of tobacco controlAuthors/Editors: World BankWorld Bankhttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-4519-2SectionsAboutPDF (0.6 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:Besides the often asked questions on smokers ' health related risks, and cost-bearing of their consumption choices, the report examines basically, the economic questions that policymakers should address when contemplating tobacco control, and, explores options for governments, in light of justified intervention decisions. Following a careful analysis in the global trends of tobacco use, the report assesses the consequences of tobacco control for health, economies, and individuals. It further demonstrates how the economic fears, deterring policymakers from taking action, are largely unfounded: policies reducing tobacco demand, such as the increase in tobacco taxes, would not only, not cause long-term job losses, nor, would it reduce tax revenues, but rather, bring unprecedented health benefits without harming economies. Finally, an agenda for action is provided, on how to overcome the political barriers against change, with suggestions for research into the causes, consequences, and costs of smoking at national and regional levels. The report makes two recommendations: strategic action should be taken in a variety of aspects to curb the tobacco epidemic; and, international organizations should review existing programs/policies, to ensure due prominence in tobacco control. FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetailsCited bySocioeconomic differences in the impact of prices and taxes on tobacco use in low- and middle-income countries–A systematic reviewPLOS Global Public Health, Vol.3, No.927 September 2023Recent trends of tobacco use in IndiaJournal of Public Health, Vol.29, No.120 June 2019Introduction: Supporting tobacco cessation – from health policy to health system reorientation and patient careGovernment intervention in the market for electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). The known, the unknown and challengesDrugs and Alcohol Today, Vol.20, No.3ESR/ERS statement paper on lung cancer screeningEuropean Radiology, Vol.30, No.612 February 2020Factors associated with maintenance of smoking cessation in adolescents after implementation of tobacco pricing policy in South Korea: Evidence from the 11th Youth Health Behavior SurveyResearch in Nursing & Health, Vol.43, No.11 December 2019Política de controle do tabaco no Brasil1 January 2020Willingness to Stop Growing Tobacco in UgandaJournal of Global Oncology, No.5Economics of tobacco control (part 3): evidence from the ITC ProjectTobacco Control, Vol.28, No.Suppl 117 April 2019Anti-tobacco control industry strategies in TurkeyBMC Public Health, Vol.18, No.126 February 2018Determinants of cigarette smoking and smoking intensity among adult males in GhanaBMC Public Health, Vol.18, No.131 July 2018The Impact of Prices and Taxes on the Use of Tobacco Products in Latin America and the CaribbeanAmerican Journal of Public Health, Vol.108, No.S6El impacto de los precios e impuestos sobre el consumo de productos de tabaco en América Latina y el CaribeAmerican Journal of Public Health, Vol.108, No.S6Are global taxes feasible?International Tax and Public Finance, Vol.25, No.512 March 2018Global Health5 September 2018Lung cancer prevention14 August 2018Alcohol taxes' contribution to prices in high and middle‐income countries: Data from the International Alcohol Control StudyDrug and Alcohol Review, Vol.37, No.S222 November 2017Long-Run Impacts of Increasing Tobacco Taxes: Evidence from South Africa11 April 2018Dutch Tobacco Control Policy from the 1950s to the Present1 May 2018The International Context: EU and WHO1 May 2018Scientific Evidence and Policy Learning1 May 2018Cost-effectiveness analysis of population-based tobacco control strategies in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in TanzaniaPLOS ONE, Vol.12, No.82 August 2017Tobacco packaging design for reducing tobacco useCochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Vol.2017, No.427 April 2017Are Tobacco Taxes Really Regressive? Evidence from Chile4 April 2017Does Life in the United States Take a Toll on Health? Duration of Residence and Birthweight among Six Decades of ImmigrantsInternational Migration Review, Vol.51, No.119 July 2018The Prevention of Smoking and Restrictive Policies11 November 2016Economic Remedies to Reduce Smoking11 November 2016Are Global Taxes Feasible?SSRN Electronic JournalOf neoliberalism and global health: human capital, market failure and sin/social taxesCritical Public Health, Vol.26, No.513 June 2016Time trend of smoking scenes in Iranian movies during the past three decades (1982?2011): a historical analysisTobacco Control, Vol.25, No.514 July 2015The impact of an increase in excise tax on the retail price of tobacco in New ZealandTobacco Control, Vol.25, No.42 July 2015Tobacco packaging design for preventing tobacco uptake26 February 2016Can demand-side policies stop the tobacco industry's damage? Lessons from TurkeyGlobal Public Health, Vol.10, No.72 February 2015World No Tobacco Day reminds us of the desolating effects of smoking on healthMedical Journal of Australia, Vol.202, No.918 May 2015Tobacco tax and the illicit trade in tobacco products in New ZealandAustralian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, Vol.39, No.231 March 2015Understanding increases in smoking prevalence: case study from France in comparison with England 2000-10Addiction, Vol.110, No.320 January 2015The Impact of Prices and Taxes on the Use of Tobacco Products in Latin America and the CaribbeanAmerican Journal of Public Health, Vol.105, No.3Contesting Tobacco-Control Policy in IndonesiaCritical Asian Studies, Vol.47, No.123 February 2015Heavy metal hazards of Nigerian smokeless tobaccoTobacco Control, Vol.23, No.621 June 2013Tobacco packaging design for reducing tobacco use4 August 2014Politique d'augmentation des taxes sur les cigarettes au Cameroun: Comment réaliser à la fois les objectifs de santé publique et de recettes fiscalesAfrican Development Review, Vol.26, No.215 July 2014Change in tobacco excise policy in Bulgaria: the role of tobacco industry lobbying and smugglingTobacco Control, Vol.23, No.e110 November 2012Understanding the Influence of Evidence in Public Health Policy: What Can We Learn from the 'Tobacco Wars'?13 December 2013A cross-country study of cigarette prices and affordability: evidence from the Global Adult Tobacco SurveyTobacco Control, Vol.23, No.125 August 2012Disparities in health care utilization by smoking status in CanadaInternational Journal of Public Health, Vol.58, No.624 February 2013Smoking, mental illness and socioeconomic disadvantage: analysis of the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and WellbeingBMC Public Health, Vol.13, No.111 May 2013Tobacco control in the Russian Federation- a policy analysisBMC Public Health, Vol.13, No.123 January 2013The association of smoking status with healthcare utilisation, productivity loss and resulting costs: results from the population-based KORA F4 studyBMC Health Services Research, Vol.13, No.117 July 2013What price quitting? The price of cigarettes at which smokers say they would seriously consider trying to quitBMC Public Health, Vol.13, No.113 July 2013Nationwide Survey of Fifth–Year Dental Students' Perceptions About Tobacco Prevention, Control, and Curriculum in IndiaJournal of Dental Education, Vol.77, No.101 October 2013Impacto do apelo ao medo nas embalagens do cigarro: a percepção de fumantes em relação às mensagens de advertência antitabagismoRevista Eletrônica de Ciência Administrativa, Vol.12, No.231 August 2013Understanding the Influence of Evidence in Public Health Policy: What Can We Learn from the 'Tobacco Wars'?Social Policy & Administration, Vol.47, No.47 June 2013Smoking and absence from work: systematic review and meta‐analysis of occupational studiesAddiction, Vol.108, No.219 November 2012The Limits of Corporate Social Responsibility: Techniques of Neutralization, Stakeholder Management and Political CSRJournal of Business Ethics, Vol.112, No.22 March 2012Screening for Smoking in a General Hospital: Scale Validation, Indicators of Prevalence, and ComorbidityPerspectives in Psychiatric Care, Vol.49, No.114 March 2012Critical Interventions in Global Health: Governmentality, Risk, and AssemblageAnnals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol.102, No.5Special Health Issues in Less Developed Countries20 May 2011REVERSING THE TAXES APPROACH FOR A WIN-WIN TOBACCO CONTROL POLICYAddiction, Vol.106, No.116 October 2011Impact of tobacco advertising and promotion on increasing adolescent smoking behavioursCochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Vol.125 October 2011Cross-National Sources of Health Inequality: Education and Tobacco Use in the World Health SurveyDemography, Vol.48, No.214 April 2011Effectiveness of a Mobile Smoking Cessation Service in Reaching Elderly Smokers and Predictors of Quitting17 October 2012Commentary on Lund et al. (2011): Consolidating the evidence on effectiveness of snus for smoking cessation - implications for public healthAddiction, Vol.106, No.110 December 2010The impact of smuggled cigarettes to national economics in Taiwan-A CGE model analysisJournal of Statistics and Management Systems, Vol.14, No.1Public policy action and CCC implementation: benefits and hurdlesCancer Causes & Control, Vol.21, No.1218 November 2010"Immortal but frightened"-smoking adolescents' perceptions on smoking uptake and preventionBMC Public Health, Vol.10, No.121 December 2010Factors associated with commencing smoking in 12-year-old students in Catalonia (Spain): a cross-sectional population-based studyBMC Public Health, Vol.10, No.12 November 2010Berlin's medical students' smoking habits, knowledge about smoking and attitudes toward smoking cessation counselingJournal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, Vol.5, No.116 April 2010Knowledge and Beliefs about Smoking and Cancer among Women in Five European CountriesCancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, Vol.19, No.118 November 2010Reduction of Tobacco Smoking Health Risk Through an Appropriate Media Based Communication Strategy in UgandaChinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment, Vol.8, No.3Predictors of Women's Attitudes Toward World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Policies in Urban ChinaJournal of Women's Health, Vol.19, No.5Tobacco Industry, Advertising and Advertising Bans21 July 2009Recent Progress in the Development of a Protocol on the Illicit Trade in Tobacco ProductsSSRN Electronic JournalTABADO: "Evaluation of a smoking cessation program among Adolescents in Vocational Training Centers": Study protocolBMC Public Health, Vol.9, No.113 November 2009Prevalence and correlates of smoking among urban adult men in Bangladesh: slum versus non-slum comparisonBMC Public Health, Vol.9, No.122 May 2009Corporate Power and Social PolicyGlobal Social Policy, Vol.9, No.317 November 2009[Commentary] TIME FOR THE MIDDLE AGED TO OWN UP TO THE PROBLEMAddiction, Vol.104, No.93 August 2009Demand for cigarettes in the United States: effects of prices in bordering states and contiguity with Mexico and CanadaApplied Economics, Vol.41, No.18Exports to Smuggle and Smuggling Technologies*Review of International Economics, Vol.17, No.313 July 2009Psychosocial Mediators of a School-Based Tobacco Prevention Program in India: Results from the First Year of Project MYTRIPrevention Science, Vol.10, No.221 November 2008Tobacco dependence treatment and the Framework Convention on Tobacco ControlAddiction, Vol.104, No.417 March 2009Tobacco Use: Prevention18 March 2011Tobacco Abuse: Treatment and Management18 March 2011Challenges in Reducing the Disease Burden of Tobacco Smoking18 March 2011An international survey of training programs for treating tobacco dependenceAddiction, Vol.104, No.2Smoking patterns and sociodemographic factors associated with tobacco use among Chinese rural male residents: a descriptive analysisBMC Public Health, Vol.8, No.121 July 2008Effectiveness of a mobile smoking cessation service in reaching elderly smokers and predictors of quittingBMC Geriatrics, Vol.8, No.16 October 2008Tobacco industry issues management organizations: Creating a global corporate network to undermine public healthGlobalization and Health, Vol.4, No.117 January 2008Gender Differences in Smoking Behaviors in an Asian PopulationJournal of Women's Health, Vol.17, No.6Changes in Youth Smoking, 1976–2002Youth & Society, Vol.39, No.49 August 2007An Assessment of the Relationship between Condom Labels and HIV-Related Beliefs and IntentionsAIDS and Behavior, Vol.12, No.329 January 2008Analysis of Willingness-to-Quit Cigarette Price among Korean Male AdultsJournal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Vol.41, No.3Smoking in Germany: Stylized Facts, Behavioral Models, and Health PolicySSRN Electronic JournalStimulerende middelen: tabakTobacco ConsumptionThe synergistic effect of cigarette taxes on the consumption of cigarettes, alcohol and betel nutsBMC Public Health, Vol.7, No.125 June 2007Five‐year outcomes for a smoking cessation clinicRespirology, Vol.12, No.622 October 2007Addressing tobacco‐related health disparitiesAddiction, Vol.102, No.s210 September 2007Cell proliferation kinetics and genotoxicity in lymphocytes of smokers living in mexico cityHuman & Experimental Toxicology, Vol.26, No.92 July 2016Alcohol, Drug, and Tobacco Study Group Takes a Stand: The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: An Urgent Call for U.S. RatificationMedical Anthropology Quarterly, Vol.21, No.3Tobacco and Cardiovascular Disease28 February 2013Buying and Selling "Loosies" in Baltimore: The Informal Exchange of Cigarettes in the Community ContextJournal of Urban Health, Vol.84, No.413 April 2007Prevention and Control of Diseases Associated with Tobacco use through Law and PolicyNicotine2 March 2007Global Patterns and Determinants of Sex Differences in SmokingInternational Journal of Comparative Sociology, Vol.47, No.626 July 2016Smoking trends among adolescents from 1990 to 2002 in ten European countries and CanadaBMC Public Health, Vol.6, No.110 November 2006Civil society-a leader in HIV prevention and tobacco controlDrug and Alcohol Review, Vol.25, No.629 May 2009Globalization and TobaccoBack Matter26 October 2017Growing Up Healthy26 October 2017The Fourth Pillar of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Harm Reduction and the International Human Right to HealthPublic Health Reports, Vol.121, No.52 August 2016INDUSTRY RESPONSES TO THE TOBACCO EXCISE TAX INCREASES IN SOUTH AFRICAThe South African Journal of Economics, Vol.74, No.1"SIN" TAXES AND POOR HOUSEHOLDS: UNANTICIPATED EFFECTSThe South African Journal of Economics, Vol.74, No.1Nicotine psychopharmacology research: advancing science, public health, and global policyPsychopharmacology, Vol.184, No.3-47 February 2006Improving the health of EuropeansDrugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, Vol.13, No.610 July 2009Not another smoking survey! Healthy public policy and the need for local informationInternational Journal of Health Promotion and Education, Vol.44, No.3Are non-responders in a quitline evaluation more likely to be smokers?BMC Public Health, Vol.5, No.123 May 2005Tobacco outlet density and smoking prevalence: Does racial concentration matter?Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, Vol.12, No.310 July 2009Globalisation and Noncommunicable DiseasesTobacco: The Global Challenge for Health PromotionSmoking in Adults in Sri Lanka: Prevalence and AttitudesAsia Pacific Journal of Public Health, Vol.17, No.130 June 2016Preventing Tobacco Use and Harm: What is Evidence Based Policy?24 December 2009Changed market access in the north and the farm prices in the south: some lessons from the war on drugsDe Economist, Vol.152, No.4Culture Change and Ethnic-Minority Health Behavior: An Operant Theory of AcculturationJournal of Behavioral Medicine, Vol.27, No.6Tobacco initiation, cessation, and change: evidence from VietnamHealth Economics, Vol.13, No.121 January 2004Tobacco is a "weapon of mass destruction". Should western countries be invaded for that?Postgraduate Medical Journal, Vol.80, No.9465 August 2004Smoking is an occupational hazardAmerican Journal of Industrial Medicine, Vol.46, No.21 January 2004Workplace policy considerations for curbing the tobacco epidemicAmerican Journal of Industrial Medicine, Vol.46, No.21 January 2004Effects of stage-matched repeated individual counseling on smoking cessation: A randomized controlled trial for the high-risk strategy by lifestyle modification (HISLIM) studyEnvironmental Health and Preventive Medicine, Vol.9, No.4The Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies: A Model of International Partnership for the Creation of Sustainable Research Capacity in Developing CountriesPromotion & Education, Vol.11, No.24 June 2018Advances in pharmacotherapy for tobacco dependenceExpert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, Vol.9, No.12 March 2005How can we increase the involvement of primary health care in the treatment of tobacco dependence? A meta‐analysisAddiction, Vol.99, No.318 February 2004Public Health in GermanyChildhood smoking: the research, clinical and theoretical imperative for nursing actionInternational Nursing Review, Vol.50, No.47 November 2003Women and the global tobacco epidemic: nurses call to actionInternational Nursing Review, Vol.50, No.47 November 2003Redirecting the Diet Transition: What Can Food Policy Do?Development Policy Review, Vol.21, No.5-626 January 2004Reducing toxicity exposure for the nicotine‐dependentAddiction, Vol.98, No.927 August 2003Impact of tobacco advertising and promotion on increasing adolescent smoking behaviours21 July 2003Tobacco: public perceptions and the role of the industryJournal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), Vol.166, No.2The effects of tobacco smoke on the homocysteine level?a risk factor of atherosclerosisAddiction Biology, Vol.8, No.2Women and tobaccoRespirology, Vol.8, No.29 May 2003A qualitative study on the determinants of smoking behaviour among adolescents in South AfricaScandinavian Journal of Public Health, Vol.31, No.35 September 2016You've come a long way baby: women and the tobacco epidemicAddiction, Vol.98, No.57 May 2003Smoking among adolescents in muenster, germany: increase in prevalence (1995–2000) and relation to tobacco advertising☆☆There was no conflict of interest.Preventive Medicine, Vol.36, No.2Tobacco Industry, Advertising and Advertising BansSmoking and young women in Vietnam: the influence of normative gender rolesSocial Science & Medicine, Vol.55, No.4Public-private partnerships to reduce tobacco dependenceAddiction, Vol.97, No.828 July 2002Roles of the Private Sector in Tobacco Cessation ProgrammesAddiction, Vol.97, No.828 July 2002Can Capitalism Advance the Goals of Tobacco Control?Addiction, Vol.97, No.828 July 2002The Distributional Impact of Tobacco Excise Increases* (1)South African Journal of Economics, Vol.70, No.318 August 2005Excise Taxation and Tobacco Consumption in South Africa: A NoteSouth African Journal of Economics, Vol.70, No.318 August 2005Active Ageing: A Policy FrameworkThe Aging Male, Vol.5, No.16 July 2009Nurses' Initiatives in Smoking Cessation in Hong KongProgress in Cardiovascular Nursing, Vol.17, No.115 June 2007The challenge of effectively addressing tobacco control within a health promoting NHS TrustPatient Education and Counseling, Vol.45, No.4Prospects for tobacco control in Zimbabwe: a historical perspectiveHealth Policy, Vol.57, No.3Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: The Way OutTropical Doctor, Vol.31, No.325 June 2016What Lessons Have Been Learned From Other Attempts to Guide Social Change?Nutrition Reviews, Vol.59, No.327 April 2009Tobacco warsCancer, Vol.91, No.S11 January 2001Adolescent lifestyleFighting tobacco dependence in EuropeNature Medicine, Vol.7, No.11 January 2001Struggle over Tobacco Control in Serbia: Transnational Tobacco Companies vs. Public Health"Enjoy Smoking" — Die Zigarettenindustrie und ihre AbwehrschlachtenNicotine Psychopharmacology: Policy and RegulatoryPharmacotherapy for Tobacco DependenceTabakindustrie, Werbung und Werbeverbote View Published: May 1999 ISBN: 978-0-8213-4519-1 Copyright & Permissions Related Regions Africa East Asia & Pacific Europe and Central Asia Related Countries China South Africa Related Topics Health Nutrition and Population KeywordsTOBACCO RESEARCHTOBACCO TAXESSMOKINGHAZARDS OF POLLUTANTSNUTRITION & HEALTH CARETOXIC SUBSTANCESDECISION MAKINGECONOMIC IMPACTPOLICY MAKINGTAX REVENUESHEALTH IMPROVEMENTADDICTIVE NATUREADDICTIVE NATURE OF TOBACCOECONOMICS OF TOBACCO CONTROLEDUCATIONAL CLASSROOM USESMOKERSTOBACCOTOBACCO SMOKINGTOBACCO USEUPTAKE OF SMOKING PDF DownloadLoading ...

POINT-COUNTERPOINTThe major limitation to exercise performance in COPD is inadequate energy supply to the respiratory and locomotor musclesAndrea Aliverti, and Peter T. MacklemAndrea Aliverti, and Peter T. MacklemPublished Online:01 Aug 2008https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90336.2008This is the final version - click for previous versionMoreSectionsPDF (139 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations No doubt dynamic hyperinflation and lack of oxidative capacity of skeletal muscles are important causes of exercise limitation in COPD. O'Donnell and Webb and Debigaré and Maltais will convince the reader of this by the elegant experiments they have performed. The thesis we will put forward is that during the natural history of COPD the primary factors leading to impairment of exercise performance are an increase in energy demands combined with a decrease in supplies and that both of these result from excessive recruitment of expiratory muscles. We argue that both dynamic hyperinflation and reduced oxidative capacity are secondary adaptations resulting from this primary abnormality.Increased energy demands during exercise in COPD.Energy demands are increased in COPD because of the high O2 cost of breathing (V̇o2resp). In health, V̇o2resp is only 1–3 ml O2/l breathed, whereas in COPD it has been reported variously to average 6.3, 9.7, and 16.4 ml/l breathed with individual values ranging from 3.0 to 19.5 ml/l (8, 17).The large between patient range in V̇o2resp probably reflects variation in the work of breathing (Wresp). During exercise, a large variation in Wresp certainly exists. In two studies, COPD patients formed two distinct groups: those that strongly recruited abdominal muscles and those that did not (5, 10). In the first (5), at an exercise workload of 10 W the work performed on the lung averaged 754 cmH2O·l−1·min−1 in recruiters but only 277 cmH2O·l−1·min−1 in nonrecruiters, although ventilation was similar. Expiratory muscle activation is the normal response to exercise (1) so the recruiters behaved normally. The problem is that in COPD, it fails to increase ventilation, because expiratory flow becomes limited by high pleural pressures. While abdominal muscle recruitment is beneficial during exercise in health (1), it is definitely harmful in COPD (4, 5).Because Wresp was 2.7-fold greater in recruiters, we can assume that their V̇o2resp was twice as high as the nonrecruiters. Let's also assume that it was 12 ml O2/l in the former and 6 ml/l in the latter. The maximal exercise workload (Wmax) was 20 and 35 W in recruiters and nonrecruiters (P < 0.05), while V̇e at Wmax was 35.9 and 37.9 l/min, respectively (5). Thus the estimated V̇o2resp was 430.8 ml/min in recruiters but only 227.4 ml/min in nonrecruiters. From the measured values of V̇o2 at rest and during 10 W exercise and assuming that V̇o2 increased linearly (dV̇o2/dwatt is constant) the V̇o2 at maximal exercise workload (V̇o2max) was 830.0 and 1,327.5 ml O2/min, respectively, in recruiters and nonrecruiters. Subtracting V̇o2resp from V̇o2max reveals that if the respiratory muscles received all their demands there was only 399.2 ml O2 available to locomotor muscles and other body tissues in recruiters but 1,100.1 ml in nonrecruiters. The respiratory muscles demanded 53% of V̇o2max in recruiters but only 17%, a value close to normal (6), in nonrecruiters.The nonrecruiters' breathing pattern was abnormal because abdominal muscles were not recruited during exercise. As a result, their exercise performance was better. However, their resting lung function was worse. Both the FEV1 and FEV1/FVC were significantly lower in nonrecruiters. This strongly suggests that as COPD progresses, patients eventually realize that abdominal muscles recruitment is bad and somehow they learn to derecruit them. Alas, without abdominal muscle contraction they dynamically hyperinflate. They can exercise a bit more, but not much (15). Thus we believe that dynamic hyperinflation results from a learned response to an inadequate supply of energy to meet demands.Decreased energy supplies during exercise with expiratory flow limitation.When normal subjects breathe with a Starling resistor in the expiratory line, which limits expiratory flow to ∼1 l/s, exercise is limited by severe dyspnea; abdominal pressure (Pab) increases abnormally; duty cycle decreases; CO2 retention occurs, increasing Pab even more (3, 13, 14); the high expiratory pressures and short duty cycle act like a Valsalva maneuver and decrease cardiac output (Q′c) (2); as a result, O2 debt is increased by 52% (22). Expiratory flow limitation (EFL) decreases the shortening velocity of abdominal muscles, and, in accordance with their force velocity characteristics Pab increases (3). Expiratory muscle recruitment can account for 66% of the variation in Borg scale ratings of difficulty in breathing (14). None of these abnormalities can be attributed to either dynamic hyperinflation or impaired oxidative capacity of skeletal muscles.Does this scenario occur in COPD? There is strong evidence that it does. First, there is uniform agreement that lactic acid production occurs at a very low exercise level in COPD. This suggests an imbalance between energy supply and demand, resulting in competition between respiratory and locomotor muscles for limited energy supplies (9, 12, 20). Administration of O2 improves exercise performance probably by decreasing V̇o2resp (7), thereby releasing more energy for locomotor muscles. This improvement should not occur if skeletal muscles were unable to use the energy available to them. Richardson et al. (19) showed that in small muscle mass exercise in COPD there was a 2.2-fold greater mass-specific power output than during whole body exercise. Locomotor muscles have a greater maximal power output in the absence of respiratory-locomotor muscle competition, Oelberg et al. (18) reported a Q′c of only 39% of predicted during exercise in COPD and when heliox was breathed, decreasing V̇o2resp and increasing the energy available to locomotor muscles, V̇o2 increased by 15% without any change in Q′c (18). If the respiratory muscles in recruiters demand 53% of V̇o2max, they probably demand the same share of Q′c (6), and if Q′c is only 39% predicted, locomotor muscles must be pretty ischemic. Finally Francois (21) himself reported a plateau in lower limb perfusion while exercise workload increased in COPD.If inadequate energy to meet demands limits exercise in COPD, why is the oxidative capacity of skeletal muscles reduced? The obvious answer is that disuse and lack of energy supplies (tissue hypoxia) cause the enzymatic changes and mitochondrial abnormalities responsible for decreasing oxidative capacity. Again there is strong evidence that this is so [see Gosker et al. (11) for an outstanding review]. The myopathic changes in congestive heart failure and COPD are almost identical. They do not occur in the diaphragm because there is no disuse of this muscle. There is no reason to believe that myopathy is a primary abnormality in COPD and congestive heart failure and every reason to believe that it is secondary to disuse and tissue hypoxia. Francois refers to this when he states "…a comparable disorder has been described in chronic heart failure. Chronic reduction in oxygen availability at the cellular level…could contribute to…skeletal muscle dysfunction" (16). Francois also recognized the potential importance of respiratory-locomotor muscle competition when he wrote that in COPD "…the respiratory muscles, with [high] V̇o2 during exercise…might…compete with lower limb muscles for the available blood flow and O2" (21). Yes, reduced oxidative capacity, like dynamic hyperinflation, can limit exercise performance in COPD, but it is secondary to a longstanding imbalance between energy supply and demand.We believe the long natural history of COPD results in the sequence of events during exercise shown in Fig. 1. The primary event, EFL during exercise, probably occurs when the disease is still mild and exercise is not seriously impaired. This in turn leads to an increase in force generation of expiratory muscles increasing expiratory pressures from which all the pathophysiology described above derives.Fig. 1.Natural history of COPD and its results in the sequence of events during exercise.Download figureDownload PowerPointREFERENCES1 Aliverti A, Cala SJ, Duranti R, Ferrigno G, Kenyon CM, Pedotti A, Scano G, Sliwinski P, Macklem PT, Yan S. Human respiratory muscle actions and control during exercise. J Appl Physiol 83: 1256–1269, 1997.Link | ISI | Google Scholar2 Aliverti A, Dellaca RL, Lotti P, Bertini S, Duranti R, Scano G, Heyman J, Lo MA, Pedotti A, Macklem PT. Influence of expiratory flow-limitation during exercise on systemic oxygen delivery in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 95: 229–242, 2005.Crossref | ISI | Google Scholar3 Aliverti A, Iandelli I, Duranti R, Cala SJ, Kayser B, Kelly S, Misuri G, Pedotti A, Scano G, Sliwinski P, Yan S, Macklem PT. Respiratory muscle dynamics and control during exercise with externally imposed expiratory flow limitation. J Appl Physiol 92: 1953–1963, 2002.Link | ISI | Google Scholar4 Aliverti A, Rodger K, Dellaca RL, Stevenson N, Lo MA, Pedotti A, Calverley PM. Effect of salbutamol on lung function and chest wall volumes at rest and during exercise in COPD. Thorax 60: 916–924, 2005.Crossref | ISI | Google Scholar5 Aliverti A, Stevenson N, Dellaca RL, Lo MA, Pedotti A, Calverley PM. Regional chest wall volumes during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 59: 210–216, 2004.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar6 Babcock MA, Pegelow DF, Harms CA, Dempsey JA. Effects of respiratory muscle unloading on exercise-induced diaphragm fatigue. J Appl Physiol 93: 201–206, 2002.Link | ISI | Google Scholar7 Bye PT, Esau SA, Levy RD, Shiner RJ, Macklem PT, Martin JG, Pardy RL. Ventilatory muscle function during exercise in air and oxygen in patients with chronic air-flow limitation. Am Rev Respir Dis 132: 236–240, 1985.Google Scholar8 Levison H, Cherniack RM. Ventilatory cost of exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Appl Physiol 25: 21–27, 1968.Link | ISI | Google Scholar9 Field S, Kelly SM, Macklem PT. The oxygen cost of breathing in patients with cardiorespiratory disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 126: 9–13, 1982.PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar10 Georgiadou O, Vogiatzis I, Stratakos G, Koutsoukou A, Golemati S, Aliverti A, Roussos C, Zakynthinos S. Effects of rehabilitation on chest wall volume regulation during exercise in COPD patients. Eur Respir J 29: 284–291, 2007.Crossref | ISI | Google Scholar11 Gosker HR, Wouters EF, van d V, Schols AM. Skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic heart failure: underlying mechanisms and therapy perspectives. Am J Clin Nutr 71: 1033–1047, 2000.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar12 Harms CA, Babcock MA, McClaran SR, Pegelow DF, Nickele GA, Nelson WB, Dempsey JA. Respiratory muscle work compromises leg blood flow during maximal exercise. J Appl Physiol 82: 1573–1583, 1997.Link | ISI | Google Scholar13 Iandelli I, Aliverti A, Kayser B, Dellaca R, Cala SJ, Duranti R, Kelly S, Scano G, Sliwinski P, Yan S, Macklem PT, Pedotti A. Determinants of exercise performance in normal men with externally imposed expiratory flow limitation. J Appl Physiol 92: 1943–1952, 2002.Link | ISI | Google Scholar14 Kayser B, Sliwinski P, Yan S, Tobiasz M, Macklem PT. Respiratory effort sensation during exercise with induced expiratory-flow limitation in healthy humans. J Appl Physiol 83: 936–947, 1997.Link | ISI | Google Scholar15 Macklem PT. Exercise in COPD: damned if you do and damned if you don't. Thorax 60: 887–888, 2005.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar16 Maltais F, Simard AA, Simard C, Jobin J, Desgagnes P, Leblanc P. Oxidative capacity of the skeletal muscle and lactic acid kinetics during exercise in normal subjects and in patients with COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153: 288–293, 1996.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar17 Mannix ET, Manfredi F, Farber MO. Elevated O2 cost of ventilation contributes to tissue wasting in COPD. Chest 115: 708–713, 1999.Crossref | ISI | Google Scholar18 Oelberg DA, Kacmarek RM, Pappagianopoulos PP, Ginns LC, Systrom DM. Ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to inspired He-O2 during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158: 1876–1882, 1998.Crossref | ISI | Google Scholar19 Richardson RS, Knight DR, Poole DC, Kurdak SS, Hogan MC, Grassi B, Wagner PD. Determinants of maximal exercise VO2 during single leg knee-extensor exercise in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 268: H1453–H1461, 1995.Link | ISI | Google Scholar20 Roussos C, Macklem PT. The respiratory muscles. N Engl J Med 307: 786–797, 1982.Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar21 Simon M, Leblanc P, Jobin J, Desmeules M, Sullivan MJ, Maltais F. Limitation of lower limb V̇o2 during cycling exercise in COPD patients. J Appl Physiol 90: 1013–1019, 2001.Link | ISI | Google Scholar22 Vogiatzis I, Zakynthinos S, Georgiadou O, Golemati S, Pedotti A, Macklem PT, Roussos C, Aliverti A. Oxygen kinetics and debt during recovery from expiratory flow-limited exercise in healthy humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 99: 265–274, 2007.Crossref | ISI | Google Scholar Download PDF Previous Back to Top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByBlood shifts between body compartments during submaximal exercise with induced expiratory flow limitation in healthy humans29 November 2022 | The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 601, No. 1Association of Pulmonary Function With Motor Function Trajectories and Disability Progression Among Older Adults: A Long-Term Community-Based Cohort Study4 May 2022 | The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Vol. 77, No. 12Impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on passive viscoelastic components of the musculoarticular system10 September 2021 | Scientific Reports, Vol. 11, No. 1Effect of counselling during pulmonary rehabilitation on self-determined motivation to be physically active for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pragmatic RCT12 October 2021 | BMC Pulmonary Medicine, Vol. 21, No. 1Acute Cardiopulmonary and Muscle Oxygenation Responses to Normocapnic Hyperpnea Exercise in COPDMedicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. Publish Ahead of PrintHigh-intensity exercise impairs extradiaphragmatic respiratory muscle perfusion in patients with COPDZafeiris Louvaris, Antenor Rodrigues, Sauwaluk Dacha, Tin Gojevic, Wim Janssens, Ioannis Vogiatzis, Rik Gosselink, and Daniel Langer9 February 2021 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 130, No. 2Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice towards pulmonary rehabilitation among COPD patients: A multicenter and cross-sectional survey in ChinaRespiratory Medicine, Vol. 174Pulmonary Rehabilitation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (Review of Clinical Trials, National and International Recommendations)29 October 2020 | Bulletin of Restorative Medicine, Vol. 99, No. 5Physical activity and exercise: Strategies to manage frailtyRedox Biology, Vol. 35Pectoralis muscle area is associated with bone mineral density and lung function in lung transplant candidates13 March 2020 | Osteoporosis International, Vol. 31, No. 7Mechanical cardiopulmonary interactions during exercise in health and diseaseWilliam S. Cheyne, Megan I. Harper, Jinelle C. Gelinas, John P. Sasso, and Neil D. Eves1 May 2020 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 128, No. 5An update on pulmonary rehabilitation techniques for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease14 January 2020 | Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, Vol. 14, No. 2Peak Expiratory Flow and the Risk of Injurious Falls in Older Adults: The Role of Physical and Cognitive DeficitsJournal of the American Medical Directors AssociationEffects of Non-Invasive Ventilation Combined with Oxygen Supplementation on Exercise Performance in COPD Patients with Static Lung Hyperinflation and Exercise-Induced Oxygen Desaturation: A Single Blind, Randomized Cross-Over Trial18 November 2019 | Journal of Clinical Medicine, Vol. 8, No. 11Personalized exercise training in chronic lung diseases3 July 2019 | Respirology, Vol. 24, No. 9Cardiopulmonary and Muscular Interactions: Potential Implications for Exercise (In)tolerance in Symptomatic Smokers Without Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease10 July 2019 | Frontiers in Physiology, Vol. 10The Medusa faces of dyspnoea in COPD18 April 2019 | European Respiratory Journal, Vol. 53, No. 4Effects of upper limb resistance exercise on aerobic capacity, muscle strength, and quality of life in COPD patients: a randomized controlled trial16 July 2018 | Clinical Rehabilitation, Vol. 32, No. 12Long-acting bronchodilators improve exercise capacity in COPD patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis24 January 2018 | Respiratory Research, Vol. 19, No. 1Near-infrared spectroscopy using indocyanine green dye for minimally invasive measurement of respiratory and leg muscle blood flow in patients with COPDZafeiris Louvaris, Helmut Habazettl, Harrieth Wagner, Spyros Zakynthinos, Peter Wagner, and Ioannis Vogiatzis27 September 2018 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 125, No. 3Role of bronchodilation and pattern of breathing in increasing tidal expiratory flow with progressive induced hypercapnia in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseKevin E. Finucane, and Bhajan Singh12 January 2018 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 124, No. 1Exercise Training in Pulmonary Rehabilitation22 December 2017Inspiratory Muscle Training6 October 2017Place de l'éducation thérapeutique du patient atteint de BPCO en réhabilitation respiratoireRevue de Pneumologie Clinique, Vol. 73, No. 6Influence of resting lung diffusion on exercise capacity in patients with COPD25 August 2017 | BMC Pulmonary Medicine, Vol. 17, No. 1Effect of counselling during pulmonary rehabilitation on self-determined motivation towards physical activity in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – protocol of a mixed methods study17 August 2017 | BMC Pulmonary Medicine, Vol. 17, No. 1Cardiorespiratory Responses to Short Bouts of Resistance Training Exercises in Individuals With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseJournal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention, Vol. 37, No. 5The Link between Reduced Inspiratory Capacity and Exercise Intolerance in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseAnnals of the American Thoracic Society, Vol. 14, No. Supplement_1The effect of inspiratory and expiratory loads on abdominal muscle activity during breathing in subjects "at risk" for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and healthyJournal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, Vol. 34Abdominal muscle activity during breathing in different postures in COPD "Stage 0" and healthy subjectsRespiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, Vol. 238Mechanical Efficiency in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseJournal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention, Vol. 37, No. 2Frailty and sarcopenia as the basis for the phenotypic manifestation of chronic diseases in older adultsMolecular Aspects of Medicine, Vol. 50Heart Failure Impairs Muscle Blood Flow and Endurance Exercise Tolerance in COPD20 January 2016 | COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Vol. 13, No. 4Exercise performance and differences in physiological response to pulmonary rehabilitation in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with hyperinflationJornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia, Vol. 42, No. 2Which field walking test should be used to assess functional exercise capacity in lung cancer? an observational study12 August 2015 | BMC Pulmonary Medicine, Vol. 15, No. 1Gait mechanics in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease28 February 2015 | Respiratory Research, Vol. 16, No. 1Muscular and functional effects of partitioning exercising muscle mass in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial27 April 2015 | Trials, Vol. 16, No. 1Lung hyperinflation in COPD: applying physiology to clinical practice7 September 2015 | COPD Research and Practice, Vol. 1, No. 1Hemodynamic effects of high intensity interval training in COPD patients exhibiting exercise-induced dynamic hyperinflationRespiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, Vol. 217Does Improving Exercise Capacity and Daily Activity Represent the Holistic Perspective of a New COPD Approach?4 August 2015 | COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Vol. 12, No. 5The Effect of Pulmonary Hypertension on Aerobic Exercise Capacity in Lung Transplant Candidates with Advanced Emphysema7 March 2015 | Lung, Vol. 193, No. 2Oxygen delivery-utilization mismatch in contracting locomotor muscle in COPD: peripheral factorsWladimir M. C. T. P. F. M. de C. D. Daniel M. E. and January 2015 | American Journal of and Physiology, Vol. No. of COPD, and November | Vol. No. 1Association between peripheral muscle strength, exercise and physical activity in life in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary July | Respiratory Medicine, Vol. No. expiratory muscle activity dynamic hyperinflation and in Physiology & Neurobiology, Vol. Endurance in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Patients at an of and Oxygen and A Randomized October | COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Vol. 11, No. of cardiopulmonary exercise in COPD patients with and without & Lung, Vol. No. Obstructive Pulmonary Disease10 January and Hyperinflation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary March leg improve during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary Physiology, and Vol. No. Effects of an Ventilation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Journal of Respiratory and Care Medicine, Vol. No. to Ventilation and Exercise in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Journal of Respiratory and Care Medicine, Vol. No. and COPD: and March 2015 | The and Vol. No. Rehabilitation in COPD: A Medicine, Vol. and Exercise in Vol. No. increases muscle oxygen delivery during exercise in COPD patients with and without dynamic Louvaris, Spyros Zakynthinos, Aliverti, Helmut Habazettl, Harrieth Wagner, Peter Wagner, and Ioannis October | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. No. and October Exercise Tolerance in Chronic Lung July on of and Pulmonary Vol. No. and kinetics of cardiac output in response to cycling and walking in COPD patients with Physiology & Neurobiology, Vol. No. exercise performance in Medicine, Vol. No. a Brasileiro de Pneumologia, Vol. No. of oxygen on dyspnoea and exercise performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary December | Respirology, Vol. 17, No. 1Effect of Pulmonary Rehabilitation on Muscle in Patients With COPD in to Vol. No. and Training in Chronic Lung and Pulmonary in Vol. 53, No. and Rehabilitation Vol. No. Exercise in the Clinical of Patients With Heart and Lung Vol. No. and oxygen therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary November | Physical Vol. 16, No. for November hyperinflation in A Medicine, Vol. No. Muscle Blood Flow Limitation during Exercise in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Journal of Respiratory and Care Medicine, Vol. No. a or Oxygen Supplementation Exercise Training in Vol. No. during life in COPD Medicine, Vol. No. of pulmonary on locomotor muscle in patients with S. F. and A. July | American Journal of and Physiology, Vol. No. of the respiratory muscles in respiratory failure of COPD: from and September | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. No. of the respiratory muscles to rehabilitation in September | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. No. muscle function and activation in chronic obstructive pulmonary E. and Simon C. August | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. No. Oxygen and during Exercise in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Journal of Respiratory and Care Medicine, Vol. No. We the Exercise Training During Pulmonary Vol. No. major limitation to exercise performance in COPD is inadequate energy supply to the respiratory and locomotor muscles lower limb muscle dysfunction dynamic August | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. No. from this & the American August in August

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line as an in vitro model of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons for Parkinson's disease (PD) research and to determine the effect of differentiation on this cell model. DATA SOURCES: The data of this review were selected from the original reports and reviews related to SH-SY5Y cells published in Chinese and foreign journals (Pubmed 1973 to 2009). STUDY SELECTION: After searching the literature, 60 articles were selected to address this review. RESULTS: The SH-SY5Y cell line has become a popular cell model for PD research because this cell line posses many characteristics of DAergic neurons. For example, these cells express tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, as well as the dopamine transporter. Moreover, this cell line can be differentiated into a functionally mature neuronal phenotype in the presence of various agents. Upon differentiation, SH-SY5Y cells stop proliferating and a constant cell number is subsequently maintained. However, different differentiating agents induce different neuronal phenotypes and biochemical changes. For example, retinoic acid induces differentiation toward a cholinergic neuronal phenotype and increases the susceptibility of SH-SY5Y cells to neurotoxins and neuroprotective agents, whereas treatment with retinoic acid followed by phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate results in a DAergic neuronal phenotype and decreases the susceptibility of cells to neurotoxins and neuroprotective agents. Some differentiating agents also alter kinetics of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium (MPP(+)) uptake, making SH-SY5Y cells more similar to primary mesencephalic neurons. CONCLUSIONS: Differentiated and undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells have been widely used as a cell model of DAergic neurons for PD research. Some differentiating agents afford SH-SY5Y cells with more potential for studying neurotoxicity and neuroprotection and are thus more relevant to experimental PD research.

Deciding on effective team strategies and tactics is fundamental to successful performance in soccer (Carling, Williams, & Reilly, 2005). Previous research showed that performance indicators such as passes, shots, or ball regains are useful variables that measure tactical performance of teams in match-play (Hughes & Bartlett, 2002). The influence of contextual variables on these performance indicators and the analysis of their associations with successful team performances have been widely studied (Almeida, Ferreira, & Volossovitch, 2014; Castellano, Casamichana, & Lago, 2012; Lago, 2009; Taylor, Mellalieu, James, & Shearer, 2008). However, no previous research has analysed these aspects in styles of play. Styles of play are tactical behaviours that soccer teams employ in competition (Hewitt, Greenham, & Norton, 2016), and due to difficulties with measuring them, studies analysing them are scarce. Therefore, the evaluation of styles of play in soccer is an area of interest in performance analysis research. The aims of the present Doctoral Thesis were to identify the styles of play that teams employ in elite soccer and their characteristics, examine how contextual variables (i.e. match status, venue, quality of opposition) influence styles of play used by teams, and evaluate the effectiveness of styles of play under different circumstances in competition. The findings of this Doctoral Thesis showed that styles of play can be identified in soccer from match data using factor analysis. The analysis of 97 games from the Spanish La Liga and the English Premier League from the seasons 2006–2007 and 2010–2011 using a computerised match analysis system demonstrated that attacking and defensive styles of play can be determined through measuring tactical variables of teams and conducting factor analysis in order to cluster variables and obtain styles of play used by teams. In addition, a qualitative approach through expert coach interviews identified different attacking, defensive, and transition styles of play, and their characteristics. Furthermore, they provided insight into possible metrics that could more accurately measure styles of play. Moreover, contextual variables influenced a team’s styles of play and changed their behaviour under certain circumstances during the game. The 380 games of the English Premier League from the 2015-2016 season were analysed and showed that match status, venue, and quality of opposition influenced styles of play. Furthermore, the same sample was analysed to determine the effectiveness of styles of play and how the effectiveness changed according to the contextual variables. In conclusion, the styles of play used by teams in match-play and their characteristics can be identified in soccer. Contextual variables influence the use and effectiveness of these styles of play during competition. These findings could be useful for coaches and other practitioners when analysing or predicting tactical behaviours of soccer teams. References Almeida, C. H., Ferreira, A. P., & Volossovitch, A. (2014). Effects of Match Location, Match Status and Quality of Opposition on Regaining Possession in UEFA Champions League. Journal of Human Kinetics, 41(1), 203-214. Carling, C., Williams, A. M., & Reilly, T. (2005). Handbook of Soccer Match Analysis. A Systematic Approach to Improving Performance. London: Routledge. Castellano, J., Casamichana, D., & Lago, C. (2012). The Use of Match Statistics that Discriminate Between Successful and Unsuccessful Soccer Teams. Journal of Human Kinetics, 31, 139-147. Hewitt, A., Greenham, G., & Norton, K. (2016). Game style in soccer: what is it and can we quantify it? International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 16(1), 355-372. Hughes, M., & Bartlett, R. (2002). The use of performance indicators in performance analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20(10), 739-754. Lago, C. (2009). The influence of match location, quality of opposition, and match status on possession strategies in professional association football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(13), 1463-1469. Taylor, J. B., Mellalieu, S. D., James, N., & Shearer, D. A. (2008). The influence of match location, quality of opposition, and match status on technical performance in professional association football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(9), 885-895.

<strong>Gozhenko Anatolii, Biryukov Viktor, Gozhenko Olena, Zukow Walery. Health as a space-time continuum. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2018;8(11):763-777. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2657000</strong> <strong>http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/6877</strong> <strong>https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/912487</strong> <strong> </strong> <strong> </strong> <strong> </strong> <strong> </strong> <strong> </strong> <strong> </strong> <strong>The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26/01/2017).</strong> <strong>1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7</strong> <strong>© The Authors 2018;</strong> <strong>This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland</strong> <strong>Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike.</strong> <strong>(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.</strong> <strong>The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.</strong> <strong>Received: 15.11.2018. Revised: 25.11.2018. Accepted: 30.11.2018.</strong> <strong>Health as a space-time continuum</strong> <strong> </strong> <strong>Anatolii Gozhenko¹, Viktor Biryukov², Olena Gozhenko¹, Walery Zukow³</strong> <strong>¹State Enterprise "Ukrainian Research Institute for Medicine of Transport Ministry of Health of Ukraine", Odesa, Ukraine</strong> <strong>²Department of Social Medicine, Public Health and Medical Law of Odesa National Medical University, Odesa, Ukraine</strong> <strong>³Department of Spatial Management and Tourism, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland</strong> <strong> </strong> <strong>Corresponding author: Walery Zukow, e-mail: w.zukow@wp.pl</strong> <strong> </strong> <strong>Abstract</strong> The purpose of work is to quantify the changes of the organism functional reserves during the successive phases of the human health Space-Time Continuum (STC) on the basis of postulates of reliability complex systems theory. The study is devoted to the problem of age-related human involution, which is evaluated not from the causal, but from the kinetic point of view. The analysis of 10 most important basic life support systems of human body — cardiovascular (CVS), respiratory (RS), nervous (NS), digestive (DS), endocrine (ES), immune (IS), excretory (EXS), brain (BS), musculo-skeletal (MSS), hematopoietic (HS) was carried out. Based on this analysis two levels of ensuring the reliability of organism’s work were revealed: sequential and parallel. The system of logical equations for reduced sequential system is: Ys1 = CVS ∧ RS ∧ BS, where ∧ is the notation for the conjunctions of set elements. The system of logical equations for the reduced parallel system is: Ys2 = NS ∨ DS ∨ ES ∨ IS ∨ HS ∨ EXS ∨ MSS, where ∨ is the disjunction of the scheme elements. Visualization of human STC changes the concept of the kinetics of age-related changes in the organism and the role of determinants of health as a stable factor accompanying a uniform, smooth transition from the most pronounced functions of the body to their gradual extinction. For human STC is formulated the following regularity kinetics of involutionary processes: <em>after 30 years of age in the human body morphological changes regress in arithmetic progression, and the functions of organs in a geometric one.</em> Assumption of health as a state redundancy of functions is suggested. <strong>Key words: space-time continuum; the theory reliability of complex systems; integrated assessment of health; redundancy of functions; risk management.</strong>

NK cells and CTLs are key elements of the cellular immune response and eliminate pathogen-infected and tumorigenic cells 1-3. Quantification of killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity is of great importance in immunotherapy 4, 5, to predict cancer risk 6 and to improve antibody-based treatments 7-9. A precise characterization of killer cell activity is also required to better understand the underlying molecular cytotoxic mechanisms 10-13. The time kinetic of the killing process reveals crucial information of killer cell activity. However, the standard endpoint cytotoxicity assays cannot obtain the time-resolved killing kinetics efficiently, especially when the killer cells are in short supply. We have developed a novel real-time killing assay that uses the fluorescent dye calcein-AM (acetoxymethyl) to directly monitor the loss of fluorescence during target cell death. In its acetoxymethyl ester form, calcein passes through the plasma membrane and remains in the cytosol after cleavage of the AM groups by endogenous esterases in living cells. Upon death of the target cells, calcein is released from the cytoplasm into the supernatant (Fig. 1A, and Video 1). Using the bottom-reading mode of a conventional plate-reader, we show that the fluorescence intensity correlates linearly with the number of calcein-loaded target cells, for both live and lysed cells, over four hours (Supporting Information Fig. 1A–C). This is a typical time frame for endpoint assays to analyze killing capacity. Based on this property, the fraction of killed cells can be calculated at each time point, as verified by the known numbers of an artificially lysed fraction of cells (Supporting Information Fig. 1D). Using this assay, we analyzed the killing kinetics of human NK cells (Fig. 1B). The obtained time course of killing shows an initially high killing rate that decays over time, which is in agreement with a granzyme B reporter-based analysis 14. To verify if the real-time killing assay with the plate reader correctly quantifies target cell killing, we directly monitored single-cell killing in parallel using an automated high-content microscopy system (BD Pathway BioImager 855). As expected, rapid lysis of target cells by NK cells was observed (Fig. 1C and Video 2). The fraction of lysed target cells at each time point from the BioImager was quantified (Fig. 1D) and was found to correlate well with the killing kinetics measured by the plate reader (R2 = 0.98; Fig. 1E). Moreover, the real-time killing assay performs well with high target number and at low effector to target cell ratios (Supporting Information Fig. 2 and Video 3). This shows that target lysis can be reliably quantified by the real-time killing assay. We next compared our assay against two standard cytotoxicity assays, the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay 15 and the propidium iodide (PI) uptake assay 16. The LDH release assay reported lower target cell lysis than the real-time killing assay at all time points (Fig. 2A), whereas results from the PI uptake assay and the real-time killing assay were very similar (Fig. 2B). We assume that a delayed release of LDH from cells compared to calcein release or PI uptake could result from differences in molecular weight. The molecular mass of LDH is 135–140 kD, which is about 200 times higher than that of calcein (666.5 D) or PI (668.4 D). Nevertheless, we cannot exclude that different target cell numbers, which were applied in the LDH release and the real-time killing assay due to the distinct optimal sensitivity ranges, may also contribute to this difference, even though identical E:T ratios were used. In addition, to obtain the same kinetics as the real-time killing assay, both LDH release and PI uptake assays require many more killer and target cells, depending on the number of time points to be determined. Next we characterized the killing kinetics of primary human (Fig. 2C, D) and mouse (Fig. 2E, F) CTLs using the new assay. We found clear changes in the maximum killing rates determined from the kinetics at day 3 and day 5, whereas only smaller differences were observed comparing the endpoints (240 min). The maximum killing rate thus serves as a very sensitive parameter for characterization of killing capacity, which can only be obtained with a kinetic assay. There are several possible reasons for the observed kinetic differences in human versus mouse CTLs, such as different time frames to gain effector functions (e.g. killing and/or migration behavior), the divergent functions of major human and mouse granzymes 17, or differential TCR-mediated signaling kinetics 18, 19. Finally, the quantification of this real-time killing assay is independent of a specific plate reader model as results were similar for two different plate readers tested (Supporting Information Fig. 3). CO2 gassing is not necessary for this assay, since the impact of CO2 on killing kinetics during the measurement is negligible (Supporting Information Fig. 4). In summary, the kinetics obtained with this new real-time killing assay provides an accurate tool for quantification of killing capacity. In particular, the different killing phases (for instance, faster and slower ones) that may be determined by this assay can help characterize the underlying killing mechanisms. Given its accuracy, simplicity in handling, low cost, and minimal requirement for the number of killer cells (especially from patients), the real-time killing assay can be applied to determine killer cell cytotoxicity on a routine basis for clinical purposes with widely available microplate readers. We thank the Institute for Clinical Hemostaseology and Transfusion Medicine for providing donor blood, Carmen Hässig and Cora Stephan for excellent technical help, Martina Sester and Jan Dirks for access to BD FACSCanto II, Varsha Pattu and Jens Rettig for mouse CTL. This project was funded by Sonderforschungsbereich 894 project A1 (to M.H.), by Sonderforschungsbereich 1027 project A2 (to B.Q.) and by Chinesisch-Deutsches Zentrum für Wissenschaftsförderung GZ 857 (to M.H.). F.Z. and B.B. are supported by Sonderforschungsbereich 894 project A17 and INST 256/271-1 FUGG. Research carried out for this study with humanmaterial has been authorized by the local ethics committee. The authors declare no financial or commercial conflict of interest. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Figure S1. Fundamentals of the real-time killing assay. Figure S2. The real-time killing assay can be used over a broad dynamic range of target cell numbers and effector to target cell ratios. Figure S3. The real-time killing assay can be carried out reliably with different plate-readers. Figure S4. CO2 does not affect killing efficiency. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

Objective. To conduct a bibliometric analysis of scientific production regarding the relative age effect in sport, using data from the PubMed and Scopus databases spanning from January 1, 2015, to April 30, 2023. Methodology. It was based on a descriptive bibliometric analysis of the scientific production having as indicators the following categories: 1) database; 2) year of publication; 3) journal name; 4) journal country; 5) H-index; 6) SCI index (2021); 7) Quartile (Q1; Q2; Q3; Q4); 8); Number of articles per Journal; 9) Scopus citations; 10) Countries evaluated; 11) Colective sports; 12) Individual sports; 13) number of times the sample of a country was evaluated according to journals; 14) Area of knowledge; 15) Gender; 16) Number of authors; 17) Name authors; 18) Instruments used to determine the relative age effect of athletes; 19) Research approach; 20) Research design; 21) Statistical Software packcage; 22) Statistical test; 23) Languaje; 24) Sample Size. The following MeSH terms were used to search for the documents: "Sport", "relative age", "sports performance", and the search equations ("sport competition" AND "relative age effect”), ("sports talent" AND "relative age effect”), ("physical differences" AND "relative age effect”) to search for documents in the Scopus and PubMed databases, obtaining a total of 597 documents. In the end, after applying the criteria, 185 documents were accepted. Results. The number of publications per year has exhibited fluctuating behavior, with 2018 being the year with the highest production (16.09%) and 2016 the lowest (6.32%). In front of the journal, we found those with the most publications, were PloS One with 24 papers (12.97%), Sports with 15 (8.10%), and Journal of Human Kinetics with 13 (7.02%). PloS One (591) and the Journal of Sports Sciences (478) received the highest number of citations. Regarding sports, the ones with the highest number of publications are Soccer with 61 (32.90%), various sports with 24 (12.90%), and basketball with 16 documents (8.64%). Taking into account the countries evaluated, the World Cup (13.008%) and Spain (12.195%) have the highest number of documents. As for the total number of documents by area of knowledge, sports talent (25.40%), sports competition (22.70%), and sports training (15.13%) are the highest. Finally, about gender, it is found that the highest production is about men (74.26%), women-men (20.46%), and women (7.01%). Conclusions. It is concluded that the bibliometric study contributes substantially to the scientific community from the findings found in the study and the change of focus with which relative age has recently been studied. Likewise, it can guide future studies aimed at characterizing and determining the effect of relative age in sports. Key Words: relative age, sport, sports science, sports competition, sports talent

Introduction.Soccer as a sport has undergone thorough examination across various fields of knowledge.Notably, the exploration of small-sided games has emerged as a prominent and captivating subject of study, garnering increased attention in contemporary scientific discourse.Objective.The aim of this study was to conduct a bibliometric study on the scientific output pertaining to small-sided games in soccer from 2003 to 2023.This examination was carried out by evaluating the comprehensive dataset available in the Scopus database.Methodology.The descriptive bibliometric analysis of scientific production considered various key indicators for each document, encompassing: 1) database source; 2) document type; 3) publication year; 4) author names; 5) knowledge domain; 6) journal names; 7) journal country; 8) publication count; 9) quartile ranking; 10) Index; 11) SCI index; 12) citations; 13) average citations per article; 14) documents per institutional affiliation; 15) documents per country/territory; and 16) document count per language.To perform this comprehensive analysis, MeSH terms such as "Soccer" and "Small sided games" were employed in the search utilizing the query ("Small AND Sided AND Games AND Soccer").The search yielded a total of 714 documents.Employing the VOSviewer program, co-occurrence maps were generated to visualize keyword relationship and co-authorship-patterns within the dataset.Results.The findings indicate that the predominant form of output is research articles (91.0%), followed by review articles (5.7%).Examining the publication timeline revealed a consistent upward trend in scientific output since 2011 peaking in 2022 with 196 documents.Leading contributors to this body of work include Clemente, F.M. (10.084%),Praça, G.M. (5.462%) and Gonçalves, B. (4.902%).In terms of subject areas, the majority of production is concentrated in Medicine (73.94%) and Health Professions (69.88%).Key journals driving publication and impact include the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (64 papers, 3374 citations), Journal of Human Kinetics (37 papers, 1066 citations), and the Journal of Sports Sciences (34 papers, 2795 citations).These journals fall within the Q1 quartile in terms of citations.The Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano emerged as the leading institution contributing 10.92% of the research with an impressive 78 papers.Notably, English overwhelmingly dominates the language landscape, encompassing 95.09% of the scientific production.Conclusions.Small-Sided Games have become instrumental in exploring diverse adaptations related to the technical--tactical, physical, and physiological demands of soccer, highlighting that the number of studies has been increasing over the years, sports science stands out as a pivotal driver, playing a crucial role in shaping the design and planning processes for sports preparation across various levels and categories in soccer.

A review of literature was carried out to determine methods of production of liposomes, their stability, biodistribution and their uses as drug delivery systems. The conventional method of preparing liposomes is basically for the multilamellar vesicles (MLVs). However, other methods are used to reduce the size of these MLVs to small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) so as to increase their plasma lifetime and consequently increase the possibility of achieving greater tissue localisation. Some of these methods of size reduction are sonication and high pressure extrusion. Each of these methods has its own advantages and disadvantages. Large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs), on the other hand, are prepared mainly by detergent removal method and reverse phase extrusion technique. There are also improved pharmacokinetic properties with liposomal drugs compared to free drugs, though some formulation factors affect the release kinetics of the liposomal drugs. The review also shows that liposomes have a lot of biomedical applications and uses. They have been used in drug targeting, oral delivery of vaccines, insulins, peptides and some compounds, which are usually degraded in the gastrointestinal tract. It has also found application in topical therapy especially in the eye and lungs. Other areas of application are in cancer chemotherapy and treatment of human immunovirus (HIV) infection. The control of the stability of liposomes is an essential pre-requisite for effective use as drug carriers. Leakage of the liposome is attributable mainly to differences in lamellar structure. For instance, MLVs are less prone to leakage than ULVs. The use of a combination of saturated phospholipid and cholesterol in the formulation of the liposomes has also been found to enhance stability with lower tendency to leakage. Keywords: Liposomes,phospholipid, encapsulation, applications Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research Vol. 4 (1) 2005: pp. 9-21

In the last decade and a half, great progress has been made in the development of concepts and models for mixture toxicity, both in human and environmental toxicology. However, due to their different protection goals, developments have often progressed in parallel but with little integration. Arguably the first book to clearly link ecotoxicology and classic human toxicology, Mixture Toxicity: Linking Approaches from Ecological and Human Toxicology incorporates extensive reviews of exposure to toxicants, toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics, toxicity of mixtures, and risk assessment. The book examines developments in both fields, compares and contrasts their current state of the art, and identifies where one field can learn from the other. Each chapter provides an essential overview of the state of the art in both human and ecotoxicological mixture risk assessment, focusing on the work published in the last fifteen years. The coverage progresses from exposure to risk assessment, at each step identifying the special complications typically raised by mixtures. Based on in-depth discussions among specialists representing different disciplines and approaches, the chapters each address: Exposure - how to quantify the amounts of chemicals that may enter the living organism. Kinetics, dynamics, and metabolism - how the chemicals enter an organism, travel within the organism, how they are metabolized and reach the target site, and explain development of toxicity with time. Toxicity - what are the chemicals' detrimental effects on the organism. Test design and complex mixture characterization - how chemicals interact, how to measure effects of mixtures, and how to identify responsible chemicals. Risk assessment - how to assess for risks in humans and the environment. An unusual combination of different points of view on exposure to and risk assessment of chemical mixtures, this book summarizes current knowledge on combined effects of toxicant mixtures, information that is generally only available in a very fragmented form as individual journal papers. It identifies possible crosslinks and includes recommendations for mutual developments that can improve the state of knowledge on mixture toxicity and ultimately lead to better and more integrated risk assessment.

1. The human HERG gene encodes the cardiac repolarizing K(+) current I(Kr) and is genetically inactivated in inherited long QT syndrome 2 (LQTS2). The antihistamine terfenadine blocks HERG channels, and can cause QT prolongation and torsades de pointes, whereas its carboxylate fexofenadine lacks HERG blocking activity. 2. In the present study the ability of fexofenadine to block the K897T HERG channel variant was investigated. The underlying single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) A2960C was identified in a patient reported to develop fexofenadine-associated LQTS. 3. K897T HERG channels produced wild-type-like currents in Xenopus oocytes. Even at a concentration of 100 micro M, fexofenadine did not inhibit wild-type or K897T HERG channels. Coexpression of wild-type and K897T HERG with the ss-subunit MiRP1, slightly changed current kinetics but did not change sensitivity to terfenadine and fexofenadine. 4. Western blot analysis and immunostaining of transiently transfected COS-7 cells demonstrated that overall expression level, glycosylation pattern and subcellular localization of K897T HERG is indistinguishable from wild-type HERG protein, and not altered in the presence of 1 micro M fexofenadine. 5. We provide the first functional characterization of the K897T HERG variant. We demonstrated that K897T HERG is similar to wild-type HERG, and is insensitive to fexofenadine. Although the polymorphism changes PKA and PKC phosphorylation sites, regulation of K897T HERG by these kinases is not altered. 6. Our results strongly indicate that QT lengthening and cardiac arrhythmia in the reported case of drug-induced LQT are not due to the K897T exchange or to an inhibitory effect of fexofenadine on cardiac I(Kr) currents. British Journal of

A sedentary lifestyle, which affects 50–80% of the world’s population, is associated with the main risk factors for chronic diseases. For this reason stimulating an active lifestyle is critical to control and prevent these illnesses. In Brazil, as in other developing countries, there are few available data to determine the physical activity (PA) level of the population. The first national household survey in Brazil to include PA was the Living Standards Measurement Survey conducted from March 1996 to February 1997. In that survey 11,033 people (over 20 years of age) were evaluated concerning their leisure-time physical activities (LTPA). According to the results only 13% of the Brazilians surveyed reported performing 30 min or more of LTPA on 1 or more days of the week, and only 3.3% reported doing the recommended minimum of 30 min on 5 or more days of the week. In the State of Sao Paulo, data published in 1990 showed that a sedentary lifestyle was prevalent among 69.3% males and females (aged 18 to 70). Another important issue is the cost of this lifestyle in the health system, which is estimated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to represent about 70% of all health expenses. According to 2002 data (CELAFISCS & CDC, unpublished data), 4% (US$37.5 million) of the direct cost in public health in the State of Sao Paulo is related to a sedentary lifestyle. The Agita Sao Paulo Program (the Program) was developed to address this problem. The Program is a multilevel plan that promotes messages about the health benefits of PA and coordinates activities and interventions for broader PA opportunities among more than 37 million inhabitants of the Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 2004, 1, 81-97 © 2004 Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc.