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A case report or a case series is a detailed narrative documenting a medical issue encountered by one or more patients, intended for medical, scientific, or educational purposes.1 The significance of recording and disseminating distinctive clinical cases can be traced back to medical professionals in ancient Egypt.2 Today, case reports (and series) continue to play a crucial role in disseminating medical insights that may not be fully captured through conventional research methods.3 Detailing novel incidents, uncommon adverse reactions, or singular experiences can enhance future patient care by offering insights that might remain unnoticed in clinical trials.4 Additionally, case reports can serve as starting points for larger studies and provide valuable educational experiences for gastroenterology fellows, as they involve literature reviews that contribute to future clinical expertise and academic inquiry. Within gastroenterology, there is a vast diversity of pathology, technological advancements, and novel treatments lending itself to fantastic subject matter for case reports.5, 6 Here we provide guidance on how to write a case report. Begin by conducting a PubMed search to determine whether similar cases have been published. Evaluate whether your case offers a unique perspective or valuable learning point. Consider discussing your findings with a mentor or an expert for further insight. A suitable case or cases for reporting and publication should either challenge established norms, stimulate further research, or introduce a replicable novel model or endoscopic technique7 addressing common issues encountered by the gastroenterologist. For instance, Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (JPGN) and JPGN Reports will only accept case reports that describe new conditions or provide new insight into pathology, diagnosis, or treatment of a gastrointestinal condition. Additionally, JPGN and JPGN reports accept Case Images and Case Videos. Please refer to the website for further details (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/2691171x/homepage/author-guidelines). Case reports typically involve three or fewer patients, whereas case series involve more than three patients.8 Most scientific journals mandate obtaining parental consent and/or a child's assent for case reports. For case series, Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval may be necessary depending on the institution's guidelines. It is important to highlight that there are alternatives to obtaining patients' consent if patients are unreachable. Discuss consent alternatives with IRB or Confidentiality/Privacy Officer. Identify a peer-reviewed journal or platform that accepts case reports/series. When identifying the journal and target readership, it's important to note that the presentation of a case report may vary based on the readership. Familiarize yourself with the journal's guidelines, submission requirements, and cost. Be familiar with the journal's rules for artificial intelligence use in writing manuscripts. Select your mentor thoughtfully. Your mentor can assist you identify co-authors. Mentors and co-authors can help you transform your case into an engaging and informative report, and guide your submission to a suitable journal.6 Involving members from other disciplines, such as Radiologists, Pathologists, and Surgeons, enhances the strength of your case report and provides valuable insights. Case reports/series are shorter than other types of medical publications. The article should include a title, abstract, introduction, detailed description of the case, discussion with thorough literature review, and conclusion.3 Visuals can enhance clarity and flow.4 Table 1 provides a template and a checklist to guide the writing of a high-quality case report. Introduction: What is new? Case presentation: Symptoms and clinical presentation Main diagnosis and intervention Main outcome Discussion Summary of literature review as it relates to the nuances of the case Justify uniqueness of the case Conclusion Main lesson for the reader Patient information Demographics Narrative of presenting illness (chief compliant and present illness) Relevant medical, surgical, social, family history, include diet, genetics, and relevant comorbidities as appropriate Clinical findings Describe relevant physical examination findings Diagnostics Include relevant laboratory, imaging, endoscopic, histologic findings as appropriate. Including staging if relevant Diagnostic challenges Interventions Type and duration of the interventions Pharmacologic; dose strength, route Procedure or surgery Changes in interventions with rationale Outcome Physician and patient related outcomes Pertinent follow-up results Unexpected or adverse events Timeline (figure or table) Establish temporal and causal relationship Goal: Illustrate major findings Size: Uniform size, fit in line with the text Focus: Ensure the final product remains in focus after editing Consider arrows or guides for your readers to quickly focus on points of interest Caption: A brief title and description of the image. Explain any arrows or abbreviations used. Relevant literature review Rationale for conclusions Establish cause and effect Strengths and limitations of the case management Main lessons for the reader Consent and assent IRB, for case series A title should be concise and captivating, explaining the relevance of the case. Avoid redundant or overly grandiose language (e.g., first ever).4 You can include the term “case report” or “case series” along with the symptom or phenomenon of greatest interest.1 The abstract will be a summary allowing readers to quickly identify the merits of the case report.9 It should succinctly summarize the clinical scenario and essential case information, and conclude with the main lessons.3 The introduction should build from your title in guiding the relevant audience along the case.4 To give all readers a common platform, start with a preliminary description of the subject matter and then elaborate on the importance of this case report. Providing a brief overview of the up-to-date literature will help readers understand why this case is worth publication and dissemination. However, the most detailed and thorough review should be reserved for the discussion. Finally, introduce the patient case to the reader. The introduction is meant to be a concise preview to attract your reader further into the case.3 This section aims to present all pertinent details of the patient case.1 Narrating the presentation in chronological order typically offers the reader the clearest understanding. This section will include pertinent demographics (age, gender) and initial presentation pertinent to the case (medical history, family history, surgeries, allergies, vaccines, medications, and social history). Highlighting additional pertinent positives or negatives specific to gastroenterology such as any herbal supplements, dietary practices, stool pattern, and nonprescription medications should be considered. If pertinent to the case, it is important to include details of the medications discussed such as dosage, route, past adverse reactions, drug levels, dates of administration, and adherence.9 Generic names for medications should always be used.1 Clinical encounters can be documented by pertinent physical exam findings, laboratory values, outcomes of diagnostic procedures, and imaging. It is essential to include normal ranges when describing laboratory values. Additionally, providing photographs of relevant imaging, histopathology, endoscopy findings, exam findings, and so on, can enhance the case description.4 Patient consent must be obtained for any images used and the protection of patient identity must be preserved.4 It is crucial to follow institutional guidelines when obtaining permission from the patient.1 While images can help illustrate major findings, they come with additional considerations for authors.4 Images need to fit in line with the text and, for grouped pictures, they need to adopt a uniform size and distribution within a section. Authors are encouraged to use editable image formats to ensure that all final products remain in focus after final editing, especially when describing pathology and use of arrows or guides can quickly focus readers.10 Lastly, all images should include a caption consisting of a brief title and description of the image.10 The overall case description should establish a clear timeline with sufficient detail to substantiate the relationship between events and outcome. This will naturally raise the research questions to be discussed in the following section.4 This section is important to summarize key points, compare the case with current literature, draw conclusions, and present recommendations.9 Often highlighted in this section is an extensive literature review, justifying the validity of this case report. Authors often contrast nuances and differences with known publications to justify the uniqueness of the case.3 It is also important to list limitations and their relevance.1 This is the final space to summarize the take home points, conclusions, and promote the future investigation. Recommendations should be evidence based and authors should emphasize how they apply to current practice.4 In conclusion, case reports are a time-honored and vital aspect of medical literature.3 Although they do not provide the same level of evidence as randomized control trials or systematic reviews, case reports remain an important avenue for sharing new medical information captured in unique cases.1 In addition to enriching our collective medical knowledge, case reports are a great learning tool for gastroenterology fellows.6 They promote the professional development, writing ability, and communication skill of their authors.4 This up-to-date resource will provide health practitioners with a step-by-step guide to successful publication. The authors have no funding to report. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

It was with great surprise and emotion that I learned from the then ESPGHAN President Peter Milla that the Council was considering me as the next editor of JPGN. This shock came during dinner on a bateau mouche in Paris after a 12-hour meeting devoted to the preparation of the 2004 World Congress. The previous evening - this time in an excellent restaurant drinking excellent French wine - we mused about 'ESPGHAN old times' and how the society has grown. And although it had lost, perhaps inevitably, some of its family feeling along the way, it had produced spectacular results in several fields, not least in the number of members that reached almost 700 at the last meeting. We were thinking about how the world of science had expanded, how scientific communication has become almost instantaneous, and how ESPGHAN had to parallel these changes to consolidate and enhance its role in the production of solid science and in the education of younger scientists doing clinical and basic research. This naturally led us to the role that JPGN was playing in the field. The major changes in pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition are being developed along the lines proposed by papers published in JPGN and by documents produced by ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN members. This was the result of the quality of work of the former JPGN editors and of the expertise of the journal's contributors. In the following few months, while awaiting the Council's decision, I had time to think about the journal, ESPGHAN and the big change in my daily life that would be associated with being editor. I met with several colleagues, including various European and American former JPGN editors. I had long conversations with ESPGHAN President Michael Lentze (former JPGN European editor) and with Bill Balistreri (he too a JPGN editor before taking charge of the Journal of Pediatrics) and, of course, with my NASPGHAN editorial partner Judy Sondheimer. These conversations left me both terrified and excited about the coming challenge. However, I was perfectly aware that the ESPGHAN Council's decision was largely based on the established tradition of the Naples school in ESPGHAN's areas of interest. This is the school initiated by Salvatore Auricchio, an ESPGHAN founder, and carried on by Armido Rubino and subsequently by Stefano Guandalini, President of ESPGHAN and then of FISPGHAN - a school that has grown in parallel with the Society and the journal. I have the good fortune to be assisted by an excellent board of associate editors that covers a wide body of knowledge and that will guarantee timely, expert editorial activity. We have already discussed what must be done to equal the extraordinary reputation of the Paris editorial office under the guidance of Jehan-François Desjeux. We have set-up a system that is expected to work smoothly; it should also be fast because we will rely heavily on web communications. And here I would like to take this opportunity to encourage all authors to submit their papers by e-mail. I have enrolled in the editorial team Jean Gilder who collaborated with me to produce the report of the Working Groups of the Federation of International societies (FISPGHAN) that was distributed at the World Congress as a JPGN supplement. With such a team, I feel ready to meet the expectations of JPGN readers. The major challenge is to develop the journal in parallel with the rapid evolution of science. In order to accomplish our mission, we need to optimize the use of web resources. This will enable authors to speed-up manuscript submission, help reviewers to provide prompt appraisals, and give readers new findings sooner and with appropriate web links. The internet offers terrific opportunities, and saves time and even space (which is becoming increasingly precious). Web communication also gives our authors a larger audience, thereby favoring the exchange of ideas which often triggers scientific discoveries and is a means of professional upgrading. The web will give us the opportunity to reach fast growing countries, which bear the greatest burden of childhood diseases, and to bridge the technologic and cultural gap that separates them from countries with a more established scientific tradition. The web also offers unlimited space for the development of novel initiatives closely related with the overall life of the Societies affiliated to EPSGHAN and the daily activity of their members. We wish to make JPGN not only the obvious vehicle for the results of our research work, but also the place to go to when looking for medical or technical information related to the care of children with diseases of the digestive tract and to our scientific work. JPGN should be regarded also as a cultural tool to guide the scientific development of younger physicians and scientists. The next few years will offer a unique opportunity to expand the role of the journal even further by taking advantage of web resources. Needless to say, the editor is just a piece of the complex machinery that drives JPGN. The editor promotes, supports and coordinates, however the true engines of the journal are the authors. Overall JPGN is the flagship of ESPGHAN and we all are committed to make the journal grow in reputation and interest. I was called to serve, which I will do in full cooperation with the ESPGHAN Council, with the American Editor and with all contributors. I will be happy to receive any suggestions from JPGN readers and I announce that a survey regarding the expectations of readers will be held in Porto during the 2005 Annual Meeting of ESPGHAN. Alfredo Guarino, MD European Editor of JPGN

It is with a sense of great honor and responsibility that I look forward to the term as the next Editor-In-Chief of the Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. Over the past several months, the NASPGHAN editorial office has journeyed from altitude in the Colorado Rocky Mountains to sea-level in Northern California. On behalf of the journal and its readers, I would like to thank Dr. Judith Sondheimer and the associate editors in Denver for their tremendous stewardship of JPGN over the past five years. Drs. Dorsey Bass, William Berquist, Kenneth Brown, Ricardo Castillo, Kenneth Cox, Tyson Holmes, Melissa Hurwitz, John Kerner, Ricardo Uauy and I are eager to continue the outstanding legacy of the journal. To this end, we look forward to working with Dr. Alfredo Guarino and the ESPGHAN associate editors over the next five years. I would like to express special personal thanks to Drs. Sondheimer and Guarino and to Ms. Julie Porter, editorial assistant, and to Mr. David Myers, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins publisher, for the attention and effort provided to insure a smooth transition of the editorship. As the official journal of the North American, European, Asian-Pan Pacific and Latin American Societies for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, the Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition is the preeminent vehicle for scientific and clinical practice communication related to the three subspecialty areas. The publication of both basic and clinical science original research articles, the journal's mainstay, has allowed JPGN to attract broad interest among basic scientists, clinical investigators and practitioners. An editorial staff has been established with diverse expertise and experience to carry out the process of peer-review and insure a high standard for publication of submitted original research. To sustain and build upon its stature, the JPGN will continue to serve the role of enhancing knowledge in the field of Pediatric Gastroenterology through publication of not only new scientific discoveries but of practice guidelines, topical reviews, case reports and news summaries. Over the next five years, the Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition will be a dynamic publication that is responsive to the needs and desires of the readership. Contributions from the esteemed JPGN editorial board and directly from the readership will be invaluable in setting the structure and content of the journal. The evolution of sections of the journal aimed at providing clinical practice guidelines and commentary on current topics and recently published books or articles attest to the dynamic status of the journal. To keep pace with current trends in investigation and clinical practice and in order to further expand the journal as a venue for state-of-the-art submissions, JPGN will announce calls for papers in the targeted areas of: Translational Research; International Nutrition and Obesity; Transplantation; and Gut, Liver, and Pancreas Development. Plans are also in progress to initiate a new “Image of the Month” section to feature interesting and informative endoscopic images. This section will be edited by Dr. Chris Liacouras, chair of the NASPGHAN endoscopy committee. The international subscription base of the various official society members provides a unique opportunity for JPGN to disseminate information regarding the practice of pediatric gastroenterology to a worldwide audience. The journal encourages and plans to actively solicit submissions from colleagues from all corners of the globe. It is hoped that JPGN's successful transition to the fully electronic age with complete on-line submissions, review and publication will enhance access to the journal by readers, authors and reviewers from around the world. To facilitate interaction with our colleagues in Latin America, we are pleased to welcome Dr. Jaime Belkind-Gerson as the new LASPGHAN representative to the editorial board. In addition, we anticipate the important role that the Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition will play in communication of science and information presented during the World Congress of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition in Iguassu Falls, Brazil in 2008. Over the past 25 years under a succession of distinguished leadership, the North American office of the Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition has migrated across the continent from its point of origin in Buffalo (Dr. Emanuel Lebenthal) with stops along the way in Cincinnati (Dr. William Balisteri), Boston (Dr. Allan Walker) and Denver (Dr. Judith Sonheimer). As the office settles in now on the west coast in Palo Alto, my colleagues and I embrace the challenge of leading the journal into its second quarter century. To build upon the strong legacy of the Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, it is important that investigators in the disciplines of gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition submit their best work for publication in the journal. We therefore encourage investigators, both young and established, to contribute intellectually to JPGN's journey over the next five years. The Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition and its readers will be the honored beneficiaries of such contributions.

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