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The aims of this study were to characterize the semen as well as the influence of breed, season, and semen processing on spermatozoa (SPZ) traits of four native Portuguese goat breeds used for the bank of Portuguese animal germplasm (BPAG). A total of 1017 ejaculates from Serrana (n = 30), Bravia (n = 15), Charnequeira (n = 11), and Preta de Montezinho (n = 3) bucks were collected between 2004 and 2020 at (EZN-INIAV; 39° N) during the whole year under natural conditions. All the fresh and cryopreserved (-196 °C) semen was evaluated and stored in the BPAG. Bravia bucks (the smallest breed) produced less (p < 0.05) volume of ejaculate than all the other breeds, which was higher during the full breeding season (September-January; p < 0.05), regarding all the other breeds. Contrarily, in general, SPZ concentration was lower during September-January, but total SPZ per ejaculate remained similar (p > 0.05) during May-August and September-January in Serrana bucks. The SPZ viability and SPZ midpiece defects were slightly influenced by breed and SPZ head defects by season (lowest % in February-April; p < 0.05). On the contrary, the freezing-thawing cycle strongly influenced (p < 0.01) all SPZ traits. The correlation coefficients of these traits between fresh and thawed SPZ were low (up to 0.33; p < 0.01), highlighting the importance of semen processing in semen cryopreservation. We conclude that breed and season had a relevant effect on ejaculate traits, but it was much less evident for the studied SPZ traits. These native goats can serve as semen donors throughout the year, under natural conditions.
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Goat is believed to be the first true livestock domesticated and, apart from its historical importance, keeps playing an essential economic role in very diverse human societies. We have analysed the female gene pool of all Portuguese autochthonous breeds (Bravia, Serrana, Charnequeira, Serpentina and Algarvia) through the mtDNA HVI sequencing of 288 unrelated animals sampled throughout the country. All breeds proved to be extremely diverse (average haplotype diversity of 0.977), in contrast with the Portuguese peripheral geographic situation in the distribution range of the species. Moreover, observed genetic distances between breeds do not correlate with microgeography inside Portugal. These observations are consistent with recurrent refreshment of the breeding stock through the introduction of exotic animals. Fitting the new data into the still loosely defined female genetic pool landscape of goats, all Portuguese animals, one sample excepted (belonging to Bravia), are classified into haplogroup A and haplotype sharing is geographically very sparse, including a Far East match. Our results confirm that goats stand out among most of domesticates as exceptionally diverse and showing an unparalleled degree of mobility of animals (at least females) used for reproductive purposes.
Carcass composition and meat quality traits were evaluated in 55 suckling kids (27 males and 28 females) from Serrana (S), Bravia (B) and Serrana×Bravia (S×B) crossbred genotypes. Kids were slaughtered at 8-11kg of live weight according to "Cabrito de Barroso-PGI" specifications and carcasses' left sides were totally dissected. Dressing percentage (based on ELW) did not vary between genotypes and sexes. Genotype B carcasses have better conformation, expressed in higher compactness index and muscle/bone ratio. Sex had no effect on the composition of dissected carcass but females deposited more internal fat than males. S genotype had significantly less muscle content and higher dissectible fat compared to B and S×B genotypes, suggesting differences in maturity stages. The carcass' bone content (20.4-21.4%) did not differ significantly between genotypes. The longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) and gluteobiceps (GB) muscles were used for meat quality determinations. Genotype had a significant effect on meat traits and fatty acid composition of the analysed muscles: B genotype and LTL muscle showed lower final pH, S×B genotype had darker and more red muscles, GB muscle had a higher shear force value and lower collagen solubility. Few sex effects were observed on meat quality traits as well as on fatty acid composition. Average percentage of desirable fatty acids in kids was superior to 60% with male S genotype displaying a lower value. Genotypes B and B×S, males and GB muscle had more favorable PUFA:SFA ratios.
Crespa goats are phenotypically similar to the Angora breed, and are traditionally reared in small, low-tech farms in southernmost Brazil. Whether they represent degenerated remnants of pure Angora goats or result from foreign breeds introduced during colonial times and recently mixed with commercial breeds is unknown. Since the degree of relatedness of Crespa in relation to other goats is completely unknown, we performed a comparative assessment of the genetic similarity between Crespa and foreign commercial breeds reared in the region (Angora, Alpine, Anglo-Nubian, Boer, and Saanen), particularly the Angora. We used 11 microsatellites to score alleles in 148 individuals and performed a Bayesian assignment test, which revealed six clusters (K = 6; Ln likelihood = -5047.6). In addition, a segment of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region was sequenced to investigate the relatedness of Crespa goats to Portuguese autochthonous breeds (Algarvia, Bravia, Charnequeira, Serpentina, and Serrana). The origin of the Crespa breed could not be ascertained from the mtDNA, but it does not only descend from the Angora. It is probably related to other introduced and autochthonous Portuguese breeds, in particular the Algarvia. Therefore, our results indicate that this distinctive source of genetic diversity is partly a remnant of animals that were introduced during the colonial period. By recognizing it as genetically distinct, we provide further support for the protection of this particular gene pool.
There is no internationally vetted set of anatomic terms to describe human surface anatomy. To establish expert consensus on a standardized set of terms that describe clinically relevant human surface anatomy. We conducted a Delphi consensus on surface anatomy terminology between July 2017 and July 2019. The initial survey included 385 anatomic terms, organized in seven levels of hierarchy. If agreement exceeded the 75% established threshold, the term was considered 'accepted' and included in the final list. Terms added by the participants were passed on to the next round of consensus. Terms with <75% agreement were included in subsequent surveys along with alternative terms proposed by participants until agreement was reached on all terms. The Delphi included 21 participants. We found consensus (≥75% agreement) on 361/385 (93.8%) terms and eliminated one term in the first round. Of 49 new terms suggested by participants, 45 were added via consensus. To adjust for a recently published International Classification of Diseases-Surface Topography list of terms, a third survey including 111 discrepant terms was sent to participants. Finally, a total of 513 terms reached agreement via the Delphi method. We have established a set of 513 clinically relevant terms for denoting human surface anatomy, towards the use of standardized terminology in dermatologic documentation.
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There is currently no universally adopted terminology for defining human surface anatomic location. The lack of precision, accuracy, and reliability of terms used by health care providers, in particular dermatologic surgeons, is unsatisfactory both for epidemiologic research and for high-quality patient care. We sought to create a clinically relevant yet concise surface anatomy terminology for international use including the International Classification of Diseases and to map it to existing disparate terminologies. Widely used surface anatomy terminology data sets and diagrams were reviewed. A Delphi consensus convened to create a novel surface anatomy terminology. The new terminology was hierarchically mapped to Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine terms and New York University numbers and physically mapped to 2-dimensional anatomic diagrams for clarity and reproducibility. The final terminology data set contains 519 discrete terms arranged in a 9-level hierarchy and has been adopted by the World Health Organization for the International Classification of Diseases, 11th revision. Specification of most locations requires linking to laterality qualifiers. Fine granularity for larger sites may require the use of additional qualifiers. Consistent use of precise and accurate surface anatomy terms is crucial to the practice of dermatology, particularly procedural dermatology. The proposed terminology is designed to form the basis for evolution of a universally adoptable terminology set to improve patient care, interprovider communication, and epidemiologic tracking.
A Python program for calculating the metrics necessary to perform information-theory based symmetry classifications and quantifications of transmission electron diffraction spot patterns is introduced. It is the first of its kind, in that it implements objectivity into crystallographic symmetry classifications and quantifications of approximate zone axis patterns from crystals. The equations by which the program operates as well as the required inputs are given. The results of the program's analysis of an experimental transmission electron diffraction spot pattern from a crystal with a pseudo-hexagonal lattice metric and a rectangular-centered Bravias lattice is used as an example. The program will eventually be appended to allow analysis of the other hierarchical translational pseudo-symmetry and Bravais lattice type combinations. Crystallographic Rsym values of traditional classifications into projected point symmetry groups are provided alongside information-theoretic results of the new program's analysis for comparison purposes.
We consider a bosonic $s$ and $p$ orbital system in a face-centered cubic (FCC) optical lattice, and predict a fluctuation-induced instability towards the orbital analogue of Palmer-Chalker state, which is originally proposed in an electronic spin system. For bosons loaded in the FCC optical lattice, the single-particle spectrum has four degenerate band minima with their crystal momenta forming a tetrahedron in Brillouin zone. In the weakly interacting regime, the ensuing many-particle ground state, at the classical level, underlies a four-sublattice tetrahedral supercell of spontaneously generated $p$-orbital angular momenta through the Bravias-Bloch duality between real and momentum space, and is macroscopically degenerate originating from the geometric frustration. The fluctuations on top of the classical ground state lift its degeneracy and select the Palmer-Chalker ordering of $p$-orbital angular momenta as the quantum ground state through order-by-disorder mechanism. These findings raise the exciting possibility of simulating the Palmer-Chalker state with its orbital counterpart in ultracold atomic gases.
Scientists may have uncovered a surprising secret behind why life exists at all。 A new study suggests that the Universe’s fundamental constants — the deep physical rules that govern everything from atoms to stars — appear to sit within an incredibly narrow “sweet spot” that allows liquids to flow properly inside living cells。 Even tiny shifts in th
A scorching, airless world just 48 light-years away is offering scientists a rare glimpse into the geology of distant planets。 Using the James Webb Space Telescope, researchers studied LHS 3844 b—a tidally locked “super-Earth” with a permanent dayside hot enough to melt metal—and discovered it’s a dark, barren rock with no atmosphere
The little pauses, “ums,” and moments when you struggle to find the right word may reveal far more about your brain than anyone realized。 Researchers discovered that everyday speech patterns are closely tied to executive function — the mental system that powers memory, planning, focus, and flexible thinking。 By using AI to analyze natural conversat
Astronomers using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope have created the clearest map yet of the universe’s “cosmic web” — the enormous hidden structure that connects galaxies across space。 By analyzing more than 164,000 galaxies through the massive COSMOS-Web survey, researchers were able to trace this vast network back to when the universe was just a