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Biodiversity is widely recognized for enhancing ecosystem stability, yet its contribution is highly sensitive to climate change. However, whether and how climatic factors, particularly aridity, modulate the role of soil biodiversity in stabilizing ecosystems remains poorly understood. Here, we integrated a comprehensive soil survey of 265 dryland agricultural fields along a 3800 km east-west transect in China with a global meta-dataset encompassing 996 sites across six continents. Our analysis revealed a positive association between soil biodiversity and ecosystem stability, quantified using 11-year Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data (2012-2022). Critically, both our field data and global synthesis revealed that increasing aridity significantly weakened this biodiversity-stability relationship. The decline in soil microbial network complexity with increasing aridity partially explains this decoupling. Metagenomic analyses further showed that as aridity increased, microbial life history strategies shifted toward greater investment in stress tolerance at the expense of growth yield and resource acquisition. Together, our findings represent a substantial advance in revealing how intensifying aridity undermines the role of soil biodiversity in supporting ecosystem stability, and highlight the importance of microbial network complexity and life history strategies as key predictors of biodiversity-stability relationships under global change.

Water birds serve as particularly valuable indicators of wetland health since wetlands provide critical feeding, foraging, nesting, roosting and breeding habitats for these species. Monitoring waterbird populations over time is, therefore, essential for assessing wetland ecosystem health. To achieve this, certain wetlands are designated as Ramsar sites by identifying those with high conservation importance and implementing conservation measures. To address the critical need for integrated monitoring of wetland water quality and biodiversity, where bird populations serve as key bioindicators of environmental health and ecosystem integrity, the proposed dataset provides detailed, multi-year records of water quality parameters and bird populations across five Ramsar wetlands in India: Ashtamudi, Vembanad and Sasthamkotta in Kerala; Harike Wetland in Punjab; and Point Calimere in Tamil Nadu. The data span from 2016 to 2024 for the Kerala sites and from 2018 to 2024 for Harike Wetland and Point Calimere. Using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery combined with site-specific shapefiles, surface reflectance data for each wetland are processed and analysed. For the three Kerala wetlands, seven key water quality parameters: total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, conductivity, pH, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH₃-N), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) were estimated by calibrating models with in-situ measurements. In Harike Wetland and Point Calimere, the focus was on chlorophyll-a (Chl_a), cyanobacteria cell concentration (Cya), turbidity, coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM)and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Bird population data, centred on both migratory and resident water birds, are sourced from multiple resources and organisations, including eBird:, World Wide Fund for Nature - Kerala (WWF), Bird Count India, Kottayam Nature Society, Cochin Natural History Society (CNHS), Pathanamthitta Birders and Kollam Birding Battalion, to provide comprehensive insight into wetland biodiversity. By integrating geospatial, spectral, field and ecological information in correlation with bird population data, this dataset enables long-term tracking of wetland health and provides a foundation for bird occupancy prediction for researchers working in remote sensing, ecology and conservation. With the regression equation formulated from the collected dataset, the system could achieve a promising R² value, which indicates that this model can be further applied to these wetlands.

Transitions in agricultural management through crop and noncrop diversification on intensively managed croplands or pastures have benefited biodiversity. However, the extent to which agricultural management benefits species communities present in undisturbed ecosystems remains largely unclear. We quantified the animal biodiversity associated with a range of agricultural systems varying in crop and noncrop diversity and compared these with biodiversity associated with undisturbed reference ecosystems (mostly forests). We added data on agricultural management to three large databases-PREDICTS, GLOBIO, and a database compiled by Kuipers et al.-and grouped 107,386 observations from 151 studies into one of nine agricultural classes. We evaluated the animal biodiversity associated with the agricultural class, including the presence of threatened species, based on four biodiversity metrics (intactness, relative richness, compositional similarity, relative abundance). Biodiversity of monoculture annual and perennial croplands was least like that of reference ecosystems across biodiversity metrics. We found small biodiversity benefits of crop diversification and the presence of sparse trees on farmland. Biodiversity in agroforests and silvopastures was the most similar to reference ecosystems, probably due to a high density of trees, resulting in similar vegetation structure and diversity to undisturbed forests. Over time, biodiversity increased in agroforests, whereas the biodiversity of perennial croplands remained stable. Overall, our results suggested that the extent to which species associated with undisturbed ecosystems find refuge in agricultural areas is influenced by agricultural management, but different types of agricultural systems produced varying benefits. The outcomes of our study highlight the potential of introducing agricultural policies that aim to enhance agricultural management through tree planting and crop diversification to accommodate species that inhabit undisturbed ecosystems. Un análisis mundial de las respuestas de las comunidades animales a la gestión agrícola Resumen Los cambios en la gestión agrícola, a través de la diversificación de cultivos y de otros elementos no agrícolas en tierras de cultivo o pastos gestionados de forma intensiva, han beneficiado a la biodiversidad. Sin embargo, aún no está del todo claro en qué medida la gestión agrícola beneficia a las comunidades de especies presentes en ecosistemas no alterados. Cuantificamos la biodiversidad animal asociada a una variedad de sistemas agrícolas que varían en cuanto a la diversidad de cultivos y no cultivos, y la comparamos con la biodiversidad asociada a ecosistemas de referencia no alterados (en su mayoría bosques). Incorporamos datos sobre gestión agrícola a tres grandes bases de datos, PREDICTS, GLOBIO y Kuipers et al. (2023), y agrupamos 107,386 observaciones de 151 estudios en una de nueve clases agrícolas. Evaluamos la biodiversidad animal asociada a la clase agrícola, incluida la presencia de especies amenazadas, con base en cuatro métricas de biodiversidad (integridad, riqueza relativa, similitud composicional y abundancia relativa). La biodiversidad de los cultivos de monocultivo anuales y perennes fue la menos similar a la de los ecosistemas de referencia en todas las métricas de biodiversidad. Observamos pequeños beneficios para la biodiversidad derivados de la diversificación de cultivos y de la presencia de árboles dispersos en las tierras de cultivo. La biodiversidad en los sistemas agroforestales y silvopastoriles fue la más similar a la de los ecosistemas de referencia, probablemente debido a la alta densidad de árboles, lo que dio lugar a una estructura y diversidad vegetal similares a las de los bosques no alterados. Con el tiempo, la biodiversidad aumentó en los sistemas agroforestales y se mantuvo estable en las tierras de cultivo perennes. En general, nuestros resultados sugieren que el grado en que las especies asociadas a ecosistemas intactos encuentran refugio en las zonas agrícolas está influenciado por la gestión agrícola, pero que los diferentes tipos de sistemas agrícolas produjeron beneficios variables. Los resultados de nuestro estudio ponen de relieve el potencial de introducir políticas agrícolas destinadas a mejorar la gestión agrícola mediante el sembrado de árboles y la diversificación de cultivos para dar cabida a las especies que habitan en ecosistemas intactos.

Forest conservation and management are increasingly challenged by evolving societal expectations, biodiversity decline, and the impacts of climate change, requiring accurate, spatially detailed data for effective decision-making. Remote sensing and photogrammetry have become critical tools allowing detailed mapping and measurement of forests worldwide. While traditional satellite and airborne remote sensing remains important, ground-based data is becoming increasingly important for monitoring biodiversity and optimising management. Despite advances in deep learning for tree segmentation and species classification, the lack of extensive, high-quality labelled datasets is hampering development. To address this issue, TreeScanPL10K is being introduced - a dataset that surpasses previous resources in scope, comprising 10,417 individual trees, with species identified for approximately 72%. The dataset, which represents most of the forest-forming species in Central Europe, was collected in various Polish forest stands of different ages, composition and development stages. TreeScanPL10K aims to support researchers and forestry professionals by enabling the training and testing of advanced analytical tools, promoting transparency and accelerating progress in precision forestry and ecological studies.

Biodiversity assessments in remote ecosystems are often limited by the difficulty of detecting rare, cryptic or nocturnal species. Species distribution models (SDMs) are widely used to predict distributions, yet few studies validate them with independent field data. Converting continuous suitability maps into binary predictions through threshold selection remains controversial. Nearly 50% of felid species are threatened, making accurate habitat prediction essential for conservation. The Yungas ecoregion in northwest Argentina is a biodiversity hotspot where felid distributions are poorly understood. This study tests SDMs as a conservation tool and empirically improves their robustness. We generated distribution maps for felids in the Yungas sensu stricto using MaxEnt and existing presence records, followed by a camera-trap survey for independent validation. A novel field-based threshold was used to produce a species richness map. Model performance was evaluated at site and species levels, with predictions tested using the Mann-Whitney test. High-probability areas successfully predicted the presence of ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), tiger cat (Leopardus pardinoides) and margay (Leopardus wiedii). The field-based threshold was effective at both ecoregional and site scales, though threatened species were underrepresented. Integrating SDMs with independent field data and empirical thresholding improves biodiversity assessments of elusive species and can guide conservation in other cryptic or data-deficient taxa.

Soil eukaryotes, including fungi, protists, plants, and animals, are central to biosphere functioning and resilience. The Global Standardised Soil Eukaryome Dataset (GloSED) is the first dataset encompassing the entire spectrum of soil eukaryotes, covering 4,063 sampling sites in 121 countries on all continents, revealing nearly one million operational taxonomic units. All samples were collected and analysed using a standardised protocol minimizing technical biases. Long-read sequencing of full-length ITS and 18S-V9 regions provide broad taxonomic coverage and high-resolution identification supported by specialist curation of "dark taxa". A rigorous bioinformatic processing ensures against homopolymer errors, PCR-mediated chimeras, and index switching providing high data quality. The dataset is supported by raw sequences and an open-source containerised workflow for reproducible analyses. The samples are accompanied by land-cover description and directly measured soil pH, δ13C, δ15N, as well as P, K, Ca, Mg, and total C and N contents. GloSED is the first database that enables ecological and biogeographic studies of entire soil eukaryotic communities from local to global scales.

High-resolution climate data are essential for understanding local climate impacts, assessing vulnerability, managing resources, and developing adaptation strategies in regions sensitive to climate change. This is the case for the Balearic Islands, located in the Western Mediterranean, which are characterized by rich biodiversity, pronounced exposure to global warming, and strong socio-economic dependence on climate-sensitive sectors such as tourism, agriculture, and water resources. We present Balear1km, a new climate dataset of dynamically downscaled climate simulations over the Balearic Islands at 1 km spatial resolution and hourly time steps for the period 2009-2023. It includes two simulations produced with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model: a historical simulation driven by ERA5 reanalysis data, and a future simulation using the Pseudo-Global Warming approach, which applies a climate change signal from 30 global climate models (CMIP6, high-emission scenario SSP5-8.5) to current conditions. This dataset provides physically consistent climate information across land and sea, enabling exploration of how recent weather events may respond under future warming conditions. It can support research and applications in hydrology, ecology, agriculture, public health, and resource management.

Oceanic island native forests have become highly fragmented and yet host a disproportionate share of endemic arthropod diversity. Long-term monitoring and conservation planning are often limited by the scarcity of standardised, plot-based datasets for key indicator taxonomic groups, such as the megadiverse beetles (Coleoptera). Under the scope of the projects EU-NETBIOME grant 0003/2011, FCT MACDIV - FCT-PTDC/BIABIC/0054/2014 and BIODIVERSA+ funded BioMonI, we compile and mobilise a baseline dataset of forest beetles from the Azores using a network of 16 permanent 50 m × 50 m native-forest plots (Pico: 6 plots; Terceira: 10 plots). Beetles were sampled with an optimised COBRA (Conservation Oriented Biodiversity Rapid Assessment) protocol complemented by beetle-targeted sampling techiques (under-bark/epiphyte and coarse woody debris/ground refugia searches), enabling repeatable and comparable monitoring across islands and through time. We provide the first Darwin Core-compliant, plot-based inventory of beetles from native forests of Pico and Terceira Islands (Azores, Portugal), delivered as a sample-event dataset with 308 event records and an associated occurrence table (539 records). Across both islands, we recorded 43 beetle morphospecies (39 taxa were identified at species or subspecies levels) from 16 families, totalling 1,787 individuals. The plots in Pico yielded 25 taxa (13 families; 620 individuals; 23 identified species and subspecies) and those in Terceira 30 taxa (10 families; 1,167 individuals; 28 identified species and subspecies). The assemblage is dominated by endemic taxa in both richness and abundance, providing a robust benchmark for detecting compositional change, supporting biogeographical analyses and informing conservation assessments and management of native forest remnants, including evaluations of recovery status for threatened endemics.

Entanglement in fishing gear and marine debris is a global threat to pinnipeds. Successful mitigation requires standardized methods and cooperation. The international Pinniped Entanglement Group (PEG), formed in 2009, is dedicated to this effort, through entanglement prevention, response, and education. Here, we report that at least 76% of pinniped species are affected by entanglement (25 of 33 extant species) with fur seals and sea lions more affected than true seals. Commercial and recreational fishing gear caused more harm than other marine debris. Global maps of entangled pinnipeds indicate that unreported species likely represent data deficiency rather than lack of impact. Entanglement data collection methods affect results, and while standardization is difficult to achieve, transparent and detailed methods will aid robust comparisons to target mitigation. We demonstrate the scale of entanglement threat and provide a contemporary review of the literature, PEG member data and mitigation including outreach and working with industry.

Holoplanktonic gastropods (pteropods and heteropods) are major components of modern Indo-West Pacific (IWP) plankton, yet their fossil record in this region remains sparse. Expanding the spatial and temporal coverage of fossil data is essential for reconstructing dispersal pathways of pelagic fauna within the IWP and understanding the origins of present-day diversity. Here, we describe a newly discovered Late Pleistocene assemblage of pelagic gastropods from southern Taiwan. The assemblage comprises 14 pteropod and eight heteropod taxa, most representing the first fossil records of holoplanktonic gastropods from Taiwan. We also evaluate variation in paleobiodiversity between depositional environments of the Szekou Formation. Species richness and density do not differ significantly between restricted and open lagoon settings, contrasting with patterns reported for benthic bivalves. To place these findings in a broader context, the newly reported assemblages were analyzed together with other Pleistocene assemblages across the IWP region. Only weak geographic and temporal separation was detected, suggesting a relatively cosmopolitan community composition in subtropical waters during the Pleistocene, likely reflecting low temperature variability despite glacial-interglacial cycles. Indicator species analysis further suggests a later arrival at higher latitudes for the pteropods Telodiacria quadridentata and Heliconoides inflata, which show associations with late Pleistocene sites, whereas Styliola subula displays a distribution resembling its modern range, being most closely associated with assemblages from Taiwan and southern Japan.

Glaciers are retreating rapidly worldwide, particularly at high elevations, changing the environments and habitats of microorganisms, plants, and animals drastically and leaving behind nutrient-poor sediment. We sought to explore seasonal, elevational, and soil age differences in microbial community diversity found in moraine deposits exposed by recent deglaciation and previously exposed during the Little Ice Age in the Cordillera Vilcanota of southeastern Peru. In the wet and dry seasons of 2023, JMU students and other researchers collected soil samples from 35 sites across a 2.5 square kilometer range in the Andes mountains. Each sample was assigned to the season collected, elevation of collection, and age of exposure. Total DNA was extracted from samples and the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq platform. The data were then processed and analyzed using the QIIME2 bioinformatics pipeline. This dataset will be useful to the field for studying ecological community and ecosystem formation in glacier forefields emerging from climate change.

In this report, morphological and molecular characteristics are provided for two members of the subfamily Microphalloidea distributed in the south of the Russian Far East. Some of trematode specimens found in larvae of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies and then experimentally reared to the adult stage in hamsters, according to their morphological features, belong to the species Acanthatrium ovatum previously recorded from Japanese bats. Molecular data has confirmed their membership in the family Lecithodendriidae and similarity to trematodes identified as Lecithodendriidae sp. F from Japan. The other specimens, experimentally reared in chickens, according to their morphological characteristics, meet the diagnostic criteria of the genus Parabascus. However, this species is not clustered with representatives of this taxon in the phylogenetic reconstruction based on 28S rRNA gene data. A molecular analysis has shown that it forms a single cluster with Pachypsolus irroratus and is a member of the family Pachypsolidae. It is here placed in the new genus Pseudoparabascus n. g. under the name Pseudoparabascus khotenovskii comb. n. The phylogenetic reconstructions based on two other markers, the cox1 mtDNA gene and the ITS2 rDNA region, have confirmed the assignment of these specimens obtained in both experiments to the above-considered taxonomic groups.

Global agricultural production is currently limited by ongoing climate change. Approximately 90% of crop species and numerous wild plants are dependent on pollinators for reproduction. The global threat to pollinators posed by climate change has grown considerably, as higher temperatures, shifting rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events disrupt the fragile relationships between plants and their pollinators. The decline in pollinators is also linked to shifts in land use, the widespread adoption of monocropping, and heavy reliance on agrochemicals. Therefore, the protection of pollinators and the preservation of agrobiodiversity are essential to uphold global food systems. Here, we synthesize the adverse impact of climate change on plant-pollinator interactions; throughput assay for phenotyping floral traits; assessing variability and molecular basis of floral display (flower size, shape, color, attractants etc.) and reward (nectar volume and composition, pollen, and fragrance in case of ornamental plants) traits; crop domestication and inbreeding, ploidy and mating systems differences impacting plant-pollinator interactions; volatiles and metabolites mediating plant-pollinator relationships; trade-offs involving reproductive and pollinator traits; and finally, progress in developing pollinator-friendly crop cultivars through conventional plant breeding and biotechnological interventions. Pollinator-assisted phenotyping and selection platform (DARkWIN) combined with other high-throughput phenotyping assays, has the potential to simultaneously quantify multiple interactions impacting pollinators' visitation and foraging behaviors, and generate data on other parameters like stress tolerance, yield, and nutrition in the target populations. Assessing and exploiting functional diversity for plant-pollinator interactions, combined with the use of functionally characterized genes and associated markers for floral display (AT2G31010, AT4G17080, CmGEG, CmCYC2c, CmJAZ1-like-CmBPE2, Cyc2CL-1, Cyc2CL-2) and reward (SWEET9, BrCWINV4A, EOBI, EOBII) traits, can be deployed in breeding programs to develop pollinator-friendly crop cultivars. Numerous candidate genes, reported herein, must be functionally validated before being deployed in crop breeding programs.

In recent years, budburst, the timing of leaf emergence, has advanced less than expected despite continued spring warming, suggesting counteracting ecological forces. One of these forces might be increased and earlier herbivory on young leaves under climate warming. Here using 5 years of satellite radar data from 27,500 pixels (10 ×10 m2) across 60 temperate oak forest sites under experimental manipulation of insect herbivore loads in Central Europe, we show that prior-year leaf herbivory delayed budburst by 3 days, cancelling the phenological advance observed during a decade of warming. This delay reduced subsequent herbivory by 55%, exceeding the effects of parasitoids or pathogens, and persisted even during pest outbreaks. Across landscapes, the delay was strongest where it probably provided the highest benefit, that is, where a given amount of delay most effectively reduced following herbivory, which suggests an adaptive tree defence. Ultimately, trees may be trapped between responding to two opposing consequences of global change: warming selects for earlier budburst, whereas herbivory selects for delay. Our results underscore the need to consider not only climate, but also plant-herbivore interactions and adaptive evolution to predict tree responses to a changing world.

The deep sea contains a wealth of potential mineral resources, many of which are being investigated for commercial exploitation. Exploration and technical tests started in the late 1970s with an initial focus on polymetallic nodules from an abyssal region in the eastern Pacific Ocean called the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ). More recently, exploration has commenced at seafloor massive sulphides (formed by hydrothermal vents) and seamounts (for cobalt-rich crusts). Here we review the many decades of environmental research in these areas with a focus on the biodiversity baseline and the results from experimental mining or disturbance tests. Data from the CCZ have revealed that the seafloor is biodiverse, albeit at low biomass. For nodule mining, geophysical and biological impacts are persistent over at least multiple decades, although some dominant animal groups show successional recolonisation. By contrast, exploration for minerals at sulphide deposits and seamounts has been quite limited, empirical data on recovery timescales are lacking and these systems are likely to respond differently to disturbance. Deep-sea mining in any habitat could potentially generate plumes from ore dewatering which may affect pelagic ecosystems depending on the technology used. For all types of deep-sea mining, we distinguish ecological resilience and recovery from the risk of biodiversity loss (species extinction). Taxonomic data based on collections are critical to this debate; for abyssal fauna we can only currently hypothesise species ranges based on habitat availability. For vents, and to some degree seamounts, there is clear evidence that biodiversity loss from deep-sea mining is likely. If these sites were to be classified as areas of 'high biodiversity importance' under the Convention on Biological Diversity, deep-sea mining at them would not be scientifically compatible with existing policy.

We presented a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Parnassia covering approximately 80% of recognized species. By integrating five plastid markers (rbcL, matK, rpl32-trnL, trnT-trnL and trnL-trnF) with nuclear marker ITS sequences and applying both maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference approaches, we reconstructed robust phylogenetic relationships within the genus. We presented notable differences between molecular phylogeny and the established sectional classification. While Parnassia sect. Fimbripetalum emerged as monophyletic with strong support, P. sect. Saxifragastrum, P. sect. Cladoparnassis, P. sect. Nectaroquinquelobos, and P. sect. Allolobos were resolved as paraphyletic. The monotypic P. sect. Nectarobilobos represented a distinct evolutionary lineage, whereas the species-rich P. sect. Nectarotrilobos was dispersed across multiple clades. Notably, three eastern Himalayan species (P. faberi, P. esquirolii and P. labiata) formed a well-defined clade with highly reduced staminodia. This study provided a critical molecular framework for reevaluating morphological evolution and revising the infrageneric classification of Parnassia.

The increasing frequency of freshwater cyanobacterial blooms has emerged as a critical ecological and environmental concern, yet long-term time series data documenting such blooms remain scarce. This study presents a 13-year dataset (2010-2022) from two adjacent subtropical reservoirs (Shidou and Bantou) in Xiamen, Fujian Province, Southeast China. It provides a monthly and quarterly overview of 20 physicochemical parameters (348 samples), microscope-based phytoplankton (348 samples), and DNA sequence-based data for bacteria (342 samples) and microeukaryotes (348 samples). The dataset highlights recurrent cyanobacterial blooms dominated by Raphidiopsis raciborskii (basionym Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii). This long-term dataset serves as a valuable resource for investigating, predicting, and controlling cyanobacterial blooms, and will support efforts in biodiversity forecasting, ecological restoration, and targeted management of freshwater ecosystems.

Across the tropics, hunting for wildmeat is essential in supporting diets, livelihoods, and food security for millions, and is also central to many cultures. Wildmeat consumption has however increased rapidly over recent decades as human population growth has increased and threatens biodiversity. Measuring hunting impacts at global scales is challenging as hunting can vary even at local scales between localities, social groups, habitat types, motivations, hunting techniques, and governance. A national scale focus would capture local literature and give context specific evidence. This evidence would inform national and subnational policies and decision-making that would be locally acceptable and sustainable. Here, we focus on hunting in Peru, where wildlife and forest research policy is motivated in developing local economies through sustainable wildlife use management and seeks scientific knowledge to meet its needs in this area. A systematic map of the literature would provide an overview of the state of knowledge on hunting and identify research gaps, which is currently lacking and would help inform policy. This protocol describes the process for conducting a systematic map to address the following question: what evidence exists on the drivers, ecological and socio-economic outcomes, and distribution of hunting in Peru? A study is included if it presents information on hunting of at least one species and a location description. Using Spanish and English languages, relevant bibliographic databases will be searched, including Peruvian-specific databases, as well as grey literature on organisational websites. Articles will be title and abstract screened, and those meeting the criteria will have meta-data extracted. Extracted data will include location and habitat, hunting details (e.g., techniques, motivations, and governance), species hunted, and reported ecological and socio-economic outcomes and how these were measured. To identify knowledge gaps, we will map the distribution of hunting studies by region, province, and habitat type. We will also describe how hunting has been studied by summarising the frequency of species hunted, hunting characteristics, and reported ecological and socio-economic outcomes, including the associated metrics and methods used.

Over the last century, intensification and conversion of land use has caused habitat destruction and species extinctions throughout Europe. However, these extinctions can be delayed by time lag effects, i.e., extinction debts, which are typically measured by species richness. The aim of this study was to investigate whether such extinction debts can be detected in dung beetles of the Pannonian region of Austria and the Czech Republic, where extensive pasture systems were converted into intensive agricultural areas. We modeled the impact of this land use change and the use of anthelmintics as an additional stressor on both dung beetle species richness and individual abundance. We found that the use of veterinary anthelmintics significantly reduces dung beetle species richness and that historic land cover data from the 19th century best explained not only current dung beetle species richness, but showed even stronger effects on individual abundance. This suggest that population declines may precede species extinctions, potentially masking the true extent of biodiversity loss in short-term studies. Biodiversity assessments using only species richness may therefore underestimate ongoing species losses, as they don't account for temporal trends in population size. Our findings further underscore the necessity of incorporating historical land-use data when assessing biodiversity trends and conservation strategies, as well as the need for long-term ecological monitoring to capture delayed responses to environmental change. Moreover, the observed impact of anthelmintics on dung beetle communities calls for reconsideration of veterinary practices to mitigate their unintended consequences on biodiversity. Overall, the results add a crucial temporal dimension to understanding insect declines, reinforcing that past land-use decisions shape present and future biodiversity in complex and often underestimated ways.