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Perceptions of motivation play a critical role in shaping workplace treatment, yet little is known about how such perceptions are socially constructed. Drawing on social exchange theories and perspectives on interdependent versus independent self, we propose an ethnic-stereotype perspective of perceived motivation, suggesting that Asian employees are perceived as having higher controlled motivation-being driven by external pressures and expectations rather than personal volition-which leads supervisors to anticipate greater conformity from Asian employees and subsequently exploit them. Across one experiment (Study 1), one multiwave survey (Study 2), and one preregistered experiment with a behavioral measure (Study 3a), we consistently found that Asian employees were perceived as having higher controlled motivation compared to White and Black employees, leading to greater anticipated conformity and exploitation. A second preregistered experiment (Study 3b), in which we directly manipulated perceived controlled motivation, provided causal evidence that higher perceived controlled motivation increased exploitation through anticipated conformity, whereas lower perceived controlled motivation reversed this effect relative to a neutral baseline. We conclude by discussing theoretical implications for research on workplace mistreatment, Asian employees' work experiences, and motivation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Serological assays are key tools in infectious disease surveillance, enabling detection of past infections by measuring antibody responses. Determining appropriate seropositivity cutoffs, thresholds distinguishing between positive and negative antibody responses, remains a critical methodological challenge. We present a framework for selecting seropositivity cutoffs based on immunoassay characteristics, availability of validation samples, and intended use case. Four principal methods are evaluated: receiver operating characteristic curves based on confirmed positive and negative samples; the negative sample distribution method when only negative controls are available; the positive sample distribution method for scenarios with only positive controls; and mixture models for samples of unknown serostatus. Each method's assumptions, advantages, and limitations are detailed, and guidance is provided for selecting the most appropriate approach under varying constraints. The framework is first illustrated using simulated data, and then applied to data from multiplex serological surveys of neglected tropical diseases in the Senegalese villages of Dielmo and Ndiop. We demonstrate that no universal approach suffices across pathogens or populations. Cross-reactive antibody responses, variations in total IgG levels between populations, and assay-specific features can all confound interpretation. We advocate for a context-dependent, evidence-based selection of cutoff methodologies, informed by panels of confirmed positive and negative samples. As multiplex serological platforms become increasingly central to integrated disease surveillance, robust frameworks for interpreting antibody data are needed. Our proposed framework offers a pragmatic path forward, bridging immunological theory and statistical rigor to improve the reliability and comparability of seroepidemiological insights across diverse epidemiological settings.
Alcohol pricing policies are recognised as effective strategies for reducing consumption and alcohol-related harms, with their strongest impact concentrated across the lowest-priced products. Across many retail markets, low-cost alcohol is increasingly supplied through retailer-owned (private-label) brands, yet there is little research on how ownership structure relates to pricing at the product level. Product-level pricing data for cask wine sold by major Australian online alcohol retailers over a month were collected through a commercial web-scraping partnership. Products were classified as retailer-owned or independently owned using trademark records and publicly available ownership information. Prices were standardised to price per standard drink, and analyses were run to compare pricing across ownership types. Retailer-owned products accounted for 42% of all cask wine products listed across major retailers and were consistently and significantly cheaper per standard drink than independently owned products. The lowest-priced cask wine products sold by major retailers were predominately retailer-owned. These findings suggest that pricing-based alcohol policies targeting cheap alcohol in Australia would likely have a larger impact on retailer-owned private-label products rather than independent brands.
Generative artificial intelligence (AI) has entered the spaces of reflection and narrative learning in medical education, spaces once defined by authenticity, introspection, and human voice. This Eye Opener examines tensions identified through a recent survey of undergraduate medical students and their ePortfolio physician coaches at the University of Ottawa regarding the use of AI in reflective writing. While the student response rate was notably lower (9.6%) than that of coaches (52.9%), this asymmetry prompted consideration of how the evaluative context of reflective writing may influence disclosure of AI use in voluntary surveys. Students who did respond described AI as a scaffold for idea generation and writing support, whereas coaches expressed unease, perceiving even limited AI use as a potential threat to authenticity. The resulting tension between pragmatism and preservation mirrors broader questions in medical education regarding reflective authorship and independent critical thinking. This moment invites reconsideration of reflection not solely as a written product but as a developmental process. Educators may need to move beyond detection toward dialogue that supports psychological safety, transparency, and shared understanding of authorship in the age of digitally assisted writing. Reflection has long been understood as a means of engaging with professional identity formation. The challenge now is determining how this process can remain meaningful as generative tools become increasingly embedded in learners' academic work.
The recent resurgence of Kantorian interbehavioral psychology in the context of relational frame theory (RFT) has prompted a reevaluation of RFT's core concepts through an interbehavioral lens. Although RFT acknowledges its Kantorian roots, recent works have called for a more serious consideration of interbehaviorism in the context of developing the theory towards a more complete analysis of the complexity of human language and cognition. In particular, the current article aims to explore the alignment between the RFT concept of the relational frame and the interbehavioral interpretation of psychological happenings. To this end, the relational frame is dissected to clarify (mentalistic) misconceptions of RFT, and is then compared with interbehavioral constructs such as stimulus and response functions, substitute stimulation, and interbehavioral history. The integration of these perspectives suggests that RFT may benefit from a field-based approach to experimental and applied research. We argue that by applying the interbehavioral concept of stimulus substitution for stimuli that differ arbitrarily in multiple ways (i.e., multiple stimulus relations), the door may be opened for the entire RFT research program to yield (at least potentially) to interbehavioral field-based analyses.
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This paper explores key concepts of intellectual property in shaping the legal framework and challenges of the burgeoning eSports industry. The author argues that intellectual property extends beyond mere asset protection, acting as a strategic factor that drives competitiveness, innovation, and collaboration within this dynamic ecosystem. Furthermore, through a theoretical framework, the analysis of the potential legal issues surrounding the Palworld case as an illustration of tensions between creativity and rights, the examination of contracts and copyright licenses, and a proposal of guidelines against infringements, the paper highlights the need for a comprehensive approach to intellectual property in eSports. The findings underscore the importance of protecting copyrights, managing contracts and licenses, and safeguarding trademarks and Trade Dress to ensure the sustainable development and integrity of the industry.
This paper presents a significant case study in the history of care architecture. It illustrates how the work of care, mothering, and architectural production can be inextricably linked - albeit often invisibly. It builds on the scholarship of Annmarie Adams and Cynthia Hammond, who have each argued that certain groups of women, historically credited only with domestic, medical, or caring skills, also had significant spatial knowledge and influence. Helen House (Oxford, UK, 1982) was the first paediatric hospice in the world. Designed by architect John Bicknell of Bicknell and Hamilton (London, UK) and accommodating eight children at a time, the house was named for Helen Worswick, a child who, at two years old, was found to have a brain tumour. In this paper, I tell the story of Helen House from the perspective of its architecture, specifically tracing the contributions of Helen's mother Jacqueline, Helen House founder Sister Frances Dominica Ritchie, and Helen herself. First, like Adams and Hammond before me, I demonstrate that the story of Helen House and paediatric hospice care is yet another where non-architect women carers were deeply involved in creating architecture. Second, I suggest that even down to the name, Helen House leveraged domesticity and mothers' expertise to create a more palliative architecture for children with life-limiting illness - reinforcing the long-running image of the domestic sphere as a woman's, more specifically a mother's, domain. Finally, I argue that the creation, design, and building of Helen House served as a testing ground for the new care philosophy, allowing it to grow and come into its own spatially, functionally, and theoretically. Résumé. L'article présente une étude de cas importante dans l'histoire de l'architecture des soins. Il met en évidence le lien indissociable entre le travail de soins, la maternité et la création architecturale, même si ce lien est souvent invisible. Il s'appuie sur les travaux d'Annmarie Adams et de Cynthia Hammond, qui ont toutes deux soutenu que certains groupes de femmes, historiquement reconnus uniquement pour leurs compétences domestiques, médicales ou de soins, possédaient également des connaissances et une influence spatiales importantes. Helen House (Oxford, Royaume-Uni, 1982) a été le premier hospice pédiatrique au monde. Conçue par l'architecte John Bicknell de Bicknell and Hamilton (Londres, Royaume-Uni) et pouvant accueillir huit enfants à la fois, la maison a été nommée en l'honneur d'Helen Worswick, une enfant qui, à l’âge de deux ans, a reçu un diagnostic de tumeur au cerveau. Dans cet article, je raconte l'histoire de Helen House du point de vue de son architecture, en retraçant plus particulièrement les contributions de la mère d'Helen, Jacqueline, de la fondatrice de Helen House, sœur Frances Dominica Ritchie, et d'Helen elle-même. Tout d'abord, à l'instar d'Adams et de Hammond, j’établis que Helen House et les soins palliatifs pédiatriques sont une preuve supplémentaire du rôle prépondérant des femmes, en tant que soignantes, dans la conception architecturale. Deuxièmement, je suggère que, même dans son nom, Helen House a mis à profit la domesticité et l'expertise des mères pour créer une architecture plus palliative pour les enfants atteints d'une maladie limitant leur espérance de vie, renforçant ainsi l'image traditionnelle de la sphère domestique comme étant le domaine des femmes, et plus précisément des mères. Enfin, je soutiens que la création, la conception et la construction de Helen House ont servi de terrain d'essai à cette nouvelle philosophie, permettant à l'organisation de se développer et de s’épanouir sur le plan spatial, fonctionnel et théorique.
The development of the permanent dentition provides a reliable substrate to infer ontogenetic patterns within and among species. Multivariate methods offer a promising approach to compare taxon-specific patterns. This study used multivariate statistical approaches to compare ontogenetic patterns by more comprehensively quantifying variation in crypt and tooth formation scores for the permanent dentition in five catarrhine primate taxa, Homo sapiens, Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes, Hylobates lar, and Papio anubis. Tooth formation was scored according to published standards for each specimen. Multivariate relationships between teeth were modelled according to a Bayesian multivariate cumulative probit model. Relationships among and between teeth were summarised with correlation matrices, variable loadings plots, and the Frobenius norm. Univariate boxplots were used to contextualise and check the biological salience of the multivariate results. H. sapiens results corroborate previous research and show a degree of modularity that separates early forming and later-forming teeth. All four other species may show broad correlative patterns, but clear biological patterns are masked due to small sample sizes and/or sample composition. Even with careful application of statistical procedures, ontogenetic inferences are only as good as the data are comprehensive.
Data needed for economic evaluations in healthcare are often subject to privacy regulations and confidentiality, limiting accessibility. This poses challenges for conducting, reviewing, and validating health economic evaluations. The use of "synthetic data" may solve this problem. An economic evaluation compared "shamectomy" with "usual care" for the prevention of a fictitious disease called shame. A data set (Dorg) was created, consisting of 1000 patients in the base case. Next, synthetic data (Dsyn) were created from Dorg. Dorg and Dsyn were used, separately, to inform a model-based economic evaluation, and the similarity of the results was assessed for various scenarios: different sizes of Dorg, order of synthetization, method of synthetization, number of synthesized data sets, and missing data. With standard settings, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER)-results for shamectomy were €25 848/quality-adjusted life-year in Dorg and on average €25 857 in 500 Dsyns, 95% CI (€16 776; €60 021). In the base case, 15% of the generated Dsyns resulted in an ICER leading to a positive reimbursement decision, as opposed to a negative decision when using Dorg. With smaller Dorg data sets (n = 50 and n = 500), ICER ranges increased to 95% CI (negative; €151 542) and 95% CI (negative; €669 717), respectively. Outcomes and conclusions of economic analyses based on synthetic data may deviate from those obtained by using the original data. For data sets < 1000 patients, which are common, deviations may be substantial and lead to suboptimal policy decisions. Based on our results, we propose a stepwise approach to using synthetic data for model-based health economic evaluations, using a large number of synthetic data sets (ie, >100) with the same size as the original data.
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Contextualizing research involves making connections to the broader environment to understand relationships and relevance. This commentary zooms in on the question of how context matters to knowledge production by reflecting on the experience of the Reproductive Health Working Group in Arab Countries and Turkey (RHWG). In a region such as the Middle East and North Africa that is living through ongoing wars and crises, the network has paid attention to context in multiple ways: as an object of study, as a way to structure the network itself and as a way to conceptualize research support. From its very beginning in 1988, RHWG focused on the importance of social context to understand reproductive health issues. With time, the network became a capacity-building body supporting researchers working on gender and health in situations in which the context itself (the field or the site of empirical data collection) was being destroyed by crises and wars. Furthermore, context structures network activities, in particular the research workshop. The research workshop brings together scholars from the region in a supportive space to share their work thereby reducing isolation caused by wars and crises. In addition, context is an organizing principle and object of study in and of itself at the workshops. Discussions and interpretations of the research papers involve contextualizing them, that is making connections to relations in its surroundings. We have learned over the years that contextualizing research projects is not simply about putting together a historical and social story alongside the work on reproductive health. Contextualizing means thinking about what the concept of context does. In addition, we have learned that to do contextualized research we need to overcome the isolation of researchers created by wars and borders. RéSUMé: CONTEXTE: La contextualisation de la recherche implique d’établir des liens avec l’environnement plus large pour comprendre les relations et la pertinence. Ce commentaire porte sur l’importance du contexte pour la production de connaissances en réfléchissant à l’expérience du Groupe de travail sur la santé de la reproduction (RHWG) dans les pays arabes et en Turquie. SOMMAIRE: Dans une région comme le Moyen-Orient et l’Afrique du Nord qui traverse des guerres et des crises continues, le réseau a porté attention au contexte de multiples façons : comme objet d’étude, comme moyen de structurer le réseau lui-même et comme moyen de conceptualiser le soutien à la recherche. Dès sa création en 1988, le RHWG s’est concentré sur l’importance du contexte social pour comprendre les questions portant sur la santé de la reproduction. Avec le temps, le réseau est devenu un organisme de renforcement des capacités soutenant les chercheurs travaillant sur l’égalité entre les sexes et la santé dans des situations où le contexte lui-même (le terrain ou le site de collecte de données empiriques) était détruit par des crises et des guerres. En outre, le contexte structure les activités du réseau, en particulier l’atelier de recherche, qui rassemble des chercheurs de la région dans un espace de soutien pour partager leurs travaux, réduisant ainsi l’isolement causé par les guerres et les crises. Le contexte est aussi un principe d’organisation et un objet d’étude en soi lors des ateliers. Les discussions et les interprétations des articles de recherche impliquent de les contextualiser, c’est-à-dire d’établir des liens avec les relations dans leur environnement. CONCLUSION: Nous avons appris au fil des ans que la contextualisation des projets de recherche ne consiste pas simplement à réunir un récit historique et social parallèlement au travail sur la santé de la reproduction. Contextualiser signifie réfléchir à ce que fait le concept de contexte. De plus, nous avons appris que pour effectuer des recherches contextualisées, nous devons surmonter l’isolement des chercheurs créé par les guerres et les frontières.
Mushrooms are a ubiquitous and essential component in our biological environment and have been of interest to humans around the globe for millennia. Knowledge about mushrooms represents a prime example of cumulative culture, one of the key processes in human evolution. Based on a review of available research, we argue that the cognitive mechanisms of cultural transmission impact this knowledge in a twofold manner. First and foremost, they secure the accumulation of (folk-)mycological knowledge, with the principal objective to capture reliable information on edibility and means for safe distinction. However, they also shape attitudes toward mushrooms, practices involved in foraging and consumption, and appraisals of edibility in distinct ways, with even regression and eventual loss of knowledge as one possible outcome. In using the domain of mushrooms as an example for expounding this dual role that culture plays during knowledge transmission, our paper contributes to theoretical debates around the cognitive and cultural mechanisms involved in human evolution.
With more than sixty percent of U.S. adults struggling with at least one diet-related health condition, the relationship between nutrition and public health has never been clearer. Indeed, for the first time in over a century, food has a prominent place on the national political stage and is one of the exceedingly few issues that has garnered bipartisan support. The recent rise in popularity of "Food Is Medicine" initiatives, which seek to provide medically tailored or healthy meals to vulnerable populations, underscores the critical importance of food to public health. Yet, while "Food Is Medicine" is shifting the insurance, business, and nutritional landscape, the Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") - the primary regulator in charge of both food and drug safety - treats food as anything but medicine. Known and unknown food additives, color dyes categorically banned in other countries, chemicals leaching from paper and plastic, and environmental toxins and pathogens all contaminate our food and sicken children and adults alike. All the while, the FDA acts as if it were powerless to fulfill its mission of protecting the public from unsafe food.In a time when the political will to reform our food system and rid it of harmful chemicals and ingredients is high, this article offers a blueprint for how to do so in a scientifically grounded, legally consistent, and lasting manner. Starting from the basic premise that food can be medicine, the article explores ways to bring food safety review closer to the much more demanding safety process for pharmaceuticals. Part I defends the premise that food is every bit as important to human health as medicine - both for good and for ill - and posits that food safety should be regulated just as much as (even if not in identical ways to) the safety of medical drugs. Parts II and III offer a comparison between the rigors of drug safety review, albeit with its own set of problems, and the laxity and at times utter lack of food safety review. Finally, Part IV advances a comprehensive package of both legislative and regulatory reforms, all designed to shift the de facto burden of proving the safety of food ingredients from the overtaxed FDA and the overburdened consumers to food manufacturers.
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