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A physically interpretable, data-driven framework was developed to elucidate causal interactions, model, and predict wildfire-induced building damage across California. More than 100,000 damage inspection records (2013 to 2024) were used to model building damage from static environmental variables (topography, vegetation, and human footprint), dynamic weather inputs, and a proposed Composite Building Flammability Rating (CBFR). Three model configurations were tested: (i) a comprehensive model integrating all variables, (ii) an enviro-weather hybrid excluding CBFR, and (iii) an environmental exposure model excluding both weather and CBFR. A strict 200-meter spatial dead-zone constraint was applied to eliminate local autocorrelation, and the comprehensive model achieved 88% (±0.4%) accuracy, which dropped to 82.9% (±0.6%) without CBFR and to 74.5% (±0.5%) without both weather and CBFR. Spatial grid-based cross-validation demonstrated a diverse accuracy of 68.0 (±17%), 66.0 (±16%), and 62.0 (±13%), respectively. Building flammability, dew point temperature, and near-surface wind speed were identified as the most important predictors of damage. Vapor pressure deficit had the strongest causal effect on damage probability, though spatial variability was observed in the causal effects of climate and geographic variables. A 100-meter-resolution Wildfire Building Damage Risk Index was also developed to highlight high-risk damage zones. Findings emphasize that wildfire impacts in the wildland-urban interface result from a confluence of structural vulnerability, atmospheric dryness, and fuel exposure, offering scalable tools for risk forecasting, defensible space planning, and climate-resilient infrastructure development.

Mountain rivers remain insufficiently understood within regional and global carbon cycles, particularly high-slope systems that are highly sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance and climate change. We investigated a high-slope alpine gorge river in southwestern China (Upper Min River) through five seasonal surveys in 2023, quantifying dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and water-air CO2 flux (FCO₂) and assessing their controls. DIC (8.28-58.97 mg/L; mean 32.61 mg/L) decreased from carbonate headwaters to downstream non-carbonate reaches, indicating strong carbonate-weathering control and providing the main inorganic substrate sustaining CO2 supersaturation. DOC (0.01-8.21 mg/L; mean 1.53 mg/L) was enriched near urban and agricultural sections, and its wet-season association with ammonia nitrogen suggests that storm runoff mobilizes anthropogenic organic matter. Yet DOC showed little relationship with FCO2, implying that rapid downstream export in steep channels limits in-stream DOC mineralization. FCO2 ranged from -1.90 to 227.78 mmol/(m²·d) (mean 24.05 mmol/(m²·d)) and was positive in >95 % of measurements, evidencing persistent CO2 evasion driven by inorganic carbon supply, turbulence, and reduced atmospheric pressure at high elevation. Carbonate-underlain turbulent reaches acted as outgassing hotspots, whereas retentive reaches exhibited reduced efflux or short-lived CO2 uptake during periods of high primary productivity. Overall, carbonate weathering, anthropogenic DOC inputs, and hydrodynamic conditions jointly regulate dissolved carbon and CO2 outgassing in alpine gorge rivers, underscoring their role in regional carbon budget assessments.

An increasing number of studies report the presence and accumulation of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) in the human body. After ingestion, MNPs undergo weathering by gastric and intestinal fluids that modify their physicochemical properties. Although these changes can influence biological responses, their impact remains understudied, forming the foundation of this research. We investigated how a simplified chemical weathering model of simulated gastric fluid exposure alters the physicochemical properties of environmentally relevant microplastics and how these changes influence their subsequent effects on a human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cell line. We focused on Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) due to its widespread use in agriculture and food packaging, as well as its status as one of the most widely produced plastic polymers. Particle properties changed after artificial stomach acid (ASA) treatment, including metal leaching, surface modifications, stronger redox-inducing potential, and increased floatability. These changes in the particles' characteristics were reflected in the observed effects, with ASA-treated particles producing more pronounced alterations in mitochondrial network features, including increased mitochondrial fusion and a larger mitochondrial footprint. No internalization was observed in any of the cases, with membrane integrity (5-CFDA,AM) disrupted after exposure to pristine and ASA-treated particles, regardless of the underlying mechanistic pathways. In summary, our findings show that ASA-treated microplastics differ in redox-inducing potential, which can influence cellular metabolism regardless of cellular uptake. This suggests that indirect changes after ASA treatment may represent an underestimated part of microplastic toxicity after ingestion.

Rare earth elements (REEs) are commonly found in minerals such as monazite and xenotime and often occur in association with tin deposits. These minerals also contain significant amounts of natural radionuclides, uranium (U) and thorium (Th). Mining residues and their weathering can contaminate ecosystems. This study aimed to evaluate the natural background levels, fractionation, distribution, possible sources, and ecological risk of REEs in soils from different locations on Phuket Island, southern Thailand, which was once the main center of tin mining. The correlations between REEs, U, and Th and radiological hazard were also investigated. The results showed that the REEs content ranged from 0.14 to 1287.13 mg/kg, with an average of 344.85 mg/kg. The chondrite-normalized REEs patterns showed enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and depletion in heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). Most of the soils showed negative Ce and Eu anomalies, indicating weathering of granitic rock. The enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), and potential ecological risk (PERI) of REEs in most soils were classified as moderate enrichment, moderately contaminated, and low ecological risk, respectively. The mean activity concentration of 226Ra (149.3 Bq/kg), 232Th (104.7 Bq/kg), and 40K (825.2 Bq/kg), and the radiological hazard indices were slightly higher than the recommended safe limits of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR 2008 and 2000). The results of this study can be used as a background for tracking environmental changes and developing safety strategies.

The increasing marine transport of Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS), including bio-derived oils, raises concerns regarding their behaviour, fate, and ecological impacts following accidental releases. Bio-derived oils vary widely in composition depending on feedstocks and production processes, leading to uncertainty in associated spill behaviour and potential environmental risk. Improved weathering studies are therefore needed to support marine spill preparedness and response. Week-long mesocosm tank experiments were conducted to examine the fate and biological effects of three representative bio-derived oils (canola oil, biodiesel, and wood oil) in simulated nearshore marine waters. In each test, 1.0 L of oil was released into 1200 L of artificial seawater (15 °C) containing 1.2 kg of pre-mixed sediment and subjected to continuous high-energy wave mixing for seven days. Volatile organic carbon concentrations in the headspace above the spill were negligible for all oils. Water and sediment samples were collected at intervals for chemical analysis and ecotoxicity testing. Wood oil resulted in the highest dissolved and total organic carbon concentrations (up to 280 mg/L), caused sustained seawater acidification (pH decreased from 8.3 to 7.8-8.0), completely disappeared from the water surface, and accumulated extensively in sediments. Biodiesel and canola oil generated lower dissolved concentrations (less than 21 mg/L), with dispersed oil droplets persisting in the water column. The seawater pH remained stable at 8.3 throughout the week-long tests for both biodiesel and canola oil. Approximately 50% of the canola oil remained recoverable from the water surface after one week of wave action, whereas no recoverable biodiesel or wood oil residues were observed on the water surface. Ecotoxicological assays demonstrated sustained toxic effects in waters contaminated with biodiesel and wood oil. These results highlight the diverse weathering behaviours and ecological risks of bio-derived oils, emphasizing the need for oil-specific approaches to marine HNS spill risk assessment and response.

Sewage contamination in high-income countries poses a serious public health concern due to the increased frequency of combined and sanitary sewer overflows. This might be due to aging infrastructure, climate change-driven extreme weather events, and insufficient regulatory enforcement. These events result in the discharge of untreated sewage into drinking and recreational waters, introducing pathogenic microorganisms that elevate the risk of gastrointestinal and other waterborne diseases, even in regions with advanced sanitation systems. This scoping review aims to map the evidence linking sewage overflows with waterborne disease incidence in high-income countries and to explore contributing structural (e.g., infrastructure failure, policy gaps) and environmental factors (e.g., extreme weather events). Literature searches were conducted across six databases and four grey literature sources, identifying 434 records. After screening and eligibility assessment, 20 studies published between 2007 and 2024 were included. The findings consistently associate combined sewer overflow events and water distribution system failures with elevated risks of gastrointestinal illness. High-volume sewage discharges following extreme rainfall were strongly linked to increased emergency room visits and outbreak incidence, with dose-response relationships observed in several studies, adding biological plausibility to these associations. However, the strength of this evidence must be interpreted with caution, as the majority of included studies were observational in design, limiting causal inference. Monitoring studies also revealed the presence of fecal indicator bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and antibiotic-resistant pathogens in affected water bodies. Underreporting of sewage spills and waterborne disease outbreaks emerged as a widespread limitation, impeding accurate public health risk assessment. Despite the availability of modern sanitation technologies, many high-income countries face persistent challenges due to deferred infrastructure upgrades and weak compliance mechanisms. This review emphasizes the importance of strengthening surveillance, implementing real-time water quality monitoring, and coordinating policy and infrastructure actions to mitigate sewage-related waterborne diseases resulting from inadequate wastewater management and changing environmental conditions.

In most plants, leaf surfaces exhibit water-repellent properties, which protect against pathogens and weather. Plants such as lotus and rice have evolved outstanding water-repellent properties, termed superhydrophobicity (static contact angle >150°). However, the structural and genetic basis of these properties in crop plants remains unclear. In this study, water repellency was quantified by measuring static contact angles, and its relationship with epicuticular wax load, the extent of wax coverage assessed by scanning electron microscopy, and the differentiation of papillae was analyzed in a large collection of rice wetting-leaf mutants and diverse cultivars, as well as wild Oryza species. Analysis of leaf surface structure in mutants derived from cultivated rice revealed that the degree of water repellency largely depends on the cuticular wax quantity and quality. Although papillae differentiation contributes minorly to water repellency, it is suggested to play a crucial role in achieving superhydrophobicity. These morphological characteristics are regulated by at least five previously characterized genes. Furthermore, we found that superhydrophobicity is widely conserved among cultivated rice and is also present in ancestral species. These observations suggest that superhydrophobicity evolved independently of rice domestication. These findings provide a structural and genetic framework for understanding the evolution and potential adaptive significance of leaf superhydrophobicity in rice and offer insights for engineering leaf-surface traits relevant to crop resilience and management.

Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) has all-time, all-weather, and high-revisit capabilities, showing strong potential for marine oil spill monitoring. To clarify the coupled effects of oil-film thickness and kinematic viscosity on GNSS-R responses under different wind speeds, this study develops a GNSS-R simulation model for oil-covered sea surfaces. The model integrates the ocean wave spectrum, oil-film damping, emulsified-oil dielectric properties, and the air-oil layer-seawater three-layer reflection process, enabling continuous simulation of mean square slope (MSS), near-specular scattering coefficient, and delay-Doppler map (DDM). To further quantify the thickness-viscosity coupling, an interaction term is introduced to evaluate their joint effects on MSS, near-specular scattering coefficient, and DDM mean under different wind speeds. The model is evaluated using DDMs measured by the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) during the 2021 A Symphony oil spill event. Results show that wind speed controls the background GNSS-R response, while oil-film coverage reduces MSS and enhances near-specular scattering and DDM responses. Thickness and viscosity exhibit a positive coupling effect that weakens with increasing wind speed. Response differences become evident when thickness reaches approximately 0.1 mm and viscosity reaches approximately 1 cm2/s. When thickness exceeds approximately 3 mm and viscosity exceeds approximately 5 cm2/s, the MSS decrease and the increases in scattering coefficient and DDM mean tend to level off, especially under 9-12 m/s winds. The simulations generally agree with measured DDM trends, indicating that the model can reasonably characterize GNSS-R responses under the combined effects of wind speed, oil-film thickness, and kinematic viscosity.

Renewable and electrified energy systems are highly weather-dependent, making them vulnerable to climate change. Energy system modeling therefore requires high-quality data that captures the spatiotemporal complexity of climate conditions. We present SECURES-Energy, an open-access dataset providing hourly electricity demand and supply data for Europe at the national level from 1981 to 2100. Historical data are derived from ERA5 reanalysis, while future projections use two EURO-CORDEX scenarios (RCP 4.5/RCP 8.5). The dataset includes onshore and offshore wind, solar photovoltaic (PV), and hydropower generation, as well as all electricity demand components such as heating, cooling, and mobility. Results indicate no consistent trends for solar PV and hydropower across Europe. Offshore wind declines by up to -4%/-3% by 2035-2064 and -6%/-9% by 2071-2100 relative to 1981-2010. Cooling demand rises sharply (up to +80%/+149% by mid-century; +129%/+317% by end-century), while heating demand falls (-19%/-24% by mid-century; -25%/-40% by end-century). These findings highlight substantial climate-driven shifts in future electricity demand and supply.

Cellulose-based personal thermal management (PTM) fabrics have attracted considerable attention due to their excellent moisture absorption and breathability. However, most current PTM textiles have single functionalities and rely on constant, passive moisture transport, failing to dynamically regulate water according to the environment. Herein, a Janus cellulose-based fabric (Janus CF) with an asymmetric interfacial structure was successfully fabricated by coating hydroxylated boron nitride nanosheet (BNNS-OH) and Titanium dioxide (TiO2) sol. The prepared Janus CF exhibits a 79.17% rise in in-plane thermal conductivity compared with pristine cellulose fabric, achieving a cooling effect of 2.3 °C. Meanwhile, the fabric can switch the channel of water transport spontaneously depending on ambient ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. When Janus CF is exposed to a rainy or indoor environment, both sides of Janus CF remain hydrophobic, which prevents the intrusion of rainwater, reducing moisture permeability. Conversely, after 90 min of UV irradiation, Janus CF affords a unidirectional water transport index of 494.95% and an enhanced evaporation rate of 137.93 g·m-2·h-1, with a wettability gradient formed, significantly boosting sweat elimination and evaporation. This design allows adaptive water transport to synergistically integrate with thermal conduction, maximizing personal comfort in rainy or sunny weather.

Passive radiative cooling (PRC) enables electricity-free sub-ambient cooling by emitting thermal radiation through atmospheric transparency windows. However, most high-performance PRC materials still rely on solution-based processing, which consumes solvents, releases volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and weakens their sustainability. Herein, we report a reprocessable dry-processing strategy that uses in situ polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fibrillation to construct an entangled fibril-micro/nanoparticle entangled network. The resulting hierarchical photonic architecture with high solar reflectance (93.3%) and mid-infrared emissivity (91.1%), achieving an average sub-ambient cooling of 5.5-10.6°C at relative humidities of 28.7%-50.4%. In addition, the film exhibits excellent thermal stability (decomposition temperature > 500°C) and environmental durability (540 h of accelerated UV aging). To address the low utilization of PRC films in rainy conditions, the dielectric property of the film is easily exploited to construct solid-liquid triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), with a peak power density of 89.85 W m-2, for raindrop energy harvesting. Furthermore, the film maintains stable optical, cooling, and triboelectric performance after repeated recycling. This low-carbon recyclable strategy provides a scalable approach for all-weather energy management and sustainable green technologies.

Long-term monitoring of threatened carnivores provides rare insight into how environmental change shapes population dynamics. We analyzed 27 years (1997-2023) of standardized visual observations from the Golestanak Core Zone, a high-altitude, strictly protected area within the Central Alborz Protected Area (CAPA) in northern Iran, which represents one of the most reproductively active habitats for the Syrian brown bear (Ursus arctos syriacus). Intensive daily ranger patrols during the snow-free season enabled reliable detection of solitary bears, females with cubs, and cubs, allowing robust quantification of population trends and reproductive output. Population indices were assessed in the Golestanak Core Zone using the Bear Litter Size Index (BLSi) and Bear Sighting Rate Index (BSRi), while habitat and environmental predictors, including land cover, NDVI, and seasonal weather variables, were derived from MODIS products and local synoptic stations and aggregated at the CAPA landscape scale. We combined linear regression with generalized linear models (GLMs) to link key environmental drivers to population indices, carefully selecting and validating models to ensure robust and ecologically meaningful inference. BSRi revealed contrasting trends: solitary bears increased markedly, females with cubs declined slightly, and cubs exhibited a weak positive trajectory, all with substantial interannual variability. BLSi rose overall from ~1.25 to 1.70 cubs per female, despite yearly fluctuations. GLM results indicated that BSRi and BLSi were strongly influenced by seasonal vegetation and human-modified landscapes. For both indices, higher NDVI in winter was consistently associated with lower values, whereas urban and built-up areas positively affected BSRi and BLSi. Other variables, including forest type and seasonal climate, had weaker and model-dependent effects. In the absence of long-term datasets and studies, this research provides one of the most extensive assessments of brown bear population fluctuations under a complex set of environmental variables in a high-elevation, human-influenced ecosystem, offering valuable insights for designing effective conservation strategies to support this threatened subspecies in today's rapidly changing world.

Point-in-time measures of neighborhood poverty exposure suggest a link with physiological aging, but it remains unclear how histories and the timing of residential disadvantage connect to weathering. In this issue, D'Alessio et al. (Am J of Epidemiol. 2026) use 25 years of prospective residential data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) to link neighborhood poverty across adolescence, early adulthood, and early midlife to three epigenetic clocks. They identify selective dose-response relationships. Each additional life stage in a high-poverty tract is associated with accelerated biological aging, and exposure is distributed with sharp racial inequality. The per-stage effect is modest in individual terms but consequential at population scale. Its unequal allocation makes residential segregation a plausible epigenetic mechanism of population-level racial disparities in aging. We argue that-despite its considerable strengths-the study leaves two questions unresolved. First, does health-selective residential mobility drive part of the association? Second, does the prominence of mid-life exposure reflect a true sensitive period, or the fact that mid-life poverty is measured in close proximity to biospecimen collection? We outline potential follow-up work that could address these questions via structured life course methods and better-powered cohorts with tract-linked data, including Add Health.

Perimortem traumatic dental injuries (PTDIs) can provide critical forensic information for reconstructing events occurring around the time of death. Accurate assessment and differentiation of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) may contribute to the interpretation of injury patterns, the evaluation of possible causes and manners of death, and forensic investigations. However, accurately determining the timing of dental trauma, particularly distinguishing PTDIs from antemortem dental injuries (ADIs) and postmortem (PM) alterations, remains a significant forensic challenge. To provide a structured forensic framework for interpretation, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across three major electronic databases, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. In accordance with structured narrative review recommendations (SANRA criteria), experimental, clinical, and observational studies published between 1965 and 2025 (including early electronic records from 2026) in English addressing morphological, biomechanical, taphonomic, and imaging characteristics of dental trauma were eligible for inclusion. Screening was performed in four distinct stages, incorporating a preliminary calibration exercise where two independent reviewers assessed a 20% sample of titles to ensure consistent application of eligibility criteria. Following full-text assessment, a total of 34 studies were finally selected. Evidence indicates that injury patterns result from the interaction between the impact characteristics and the biomechanical properties of dental and supporting tissues. PM alterations, particularly weathering-related changes and non-traumatic fractures, may mimic traumatic lesions and complicate diagnosis. Accurate differentiation relies on fracture morphology, surface characteristics, staining patterns, and evidence of bone biological response. Future research on advanced imaging, including cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), could enhance non-destructive documentation. Integrating biomechanical and imaging data may improve diagnostic reliability in forensic contexts and supports robust medico-legal interpretation.

The present study proposes a high-resolution, multi-component framework to estimate human exposure to air pollution in tropical urban environments, addressing complex topography and limited historical mobility and exposure data. This framework is applied to the city of Medellín in the Aburrá Valley in Colombia. To assess population exposure to particulate matter, numerical simulations, mobility and toxicity data were integrated. The LOTOS-EUROS Chemical Transport Model, driven by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, was used to simulate air quality at a spatial resolution of 1 km  ×  1 km for the year 2019. Mobility dynamics were derived from the Origin-Destination Survey (ODS), comprising over 180,000 trips across 240 traffic analysis zones. The utilisation of this data set facilitated the estimation of time-weighted exposure levels for diverse demographic groups during weekdays. The morpho-chemical properties of the particulate matter samples were analyzed to determine the presence of metals and carbonaceous fractions due to significant health implications. The exposure model is a weighted model that integrates exposure time, PM 2.5 and PM 10 concentration, and cytogenotoxic indicators. The application of cluster analysis to the available data, resulted in the identification of areas of elevated health risk, indicating that the central and southern zones, approximately 60% of the metropolitan population and main highway corridors, exhibited mean particulate matter exposure levels that exceeded 40 μg/m3 during peak hours, thus surpassing the WHO air quality guidelines. These zones demonstrated the highest levels of exposure, as indicated by cluster significance levels, suggesting more epidemiological studies and public health interventions. This study sets out a detailed methodology for the estimation of human exposure to particulate matter in Medellín and the Aburrá Valley (Colombia) integrating air quality simulations using LOTOS‐EUROS (driven by WRF meteorology), mobility data from 180,000 trips, and toxicity analysis of particulate matter. The model incorporates PM 2.5 and PM 10 concentrations, exposure duration, and biological effects. Central and southern regions, characterized by high population density and traffic intensity, exhibited concentrations exceeding 40 μg/m3 during peak hours, thereby demonstrating the highest levels of cytogenotoxic risk. The framework facilitates precise identification of high‐risk zones and supports focused public health responses.