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This study used a between-subjects experimental design to examine how five spoiler conditions, including a complete scene without spoiler, a chaotic scene without spoiler, a video spoiler, a verbal spoiler, and a written spoiler, influenced viewers' narrative engagement, heart rate synchrony measured by inter-subject correlation, and task performance while watching suspenseful film clips. Seventy-six university students were randomly assigned to one of the spoiler groups and viewed clips from the film Revenge. Narrative engagement was assessed using the Narrative Engagement Scale (NES), and ECG signals were recorded to derive heart rate time series for ISC-HR analyses. Key cue search task was indexed by a sticker-counting task during viewing. Results indicated that the video spoiler group showed the most consistent advantages, including higher narrative engagement, more frequent key cue search task, and the highest ISC-HR during the spoiler exposure phase. In contrast, the chaotic scene without spoiler group showed the weakest subjective engagement profile, with differences most evident in comprehension-related engagement and partially attentional focus. ISC-HR varied by spoiler modality primarily during the spoiler exposure phase, with the video spoiler group eliciting the highest synchrony, whereas ISC-HR during movie watching did not show clear group differences. Overall, these findings suggest that spoiler modality and narrative coherence shape viewers' cognitive processing and cue monitoring during film viewing, and that ISC-HR can be used as a complementary physiological indicator to support the interpretation of immersion-related self-reports by indexing shared response dynamics among viewers.

Understanding how we perceive and interpret the movements of other living beings is fundamental to social interaction, survival, and navigating our dynamic environment. Traditional studies of biological motion perception have predominantly employed simplified stimuli, such as point-light displays, which sacrifice ecological validity for experimental control. To overcome this limitation, we created a novel stimulus set featuring naturalistic videos of isolated hand and leg movements. These stimuli incorporated variations in viewing perspective (first-person vs. third-person) and the presence or absence of object interactions, thereby increasing their real-world relevance. We recorded electroencephalography (EEG) from 28 adult participants as they viewed these goal-directed movements alongside nature scenes that served as control stimuli. Neural engagement was assessed through two complementary measures: inter-subject correlation (ISC), which captures shared neural responses across viewers, and intra-subject correlation (IaSC), which reflects temporal consistency of responses within individual viewers. We hypothesized that (1) biological limb movements would elicit stronger neural synchrony than non-biological motion, (2) movement type (arm vs. leg), object interaction, and visual perspective would differentially modulate ISC based on distinct affordance-related processing systems, and (3) these effects would replicate upon second exposure. Our findings revealed that lower-limb movements elicited significantly greater ISC compared to both upper-limb movements and nature scenes. This effect proved robust, replicating consistently when participants viewed the same experimental conditions a second time. Furthermore, specific stimulus features modulated neural synchronization in domain-specific ways: first-person perspective enhanced ISC specifically for leg videos, whereas object interaction increased ISC specifically for arm videos. Notably, IaSC showed no differences across conditions, revealing a dissociation between cross-individual neural alignment and within-individual temporal consistency. These findings provide new insights into how particular features of naturalistic movement systematically modulate shared neural engagement, advancing our understanding of biological motion perception in ecologically valid contexts. The dissociation between ISC and IaSC suggests that cross-individual neural synchronization and within-individual temporal consistency reflect distinct neural processes.

Social media has become a core arena for contemporary sports marketing, where sports-related user-generated content increasingly shapes how fans perceive events and form engagement intentions. Among sports UGC, stadium photos shared by ordinary users are especially prevalent. However, limited research has examined how visual cues within these images influence spectators' intentions to attend or watch live sports events. Addressing this gap, the present research investigates whether human presence in sports-related user-generated photos changes spectators' intentions and through which psychological mechanism this effect occurs. Drawing on self-referencing and mental simulation theories, this research proposes that human presence in sports UGC facilitates viewers' imagination of being at the event, thereby enhancing spectating intentions. Across three experiments using authentic sports-related user-generated images, the study examined the direct effect of human presence on spectating intention, the mediating role of mental simulation, and the moderating role of stadium context. Study 1 showed that sports UGC photos containing people generated significantly stronger spectating intentions than photos without people. Study 2 demonstrated that this effect was mediated by mental simulation, indicating that human presence increased spectating intentions by enabling viewers to mentally simulate the live sports experience. Study 3 further revealed the moderating role of stadium context. The indirect effect of human presence through mental simulation was stronger in fan-oriented contexts that emphasized social interaction and shared emotions than in competition-oriented contexts that focused on athletic performance. By tracing a psychological pathway from scrolling through sports UGC to wanting to watch live sports, this research advances understanding of visual engagement and fan behavior in the evolving sports marketing landscape. The findings offer actionable insights for sports marketers, event organizers, and digital platforms seeking to leverage user-generated imagery to enhance fan engagement and drive live sports consumption.

This study examines the framing of LGBTQ+ representation in Vietnamese television through the talk show Come Out - Step into the Light (2018-2022). Drawing on Framing Theory and Self-Representation Theory, it combines a content analysis of 203 episodes with two online focus group discussions involving 12 LGBTQ+ viewers. The analysis identifies three dominant framing categories: (1) the coming out journey; (2) relationships with family and society; and (3) self-expression without confrontation. While the programme expands the visibility of LGBTQ+ individuals in mainstream media, it continues to reflect biases related to gender identity, occupation, and regional background. Focus group findings show that while LGBTQ+ audiences recognised the programme's role in increasing visibility, they also critiqued its selective and sensationalist portrayals. Viewers emerge as active, critical interpreters who call for more authentic and nuanced representations of queer lives.

With the increasing use of digital platforms in surgical education, YouTube has become a widely accessible resource for trainees. However, the absence of peer review raises concerns regarding the reliability and educational value of its content. This study aimed to evaluate the educational quality, reliability, and instructional value of inguinal hernia repair videos on YouTube using multiple validated scoring systems. A systematic search was conducted on YouTube, and 50 videos meeting predefined inclusion criteria were analyzed. Videos were independently assessed by two blinded reviewers using the Global Quality Scale (GQS), Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) criteria, Video Power Index (VPI), Laparoscopic Video Educational Guidelines and Scoring (LAP-VEGaS), DISCERN, and Health on the Net (HONcode) criteria. Videos were also categorized according to their source. Of the 50 videos, 42% were uploaded by individual users and 36% by academic or institutional sources. Most videos demonstrated laparoscopic or robotic procedures. Median scores indicated moderate educational quality (GQS 3, JAMA 3, LAP-VEGaS 11). Videos categorized as originating from academic or institutional sources tended to achieve higher scores; however, these findings should be interpreted with caution. No significant correlation was found between video popularity (VPI) and educational quality. YouTube provides a widely accessible but variable educational resource for inguinal hernia surgery, with overall moderate quality even among selected videos. Video popularity alone does not reliably indicate educational value. Instead, viewers may benefit from prioritizing videos with structured step-by-step narration, clear visualization of key anatomical landmarks, transparent source identification, and inclusion of complication management. While YouTube may support learning as a supplementary tool, it may not adequately replace structured surgical training.

Visual art, as a non-verbal medium for emotional expression and regulation, demonstrates unique therapeutic potential in mental health intervention. However, existing research lacks an integrated theoretical framework to systematically explain how the visual characteristics of artworks influence viewers' emotional responses. This study aims to construct and validate the "Theme-Color-Emotion" (TCE) theoretical framework, revealing the interactive mechanisms between thematic content, color characteristics, and emotional responses to visual artworks. Based on the WikiArt Emotions dataset (n&#x202f;=&#x202f;4,105 artworks) and the ArtEmis dataset (455&#x202f;K emotion annotations), chi-square tests, correspondence analysis, and multidimensional cross-analysis methods were employed to systematically examine the association patterns between theme types, color characteristics, and emotional responses. Artworks with natural landscape themes were significantly more associated with positive emotional responses than other theme types (67.3% vs. average 52.1%, &#x3c7; 2&#x202f;=&#x202f;234.7, p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.001). Cool colors (blue, green) clustered with calm and contemplative emotions, while warm colors (red, orange, and yellow) clustered with pleasant and exciting emotions. The TCE framework achieved 87.6% accuracy in classifying artworks according to viewer-reported emotional valence, a 9.3 percentage point improvement over the single-color baseline model. Operationalized through a logistic regression model integrating thematic and chromatic features, the TCE framework reveals that theme and color jointly account for viewer-reported emotional valence in ways that neither dimension captures in isolation. These findings provide a systematic analytical perspective for understanding the associations between visual artwork characteristics and viewer emotional responses, offering evidence-based implications for therapeutic art design and art therapy practice.

This study describes the development, implementation, and evaluation of an online educational program on CT-based image-guided adaptive brachytherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) by BrachyAcademy, in collaboration with the lead author of the IBS-GEC ESTRO-ABS CT-based contouring recommendations. In 2023-24, the program comprised three components: a procedural video, a webinar, and an interactive online contouring workshop. The workshop included two homeworks on LACC cases using ProKnow software. Participants delineated high-risk clinical target volume (CTVHR) and intermediate-risk clinical target volume (CTVIR) and organs at risks. Postworkshop contouring efficiency was assessed by comparing participants' contours to master contours. Feedback was collected through postcourse evaluation forms. The procedural video reached 487 individuals from 70 countries; the webinar engaged 148 participants from 39 countries, with an additional 115 on-demand viewers. Thirty-five radiation oncologists from 20 countries participated in the workshop, and 27 (77%) completed both homeworks for both cases. Comparison between homeworks demonstrated significant improvements in CTVHR and CTVIR contouring. Postcourse evaluation forms (n&#x202f;=&#x202f;25) showed that 92% of respondents' expectations were fully met, with an average satisfaction score of 9.3/10. Participation highlighted a broad, global interest in CT-based brachytherapy education. Strategies are being explored to scale up the online program and integrate it with in-person workshops.

The rapid proliferation of social media platforms has fundamentally transformed the dissemination of public health and environmental messages. However, there remains a paucity of knowledge regarding how citizens value various forms of digital participation in sanitation campaigns. This study explores community preferences for online engagement in sanitation and health initiatives, specifically within the context of the Citarum River basin and Jakarta, Indonesia. A choice experiment utilizing stratified random sampling was designed to capture preferences for three distinct forms of social media interaction: liking, sharing, and commenting, with willingness to participate quantified as digital actions per week per individual. Random parameter logit and latent class models were employed to estimate preferences and uncover heterogeneity among respondents. The results indicate that consistent liking, selective sharing of targeted content, and brief acknowledgment comments were positively and significantly correlated with utility, resulting in substantial willingness to participate values of up to 32 actions/week. Segmentation analysis identified two distinct groups: digital sanitation movers, comprising 89.5% of respondents who actively support sanitation campaigns online, and silent social media viewers, representing 10.5% who exhibited weak and inconsistent engagement. Socio-demographic analysis revealed that digital intensity and campaign awareness were more significant differentiators between these groups than income or education. The findings underscore the pivotal role of location-based features, such as regional hashtags (#CitarumHarum), in enhancing the visibility of sanitation campaigns and integrating them into community identities. Policy implications suggest prioritizing visually engaging, shareable, and locally branded content for the most digitally active citizens, while concurrently developing hybrid online-offline strategies to engage less active groups. This study contributes to the field of digital health geography by elucidating how social media participation can amplify sanitation messaging and address health vulnerabilities within urban and river basin contexts.

Video clips became extremely popular when viewers began to shift away from television and to mobile. However, their ability to report real world distribution will be limited by their ability to obtain data or evaluation criteria accurately and efficiently. This paper describes a new recommendation system based on Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs), a self-attention mechanism, and Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) to capture multimodal user-item interactions as well as user preferences and item attributes. The use of modality-specific graphs allowed us to express user preferences and item attributes correctly, while the separate visual, audio, and textual modality contributed to our comprehensive representation of multimodal features. The multi-head attention mechanism assigns adaptive weights to neighbors during aggregation, while dynamic negative sampling selects hard negative items that are similar to positive interactions but not engaged by the user. The integrated model consistently outperformed baseline models and partially upgraded configurations in experimental evaluations. The results show that incorporating multimodal data and reinforcement learning improves recommendation performance, particularly in terms of Precision@K, Recall@K, and NDCG@K. DRL allowed the model to adapt to changing user preferences by optimizing recommendation policies based on cumulative reward signals from sequential user interactions.

School bullying is a pervasive global concern that profoundly affects teenagers' development and mental health. This study examines the influence of physical exercise on bystander intervention in bullying, analyzing the psychological mechanisms that underpin this relationship through the frameworks of embodied cognition and mind-body interaction theories. The study aims to determine if physical exercise facilitates bystander intervention in school bullying by improving physical self-efficacy and a sense of justice. In 2024, a cross-sectional survey was administered with 954 middle school students (566 males, 388 females; mean age 13.85&#x202f;years) in Jiangxi, China. Participants completed validated instruments measuring physical exercise, self-efficacy, sense of justice, and bystander intervention behavior. Data were analyzed utilizing SPSS and AMOS structural equation modeling (SEM) to evaluate the correlation between physical exercise and bystander conduct, along with the mediating effects of physical self-efficacy and sense of justice. A duration of 8&#x202f;weeks involving martial arts with 51 male pupils was employed to investigate potential causal links. A Repeated-Measures ANOVA was performed to assess the impact of the intervention. Structural equation modeling indicated that physical exercise strongly predicts bystander intervention behavior (&#x3b2;&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.124, p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.01), with physical self-efficacy (&#x3b2;&#x202f;=&#x202f;0. 118, p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.01) and sense of justice (&#x3b2;&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.095, p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.01) acting as mediators. The intervention outcomes indicated enhancements in physical self-efficacy and sense of justice, resulting in a rise in bystander intervention. These findings indicate that physical exercise can significantly facilitate the transition of bystanders from passive viewers to proactive helpers, providing essential insights for the mitigation and prevention of school bullying.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), causing cirrhosis and liver cancer, is prevalent worldwide. Analyses of internet searches for "fatty liver" and methods to raise MASLD awareness are needed. We retrospectively analyzed co-occurring terms with "fatty liver" and tracked search histories to identify key terms. In a comparative study, a banner advertisement about MASLD was shown to individuals searching for key terms (key term group: KTG) or regardless of the search terms (control group: CTR). The ad redirected viewers to an educational cartoon, followed by a questionnaire. The most frequent co-occurrence term was "how to treat." People searched mainly for lifestyle-related disease and diet terms. Key terms included "diet," "blood sugar level," "cholesterol," "triglyceride," "visceral fat," and "antihypertensive drugs." Banner views were 5&#x2009;864&#x2009;184 for KTG and 49&#x2009;388&#x2009;176 for CTR. KTG had a higher click-through rate than CTR (0.097% vs. 0.063%; p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001) and more survey responses (3.22% vs. 0.84%; p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). KTG participants also had a greater intention to seek medical care early (60.2% vs. 42.4%; p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.003). Search term-based advertising may help increase public awareness of MASLD and may encourage earlier intention to seek medical consultation.

Visual attention in interpretive settings is shaped not only by image saliency but also by the context viewers receive before viewing. However, how different context formats relate to attention allocation in curated visual scenes remains under-specified, and findings are often sensitive to the evaluation metric used. We conducted an exploratory free-viewing eye-tracking study in which participants viewed keyframes from museum-oriented scenes after brief pre-viewing context presented in different formats. The dataset comprises gaze recordings from 10 participants across 30 images. Attention patterns were evaluated by comparing observed gaze distributions with a saliency-model baseline and summarizing correspondence through a multi-metric profile. The results indicate systematic block-level differences in gaze-reference correspondence and variability, suggesting that pre-viewing context can be reflected in where attention concentrates, while different metrics highlight different aspects of deviation. These findings offer a compact, metric-aware way to report context-associated attention differences in small-sample studies and inform interpretive design decisions where textual and graphical cues are used to shape viewing.

This study investigates how chromatic manipulation of cinematic content modulates emotional engagement, with specific attention to sex-differentiated responses. We used a mixed factorial design with chromatic condition as a within-subject factor and biological sex as a between-subject factor, counterbalanced across scenes through a 3 &#xd7; 3 Latin square that renders scene identity orthogonal to chromatic condition by construction. Thirty adult viewers were recorded with synchronised facial-expression analysis (AFFDEX 5.1), blink detection, and galvanic skin response (Shimmer GSR). The primary inferential target was the Condition &#xd7; Sex interaction on automated positive facial valence. This interaction was statistically reliable under three converging tests: a mixed-effects model (&#x3b2;Mod&#xd7;F=-4.48, SE=2.16, 95% CI [-8.81,-0.14], p=0.043), a participant-level cluster bootstrap (2000 resamples; 95% percentile CI [-9.78,-0.63]; pboot=0.011), and a label-permutation test. The effect was stable under leave-one-subject-out resampling (100% sign-stability) and persisted after introducing scene as a fixed factor. Blink rate and electrodermal activation showed directionally consistent but weaker interaction patterns. A multidimensional engagement framework that separates attentional-autonomic intensity from expressive valence supports interpretation of the finding as specific to expressive affective behavior rather than to overall activation. The results provide empirical evidence that chromatic manipulation in realistic cinematic stimuli modulates expressive affective responses in a sex-dependent manner, and they establish a reproducible multimodal biometric framework for chromatic impact assessment.

To demonstrate retroperitoneal sentinel lymph node dissection for early-stage cervical cancer using vaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (vNOTES). Lymph node status plays a central role in staging and treatment planning in cervical cancer [1]. In early-stage disease, confirmation of nodal involvement may alter management from primary surgery to chemoradiotherapy [2]. Sentinel lymph node biopsy has emerged as a minimally invasive and reliable method for nodal assessment [3]. This video article demonstrates retroperitoneal sentinel lymph node dissection via vNOTES in 7 surgical steps. About 56-year-old woman with cervical adenocarcinoma INTERVENTIONS: We present the case of a 56-year-old woman with cervical adenocarcinoma and a radiologically suspicious left pelvic lymph node measuring approximately 1 cm on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Because suspected nodal involvement would directly influence treatment planning, sentinel lymph node sampling was performed before definitive surgery. To improve orientation for viewers, the text includes a literal drawing of the pelvic retroperitoneal pathway and the expected location of the sentinel lymph node, together with expanded narration emphasizing key anatomic landmarks and dissection steps (Fig. 1). Although indocyanine green may provide higher detection rates, isosulfan blue was used because indocyanine green was not available at our institution. A total of 2 mL of undiluted isosulfan blue was injected into the cervix at the 3 and 9 o'clock positions, with 0.5 mL injected superficially and 0.5 mL deeply at each site. The procedure consisted of: (1) cervical blue dye injection; (2) entry into the retroperitoneal space through the lateral vaginal fornix; (3) retroperitoneal dissection; (4) identification of anatomic landmarks; (5) detection of the sentinel lymph node; (6) obturator fossa dissection; and (7) sentinel lymph node excision. Retroperitoneal sentinel lymph node dissection using vNOTES appears feasible as a minimally invasive approach for nodal assessment in selected patients with early-stage cervical cancer and may support individualized treatment planning while avoiding abdominal access. VIDEO ABSTRACT.

This study aimed to assess the quality and reliability of health information in the 100 most-viewed YouTube videos related to semaglutide for weight loss, as of December 2024. The study also explored the relationship between engagement metrics and content quality, with attention to the prevalence of misinformation. A cross-sectional evaluation was conducted in December 2024. The top 100 English-language YouTube videos retrieved using the search term "semaglutide weight loss" were analyzed. Each video was assessed using 2 validated tools: the Global Quality Score and the Modified DISCERN (quality assessment tool for consumer health information) instrument. Viewer engagement data - including likes, comments, and views - were recorded. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression to examine relationships between engagement metrics and content quality. Videos from academic and healthcare-affiliated sources generally scored higher in quality assessments, while those produced by individual users tended to lack source citations and balanced information. Although certain engagement metrics, such as the number of likes and comments, showed modest associations with higher Global Quality Scores, view count did not consistently predict quality. A notable portion of user-generated videos lacked discussion of semaglutide's risks and contraindications. The study highlights the variability in quality among semaglutide-related videos on YouTube. Engagement does not necessarily reflect the reliability of content, underscoring the importance of guiding viewers toward credible health sources. Enhancing digital health literacy and promoting greater visibility of evidence-based content may help improve the quality of health information encountered on widely used digital platforms.

Poster presentations play a vital role in the dissemination of scholarly work and provide key opportunities for networking and professional growth. However, suboptimal poster design often hinders this transfer of knowledge and opportunity for meaningful engagement with peers. Drawing from principles of visual design and the increasing prominence of the "Better Poster" format, this Perspectives article presents practical suggestions for designing posters that hone messaging and promote interaction with viewers. We recommend a shift away from thinking of posters as a medium to present every detail of one's scientific work and toward reimagining posters as a tool to promote scholarly dialogue.

The public transportation system is a high-risk medium for respiratory infectious disease (RID) transmission. Health awareness videos are integral to disseminating knowledge, elevating health-risk perceptions, and enhancing attitudes toward precautionary measures against RID, as per the Health Belief Model and Cognitive Dissonance theory. This study aimed to produce and evaluate an evidence-based health awareness video on precautionary measures against RID among public transportation drivers (PTDs) in Lebanon. This is a multistage project executed over 2 fiscal years. In stage 1, a scoping review study identifies articles on RID among PTDs. Search strategy follows a combination of concepts (influenza, COVID-19, and public transportation) using PubMed, CINAHL Complete, and other databases up to September 2025. Studies that reported the characteristics of PTDs, their knowledge, perceptions, and compliance with precautionary measures against RIDs are reviewed. In stage 2, based on the scoping review, a script for a health-awareness video is drafted. Using a classic Delphi technique, the script is revised and approved by 8 experts in public health, infection control, psychology, and filmmaking, using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for audiovisuals (PEMAT-AV), and DISCERN. PEMAT-AV (13-items) systematically evaluates the understandability and actionability of educational materials. DISCERN tool (16-items) evaluates the quality of consumer health information. In stage 3, a nonblinded, randomized, 2-arm controlled trial is conducted on 387 drivers from different regions. Using a simple randomization technique, the experimental group watches the new video. The control group watches a neutral video on traffic signs. To evaluate the effectiveness of the video, participants' knowledge, risk perceptions, attitudes, and cognitive dissonance are measured using infection control guidelines, Health Belief Model tool, Vaccination Attitudes Examination scale, and dissonance thermometer. Using IBM SPSS, between-group analysis is performed with Student t test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation, followed by forward-stepwise linear regression analyses (2-sided &#x3b1;=.025). In stage 1, 20 relevant studies were identified. Studies from Lebanon described the sociodemographics, health- and work-related characteristics, and life challenges of the target population. Other studies reported influenza or COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, low vaccine uptake, inadequate cleaning or disinfection of vehicles, and elevated risk perceptions among computers. The prevalence and impact of RIDs and determinants of precautionary measures against RIDs were identified. In stages 2 and 3, the video will be revised by experts (projected 5 months), produced (projected 6 months), and tested (projected 2 months). The study has not been funded yet. Findings from the scoping review study inspired the writing of the script (characters and dialogue), making it evidence-based and tailored toward the target viewers. A health awareness video on precautionary measures against RIDs contributes to a safer public transportation system and higher service usage. It aligns with the global mission to control the spread of RID and to lessen the disease burden.

In spoken interactions, repair-the process by which interactants identify and resolve communication trouble-has been studied extensively. Fewer studies have explored the inherently multimodal repair process in written interactions, and almost none have examined it within the semiotic landscape, that is, on publicly visible signs. From a corpus of around 5500 images collected in Germany and Iran, we present a qualitative analysis of six selected cases to examine the functions of multimodal repair in social and political commentary. Using ethnographic linguistic landscape analysis (ELLA) and geosemiotics, the analysis focuses on images from Mannheim, Cottbus, Leipzig, Tehran, and Zanjan. Results indicate that actors in the semiotic landscape use different multimodal repair strategies for functions that go beyond identifying trouble in communication. Instead, they rely on repair strategies that are recognizable to viewers, but use these strategies to perform social and political commentary in different sociopolitical contexts. Implications of these findings for theories of multimodality are considered, especially in showing that repair is not fundamentally temporal but is shaped by the multimodal affordances (such as spatial organization) of the communicative context in which it occurs.

With the rise of highly visual social platforms such as Xiaohongshu, women are increasingly susceptible to the negative influences of idealized appearance images, and focusing on the underlying protective mechanism is of great significance. The interactive nature of such platforms may also play a protective role: content posters can interact with others through self-disclaimers, while viewers can also respond by comments, whose effects on women's body dissatisfaction need further examination. Therefore, this research conducted two experimental studies (Study 1: N&#x202f;=&#x202f;106; Study 2: N&#x202f;=&#x202f;92; aged 17-25 years) using 3&#x202f;&#xd7;&#x202f;2 mixed designs to examine the roles of different types of self-disclaimers (study 1) and comments (study 2), respectively. The findings indicated that elaborated self-disclaimers or critical realism comments could play a protective role, buffering the negative influences of idealized appearance images; while brief self-disclaimers and positive appearance comments have no protective effect, which lead to the same degree of increased body dissatisfaction as viewing pure idealized images. These findings could deepen our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effects of idealized appearance images and body dissatisfaction, providing guidance for body image interventions and media literacy education.