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Sensory tricks (also termed "alleviating maneuvers") are voluntary maneuvers that transiently alleviate dystonic postures or movements and represent a hallmark clinical feature of dystonia with diagnostic and mechanistic significance. Despite extensive phenomenological description, the evidence base has not been systematically synthesized. To characterize the prevalence, phenomenology, clinical effects, predictors, neurobiological mechanisms, and translational relevance of alleviating maneuvers in dystonia, and to prospectively evaluate the feasibility of quantitative synthesis across predefined outcome domains. A systematic review with a prespecified nested quantitative synthesis was conducted using a preregistered PROSPERO protocol (CRD420251175065). The nested component was defined a priori as a domain-restricted analytic strategy in which random-effects meta-analysis was planned where ≥ 3 conceptually comparable studies were available, and in which the feasibility of pooling was itself treated as a primary methodological outcome. PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception. Studies reporting original empirical data on alleviating maneuvers in human dystonia of any etiology were included. Qualitative synthesis examined phenomenology, clinical effects, predictors, mechanisms, and translational applications. Heterogeneity was examined separately along clinical, methodological, and outcome-level dimensions. Of 631 records, 53 studies met inclusion criteria; 31 contributed to qualitative synthesis and 26 to nested quantitative analyses, with 4 contributing to both. No eligible studies in functional or tardive dystonia were identified. Alleviating maneuvers were reported across dystonia subtypes, with prevalence ranging from 13% to 90%; the largest registry cohort (n = 1477) reported effective maneuvers in 68.7% of patients. Acute motor improvements of 30%-50% in head deviation were reported during trick execution, although effects were transient. Responsiveness was associated with shorter disease duration and better response to botulinum toxin. No domain met criteria for formal meta-analysis; structural barriers were predominantly methodological and outcome-level rather than clinical. Alleviating maneuvers are a clinically consistent and mechanistically informative feature of dystonia, but their magnitude, durability, and predictors remain inconsistently measured. Standardized paradigms and outcome reporting are required to enable quantitative synthesis and sham-controlled evaluation of device-based alleviating-maneuver analogues.

Background/Objectives: Brain dysfunction and symptoms can be improved with a sensory trick (ST) in more than 80% of patients with cervical dystonia (CD). This study aimed to investigate the functional connectivity (FC) of CD patients with different types of STs using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and to explore the underlying neural mechanisms of STs. Methods: In this study, 35 CD patients (including 15 with classic STs, 15 with forcible STs, 5 with non-STs) and 29 healthy controls (HCs) underwent resting-state fNIRS. We subsequently analyzed FC differences between the groups and their correlations with clinical characteristics. Results: The grand-average FC was significantly higher in the non-ST group than in the forcible ST group. Furthermore, compared to the ST group, the non-ST group exhibited significantly increased FC, primarily involving the prefrontal and sensorimotor networks. In the forcible ST group, this hypoconnectivity was negatively correlated with disease severity scores. Conclusions: This study supports the concept of CD as a networkopathy, suggesting that both the severity and topology of cortical coherence impairment are modulated by the ST phenotype.

Deep convolutional fuzzy systems (DCFS) have emerged as a dominant approach for tackling high-dimensional problems. However, their performance is compromised by exponential rule growth (e.g., 59,049 rules for 10-dimensional inputs) and numerical instability (trigger strength ≤ 0.00098), which hinder real-world deployment in safety-critical scenarios. Current mainstream parameter optimization methods, while significantly enhancing system performance, demand substantial memory and computational resources. Consequently, structural optimization through external system tuning has become a prevalent and efficient design method in the machine learning field. This paper proposes a structurally optimized approach for deep patch learning fuzzy systems in classification (DPFSCAs) from a topological perspective, employing a bag of tricks that enables synergistic optimization via multi-strategy integration of three novel techniques-feature combination (FC), drop connect (DC), and subsystem deletion (SD). The study explores strategies impacting DPFSCAs performance and proposes corresponding structural and performance optimization methods. Experiments on diverse datasets demonstrate that FC, DC, and SD, both individually and integrated, enhance DPFSCAs classification performance through effective synergistic effects.

The dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis model is the most widely used experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) due to its simplicity and versatility, with over 7000 PubMed entries in the last decade and an exponential rise in recent years. Since its initial description in 1985, DSS colitis has been extensively evaluated across species, most notably in mice and rats, and has yielded substantial insights into IBD pathogenesis. However, the model's multifactorial nature poses a dual challenge: it offers an opportunity but complicates study design, interpretation, and translational relevance. This complexity is worsened by inconsistent reporting, which hampers reproducibility and comparability across studies. The broad use of the DSS-induced colitis model yields numerous insights about the model, which help better understand its complexity, characteristics and limitations. Although DSS colitis is induced locally, inflammation in the colon and gut barrier destruction may also affect other organs (such as the liver and brain) and their metabolism and molecular responses, which, in turn, may interfere with colitis-underlying mechanisms and drug response, and may influence the interpretation of results. These intrinsic (intra-experimental) characteristics of the DSS model are summarised in the paper (colitis, gut-brain axis, gut-liver axis). In addition, the DSS model is heavily influenced by numerous extrinsic (inter-experimental) factors (environmental, microbiological, genetic), which may further complicate the colitis model, the study outcomes, and data interpretation, and these are also discussed in the paper. As science advances and new data accumulate, understanding the intricate interplay among internal mechanisms, external factors, and technical variables becomes increasingly essential for the accurate interpretation of DSS outcomes. This review synthesises the complexity and interdependence of factors shaping the DSS model, emphasising the need for meticulous reporting and consideration of methodological nuances to enhance reproducibility, interpretation, and translational value in DSS colitis research. In addition, the review provides practical guidance through a "traps and tricks" subsection and checklist table designed to provide a framework and practical recommendations to better understand, apply, and interpret DSS model results in the context of broader systemic and methodological considerations.

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Atrial fibrillation (AF) affects approximately 3%-5% of adults and is projected to double in prevalence by 2060, significantly increasing the burden of thromboembolic stroke. This risk is largely attributed to thrombus formation within the left atrial appendage (LAA), particularly in nonvalvular AF, where the LAA's trabeculated anatomy, diverse morphologies (e.g., chicken wing, windsock, cactus, cauliflower), and impaired contractility allows for blood stasis and thrombogenesis. As a result, the LAA has become a focus for stroke prevention strategies. This review demonstrates current evidence on LAA closure by discussing patient selection, anatomical feasibility, procedural workflow, imaging guidance (transesophageal echocardiography vs. intracardiac echocardiography), device platforms (Amplatzer Amulet, Watchman 2.5, Watchman FLX/FLX Pro), and complication profiles. P procedural success rates exceed 95%, with improving safety profiles. Nonetheless, adverse events such as pericardial effusion, device-related thrombus (DRT), peri-device leak (PDL), device embolization, and periprocedural stroke remain important considerations. Post-implant antithrombotic strategies are evolving beyond the traditional warfarin/aspirin → DAPT → SAPT pathway toward more individualized regimens, including simplified DOAC or antiplatelet-based approaches tailored to bleeding and thrombotic risk especially in complex scenarios like concurrent coronary stenting. Ongoing device innovations (e.g., FLX Pro, expanded size matrices, thromboresistant coatings), CT-led surveillance algorithms, and randomized studies of post-implant pharmacotherapy aim to reduce DRT/bleeding, harmonize follow-up, and expand indications. Collectively, these advances refine patient-centered LAA closure by aligning anatomic complexity, procedural technique, and pharmacology to improve stroke prevention and safety in AF.

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Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a highly transmissible, global prion disease of captive and wild cervids. The approved tests for the detection of the infectious CWD prion (PrPCWD) are ELISA and immunohistochemistry (IHC), but both have limitations and can yield discrepant results. ELISA requires a fresh or frozen medial retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN); IHC requires the RPLN to be formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded, thus requiring 2 different storage protocols. Real-time quaking-induced conversion (rtQuIC) is a sensitive amplification technique used commonly in research to detect prions. Here, we optimized a rtQuIC assay for CWD prion detection in formalin-fixed (FF) and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues (FFPE) from white-tailed deer in Pennsylvania with various prion protein (PRNP) genotypes. Our proposed protocol differs from other publications because it does not require hazardous solvents such as xylene. We found that FF RPLN samples can be tested by rtQuIC with up to 96% sensitivity and 100% specificity, and FFPE RPLN samples can be tested by rtQuIC with up to 98% sensitivity and 99% specificity for PrPCWD detection. Our results are comparable to testing fresh or frozen tissue, and we did not find an effect of prion protein genotype on assay performance. This application of rtQuIC has the potential to improve surveillance and disease management in regions with limited access to cold storage and allow testing of RPLNs with discrepant PrPCWD results when tissue of sufficient quality is unavailable.

How is it possible to double the lifespan of an organism already close to death? Many biological theories of aging fail to explain this phenomenon. At the Physics of Aging workshop, we presented and discussed late-life lifespan extension in Caenorhabditis elegans to illustrate how a simple stochastic dynamical systems model can account for dramatic geriatric interventions. We build on a Langevin-type instability framework in which aging is a manifestation of dynamical instability-a scenario where stochastic fluctuations amplify over time, driving the system toward a failure threshold at which death occurs as a first-passage event. The instability rate α (equivalently, the inverse of the mortality-rate doubling time) quantifies the speed of this divergence: a larger α means faster exponential growth of z, a steeper Gompertz slope, and a shorter lifespan. The failure threshold z max ≈ α/g, where g is the strength of nonlinear feedback, marks the point beyond which the system diverges irreversibly-physiologically, the saturation of metabolic and regulatory capacity. Within this dynamical-systems framework, auxin-induced degradation of the insulin/IGF-1 receptor DAF-2 in very old animals is naturally interpreted as a late shift in stability parameters that nearly doubles remaining lifespan without resetting accumulated structural damage. This interpretation reconciles the persistence of many senescent pathologies with restored proteostasis and stress resilience, and it shows that targeting the dynamical instability of the regulatory network-rather than reversing damage-can strongly reshape survival trajectories in unstable animals. More broadly, our work exemplifies how physics-inspired low-dimensional stochastic models can capture key features of aging, and we hope it will inspire more collaborations between biologists and physicists to work on late-life interventions.

As the number of hip arthroscopies continues to rise, revision procedures have become increasingly common, with reported rates as high as 13.2%. Persistent functional limitation after primary hip arthroscopy is most often related to unresolved bony impingement, capsular insufficiency, or recurrent labral pathology. Revision hip arthroscopy is indicated when symptoms persist after primary surgery and an intra-articular source of the symptoms-such as inadequate or excessive bony resection, capsular mismanagement, or iatrogenic cartilage or labral injury-has been identified. Surgeons should also consider the potential need for the different open hip surgeries at this time and rule them out before proceeding with revision hip arthroscopy surgery. Revision hip arthroscopy starts with reviewing the previous operative note, obtaining standing anterior-posterior pelvis, 45° Dunn, and false profile radiographs, and, in our practice, performing a 3-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) scan to assess for remaining bony impingement, as well as femoral version and tibial torsion. Magnetic resonance imaging arthrogram helps differentiate postoperative changes from new pathology. Intraoperatively, new portals are created as needed. Diagnostic arthroscopy assesses synovitis, adhesions, labral quality, capsular integrity, and any iatrogenic cartilage injury. Residual cam, pincer, or subspine impingement is addressed with the aid of 3D CT planning and intraoperative fluoroscopy to prevent over- and under-resection of bony pathology. Labral pathology is managed with a re-repair or tibialis anterior allograft reconstruction using the pull-through technique. Capsular insufficiency is addressed through imbrication in a figure-of-8 suture configuration or augmentation with suture anchors when the capsule cannot support additional sutures. Postoperative rehabilitation is similar to that of primary hip arthroscopy protocols with protected weightbearing and early motion precautions. Revision hip arthroscopy is a safe and reliable procedure that improves pain and function in patients, although postoperative gains may be less than after primary arthroscopy. Complication rates are similar to primary arthroscopy, but the risk of conversion to total hip arthroplasty remains higher in the revision population. When revision hip arthroscopy is appropriately indicated and performed, particularly with attention to residual bony impingement, labral pathology, and capsular integrity, it is a reliable option for patients with failed primary surgeries. The author(s) attests that consent has been obtained from any patient(s) appearing in this publication. If the individual may be identifiable, the author(s) has included a statement of release or other written form of approval from the patient(s) with this submission for publication.

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Cross-modal correspondence, a cross-sensory cognitive phenomenon, reveals the link between visual forms and taste experiences. Although research on Western alphabetic typography is extensive, the Chinese character system has received less attention. This study systematically examines Chinese typeface categories (Song, Hei, Yuan, and Calligraphic) and stroke thickness (bold, medium, thin) in a real packaging context. The effects on the expectancies of the five flavors-sour, sweet, bitter, spicy, and salty-were measured. The results showed a significant interaction effect between typeface category and stroke thickness for all five flavor dimensions. The rounded Yuan typeface with thin strokes tended toward sweetness. Bold Song typefaces tend toward bitterness or spiciness, while bold Hei typefaces tend toward saltiness. The Calligraphic typeface, with its complex visual features, is strongly associated with bitterness and spiciness only when paired with bold strokes. Sourness shows a reverse modulation pattern. These findings reveal that the visual features of Chinese typefaces shape gustatory crossmodal correspondences through interactive modulation rather than simple linear addition. This confirms the common cross-modal perceptual pattern of 'curvature-sweetness, angularity-non-sweetness' across Chinese and English writing systems while also reflecting the culturally specific patterns driven by Chinese typographic features (such as the bifeng structure at stroke terminals) and the unique phenomenon of cross-modal correspondence with spiciness. This provides an empirically grounded and culturally adaptive reference for the marketing application of Chinese typefaces in packaging contexts.

Besides suppressing immunity, pathogen effectors hijack host biosynthetic pathways, sugar transporters, enzymes, and transcriptional regulators for nutritional gain. In Xanthomonas, AvrBs2 drives de novo nutrient synthesis from a host metabolite, while PthA4 hijacks fruit ripening to release sugars. These findings pave the way for 'anti-nutrition' approaches for durable crop resistance.

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