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To address the limitations of traditional pricing models regarding accuracy and adaptability in high-frequency trading, this study presents a Transformer-based Efficiently-Fused Optimized Bayesian Network (Trans-EFOBN) for financial asset pricing. The framework integrates a masked transformer with temporal logic constraints to extract sequential features and combines a Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) to establish hierarchical structural dependencies between macro factors and micro market variables. This design does not aim to establish strict econometric causality but instead leverages an end-to-end learning mechanism to simultaneously optimize feature representation and network parameters. Empirical analyses utilizing minute-level high-frequency data of the CSI 300 constituent stocks from 2019 to 2024 in the Wind database demonstrate substantial performance gains: the mean absolute error (MAE) decreases to 0.037 (approximately 25% lower than the baseline static Bayesian model), while R² attains 0.86. In simulated trading scenarios incorporating transaction costs and slippage, the proposed model yields an annualized return of 14.2% and a Sharpe ratio of 0.95. The results indicate that integrating structural dependency logic with dynamic probabilistic inference significantly enhances asset pricing efficiency and interpretability, providing robust technical support for high-frequency quantitative trading.

Small object defect detection is a pivotal technique for the industrial transition from post-facto rework to proactive prevention. However, existing detection methods still face challenges, such as the trade-off dilemma among computational complexity, model size, and detection accuracy. To address these issues, this study proposes a multi-scale balanced dynamic alignment detection network (MBDANet) based on the improved YOLOv8n architecture. The process begins with a robust feature downsampling module that downsamples the backbone network to better extract small-object features from both deep and shallow layers. Following this, a multi-scale feature fusion and balanced pyramid network fuses these features. To further enhance the model's attention to small objects, we design a task dynamic alignment detection head. Finally, we incorporate a bridging cross-task protocol inconsistency for distillation method, leveraging a higher-precision teacher model to boost the detection accuracy. Experiments on the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Defect Dataset, DeepPCB Defect Dataset and Steel Surface Defect Dataset show that MBDANet outperforms the baseline YOLOv8n algorithm, with a 2.7%, 3.7% and 4.5% increase in mean Average Precision, a 25% reduction in model size, a 27% reduction in parameter number, and a 15% reduction in computational complexity. In summary, MBDANet can effectively improve the detection performance of small object defects, balance speed and accuracy, and provide solid technical support for the stable operation of industrial equipment in manufacturing scenarios.

The plant pathogenic bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis (Cm) is a systemic vascular pathogen that colonizes both xylem vessels and the intracellular apoplast during different stages of infection. To identify traits and loci associated with adaptation to these distinct host microenvironments, we conducted tissue-specific experimental evolution. Twenty independent Cm lineages were repeatedly passaged in either tomato stems or leaves to promote adaptation to vascular or apoplastic lifestyles, respectively. After fifteen passages, adapted clones were characterized for virulence and virulence-related traits. These characterizations demonstrated clear differential associations of virulence-associated traits with the adapted tissue. The majority of vascular-adapted clones displayed enhanced surface attachment, reduced cellulase activity, reduced exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, and attenuated virulence on tomato compared to the parent clone. In contrast, apoplast-adapted clones displayed reduced biofilm formation and enhanced EPS production and retained their virulence on tomato. Whole-genome sequencing of all adapted clones revealed candidate loci linked to tissue adaptation. Six of ten vascular-adapted clones carried two independent mutations in CMM_1284, a putative HipB/XRE-type transcriptional regulator. A CMM_1284 marker exchange mutant displayed phenotypes similar to vascular-adapted clones, suggesting a role for this regulator in vascular colonization. Together, these findings highlight the role of phenotypic plasticity in tissue adaptation of plant pathogens, showing that tissue-specific adaptation involves modulation of surface attachment, EPS production, and cell wall-degrading enzymes and suggest a trade-off between vascular persistence, supported by strong surface attachment, and systemic virulence, which depends on bacterial dispersal and migration.

High-nighttime-temperature (HNT) poses a major challenge to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth and productivity. To elucidate the molecular basis of HNT responses, this study systematically examined the morphological and transcriptomic changes in tomato seedlings under prolonged HNT stress. We observed that HNT suppressed plant growth and chlorophyll content while triggering H2O2 accumulation in new leaves; concurrently, it promoted thermomorphogenesis-related adaptations like reduced leaf angles and lower leaf trichome density, traits potentially facilitating heat dissipation. Transcriptome profiling identified 4,551 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), comprising 2,104 up-regulated and 2,447 down-regulated genes. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that up-regulated DEGs were primarily involved in glycosyl transfer, flavonoid biosynthesis, mismatch repair, and protein processing, whereas down-regulated DEGs were enriched in photosynthesis, metabolic, and immune signaling. These changes suggest a strategic trade-off, with down-regulated photosynthetic and metabolic activities potentially enabling the reallocation of resources toward stress resilience mechanisms. As a central heat shock response (HSR) mechanism, the SlHSPs-SlHSFs system responded to HNT, with 10-day stress inducing distinct expression patterns of SlHSP70/90 genes alongside concurrent suppression of SlHSFs. qPCR analysis unveiled a transcriptional shift in SlHSFs from an initial shock phase, marked by pronounced expression changes at 1-day HNT, to a sustained acclimation phase. Prolonged HNT also triggered gene-specific expression changes in the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway, as well as in genes involved in ROS homeostasis and hormone signaling. In addition, it increased alternative splicing in genes associated with antioxidant defense, DNA repair, and protein processing. Collectively, these transcriptomic alterations reflect a systemic reprogramming that prioritizes energy conservation, redox homeostasis, and macromolecular stability to support nocturnal heat acclimation. Our findings provide novel insights into tomato adaptation to HNT and offer valuable genetic resources and a theoretical foundation for breeding HNT-resilient tomato varieties.

Childhood burn injuries can lead to persistent digital contractures and contour deformities that affect both function and psychosocial well-being. We report the case of a 17-year-old female patient with a longstanding post-burn contracture and cosmetic deformity of the small finger after a burn sustained at age two, initially treated conservatively with compression dressings. Years later, she presented with residual soft tissue atrophy and tethering with clinically apparent foreshortening and expressed concern primarily about the cosmetic appearance. A modified Farmer's flap, traditionally described for hallux varus correction of the great toe, was adapted as a local rotational flap to address the soft tissue deficiency and restore contour after scar release. The procedure improved the overall appearance and contour of the small finger with a satisfactory cosmetic match using local tissue. At postoperative follow-up, the patient reported satisfaction with the aesthetic outcome; a decrease in small-finger range of motion was anticipated and accepted as a trade-off, and no complications were observed. This case demonstrates that Farmer's flap principles may be adapted for selected post-burn hand deformities when cosmetic restoration is a primary goal and local tissue rearrangement is appropriate.

Learning-based cognitive control (CC)-the ability to implicitly adapt control based on contextual regularities-has been studied in young, typically developing children, yet its developmental trajectory remains underexplored. This study examined how learning-based CC develops across childhood under increasing cognitive demands. Overall, 149 children aged 5-14 years (79 females, M = 9.1 ± 2.6) completed a modified Flanker task and a cued go-noGo task ("Addy"). Both tasks included a List-Wide Proportion Congruency (LWPC) manipulation contrasting predictable (mostly congruent/valid) and unpredictable (50%) contexts. Reaction times (RTs), accuracy, and delta scores (incongruent/invalid-congruent/valid RTs) were analyzed. In the Flanker task, LWPC effects were similar across ages, suggesting that learning-based CC emerges early and remains stable in low-demand contexts. In contrast, in the Addy task-requiring greater attentional control and motor inhibition-developmental differences emerged. Younger children adapted behaviour by favoring speed over accuracy, while from around 9 years of age children displayed a more balanced speed-accuracy trade-off and improved accuracy, indicating greater efficiency in managing competing task demands. These findings suggest that learning-based inhibitory CC efficiency under complex, multi-demand conditions continues to develop across childhood and highlight the value of ecologically valid paradigms.

Water resource competition has disrupted sustainable development in the Aral Sea Basin, necessitating integrated strategies for the water-food-energy-environment nexus to address challenges from ongoing climate change, ecological restoration, growing food demand, and potential hydropower projects impacting water stability. This study developed a multi-objective optimization model to address these issues. Results showed relatively equitable water allocation, with Gini coefficients consistently below 0.29 across all scenarios. Agricultural water use ranged from 71.71 to 80.53 × 109 m3, while seasonal pumped hydropower storage reservoirs increased upstream controllable water to 42.91-58.47 × 109 m3 (35%-44%). Hydropower remained stable owing to reservoir coordination. However, to ensure ecological flows (35.38-37.78 × 109 m3), crop areas should be reduced by 14.37%-21.05% under SSP2-4.5 and 16.16%-23.93% under SSP5-8.5. A trade-off emerged between benefits and water allocation equity, particularly in high-emission, low-inflow scenarios, alongside a positive correlation between benefits and greenhouse gas emissions. These findings emphasize the critical need for integrated management of the Aral Sea Basin's interconnected resource systems.

α-Lipoic acid (LA), a natural cyclic disulfide, has emerged as a versatile building block for next-generation adhesives because of its ring-opening polymerization and dynamic disulfide exchange. This review summarizes recent advances in LA-based adhesives, focusing on strategies for stabilizing poly(LA) networks through radical quenching, supramolecular assembly, metal-ligand coordination, and deep eutectic architectures. We discuss the interfacial mechanisms underlying robust wet and underwater adhesion, where dense carboxyl groups enable multivalent hydrogen-bonding and ionic interactions. LA-based adhesives also integrate self-healing, recyclability, and intrinsic bioactivity, including antioxidant and antimicrobial functions. These features support applications in hemostasis, wound repair, wearable iontronics, and sustainable industrial bonding. Finally, key challenges, including the trade-off between network stability and dynamicity and the need for scalable manufacturing, are highlighted to guide the future development of circular, smart, and bioactive adhesive materials.

The clinical outcome predictions of conventional in vitro and in vivo models are often inaccurate because they cannot replicate the tumor microenvironment (TME) complexity. Existing 3D models encounter challenges regarding TME complexity replication, engineering constraints, and limited capacity in analyzing immune-cancer interactions. This study employs 3D embedded bioprinting to develop a heterogeneous lung spheroid (HLS) model, incorporating key stromal factors to better reflect the TME. Transcriptomic profiling via RNA sequencing reveals gene signatures associated with extracellular matrix remodeling, immune suppression, and tumor progression, demonstrating substantial similarity to patient-derived lung tumor samples and validating the biological fidelity of the model. Functional assays demonstrate that the model effectively replicated TME dynamics, as evidenced by reduced CAR-NK cell infiltration, cytotoxicity, and cytokine secretion with increasing model complexity, indicative of a highly immunosuppressive environment. Advanced CAR-NK cells expressing chemokine receptors are utilized to overcome this immune barrier and enhance migration and infiltration within the physiologically relevant lung TME model. Overall, this model replicates critical features of the lung TME, showing potential for evaluating next-generation immunotherapies targeting complex solid tumors.

This commentary reviews the discovery by Yuan et al. of a conserved susceptibility module where fungal Gas2 stabilizes host SnRK1β1A to suppress nuclear immunity in rice. It discusses the mechanism for broad-spectrum resistance via genome editing and considers the essential balance between enhanced defense and associated agronomic trade-offs.

Highly reactive lime powder (HRLP) containing diethylene glycol (DEG) as a hydration retarder is widely used in bag-filter air pollution control units at municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) facilities in Japan. Under the acidic, elevated-temperature conditions of the bag-filter (∼170 °C, H2SO4/HCl atmosphere), residual DEG undergoes acid-catalyzed cyclodehydration to produce 1,4-dioxane, a Group 2B carcinogen fully miscible with water and persistent in the environment. Using laboratory-simulated bag-filter conditions, this study quantifies both pathways for 1,4-dioxane from DEG-containing HRLP: the atmospheric gas-phase pathway and the solid-phase retention pathway with implications for landfill leachate contamination. Laboratory-prepared HRLP with systematically varied DEG content (0-4 v/v%) and drying temperature (150-350 °C) was analyzed for gas-phase 1,4-dioxane (headspace GC/MS/MS) and solid-phase 1,4-dioxane retained in the HRLP residue (DCM-extraction GC/MS/MS). Gas-phase concentrations increased with DEG content and decreased with drying temperature (maximum 58.6 mg m-3 at 4 v/v% DEG, 150 °C). Solid-phase retention showed the opposite temperature dependence, with leachate-equivalent concentrations reaching 38.3 mg L-1 at 4 v/v% DEG and 350 °C. These opposing trends imply a cross-media trade-off: operating changes that suppress one pathway may enhance the other. As a proof of concept for source reduction, CO2-spray carbonation of quicklime achieved a BET surface area of 28.4 m2 g-1 without organic additives. The present bench-scale results are not designed for regulatory compliance assessment but provide a quantitative basis for evaluating the environmental significance of DEG-containing HRLP.

Mercury (Hg) is a global contaminant that biomagnifies in food webs, raising concerns for food safety, fisheries exploitation, and wildlife conservation. Fish, including apex predators like sharks, are the primary source of human Hg exposure, yet species-specific speciation data remain scarce. Most studies rely on total Hg (THg) as a proxy for methylmercury (MeHg), but direct MeHg measurement is essential for accurate risk assessment due to neurotoxicity and bioavailability. This study presents a comprehensive assessment, quantifying THg-MeHg in 18 species from the Mediterranean, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans, nine measured for the first time. Concentrations varied widely, with deep-sea and pelagic sharks showing highest levels. THg and MeHg strongly correlated (R2 = 0.99), but MeHg-THg ranged 65-101%, demonstrating substantial interspecific variability and challenging the assumption of near-complete methylation. Bioaccumulation increased with body size and trophic level, and biomagnification was pronounced in Mediterranean deep-sea assemblages. Nearly half of the species exceeded the 1 mg kg-1-EU Hg limit. Target Hazard Quotients exceeded 1 for deep-sea and large pelagic sharks, highlighting tangible health risks. Elevated MeHg levels in commercial fillets confirm consumer exposure. Species with the highest MeHg burdens are heavily exploited and threatened, identifying globally traded sharks as hotspots of human Hg exposure.

Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) are promising emitters for next-generation light-emitting diodes (LEDs), yet PQD-based near-infrared (NIR) LEDs still suffer from low external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) and severe efficiency roll-off. This limitation arises from the trade-off between enhancing carrier transport with conductive ligands and preserving PQD surface integrity during ligand exchange. Here, we report an ionic liquid-mediated surface reconstruction strategy that simultaneously stabilizes PQD surface and enhances charge transport. Incorporating the multifunctional ionic liquid 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (MPII) into the antisolvent suppresses defect formation while forming an in situ protective layer, effectively reducing surface traps and preserving PQD structural integrity. The treated PQD films exhibit a twofold reduction in trap density and a tenfold increase in conductivity, ensuring balanced carrier injection and efficient radiative recombination. As a result, the fabricated NIR LEDs achieve a record EQE of 24.8%, maintaining ~20% EQE at a radiance of 10 W sr-¹ m-²-representing the lowest efficiency roll-off for PQD-based NIR LEDs reported to date. Furthermore, large-area devices (900 mm²) reach EQEs of up to 20% and demonstrate practical applications in biomedical imaging and information encryption, underscoring the broad potential of this strategy for high-performance NIR optoelectronics.

Task scheduling has become a significant research focus in cloud computing because of the growing need for efficient resource utilization. This paper explores an innovative scheduling approach harnessing Human Memory Optimization (HMO) and Fuzzy Adaptive Human Memory Optimization (FAHMO). Such techniques are inspired by human cognitive principles and employ an adaptive search strategy that maintains an effective trade-off between exploration and exploitation. By maintaining a history of successful and unsuccessful scheduling decisions, HMO enables continuous enhancement of scheduling efficiency. Integrating fuzzy logic into FAHMO improves the decision-making process by effectively managing uncertainty and ambiguity in task scheduling, thereby producing more flexible and efficient solutions. Comparative analysis demonstrates that HMO and FAHMO outperform conventional metaheuristic algorithms, including PSO-PGA, in terms of convergence speed and task completion time. The results confirm that the proposed approach significantly reduces makespan and enhances overall cloud task scheduling performance. Specifically, FAHMO achieved up to 67.46% improvement in makespan and 63.18% in convergence accuracy compared to PSO-PGA.

Plant structures function as integrated modules, reflecting coordinated development and function across traits. In terrestrial plants, stomatal traits that regulate carbon uptake are tightly coordinated with xylem traits supplying water, maintaining trade-offs between photosynthetic demand and hydraulic capacity. In aquatic plants, however, contrasting environments experienced by emergent and floating leaves may alter these coordination patterns. Whether heterophylly modifies fundamental scaling relationships among traits remains unclear. Here, we examined 15 heterophyllous aquatic species that produce both floating and emergent leaves within the same individual, allowing isolated effects from phylogeny. We found that emergent leaves exhibited greater leaf area, total stomatal area, and petiole thickness, indicating increased hydraulic and mechanical investment. Both leaf types followed hypoallometric scaling between leaf and petiole traits, but coordination regimes diverged. Emergent leaves showed tighter scaling between total stomatal area and petiole xylem area, reflecting strengthened coupling between transpirational demand and hydraulic supply. In contrast, floating leaves exhibited steeper scaling between leaf area and petiole transverse area and a more centralized trait network structure. These divergences persisted after accounting for phylogeny. Together, our results showed that heterophyllous plants could maintain core developmental proportionality while reorganizing trait coordination in response to different habitats.

Antibiotic combination therapy is often used to broaden the antimicrobial spectrum, limit resistance and improve treatment efficacy. Several antibiotics show collateral effects where resistance to one antibiotic increases susceptibility to another. In intensive care units (ICUs), antibiotic treatments are frequently adjusted based on patient outcomes, without considering collateral effects. This provides a setting to study these effects in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), a highly adaptable, multidrug-resistant (MDR), nosocomial pathogen. We compared longitudinal PA isolates from twenty-five ventilated ICU patients receiving various antibiotics to laboratory strains undergoing in vitro adaptive evolution under four antipseudomonal monotherapies. Prolonged exposure to certain antibiotics produced resistance with collateral effects. In vitro, increasing antibiotic pressure drove distinct mutational trajectories. In patients, the number of antibiotics administered did not correlate with resistance changes to those antibiotics, suggesting that switching may reduce persistence of resistance. Notably, an inverse correlation between resistance to non-administered antibiotics and the number of different antibiotic classes administered, aligns with the principles of collateral susceptibility driven by multi-class exposure. This study provides s real-world evidence that empirical antibiotic mixing in ICU patients leverages evolutionary trade-offs. Consequently, diversifying antibiotic pressure via multi-class exposure may attenuate the fixation and persistence of MDR phenotypes in critical care.

President Trump came into office with an agenda to rein in government programs and regulations. The Trump administration has focused on making government smaller and nearly eliminating humanitarian foreign health aid, while eschewing conclusions drawn by the mainstream scientific community, particularly regarding vaccination policy. Specific actions have included cuts to both health personnel and budgets, efforts to remove vaccine mandates, attempts to end diversity efforts, and the essentially shuttering of the United States Agency for International Development program. Reforms also include allowing the expiration of enhanced federal premium subsidies for the individual insurance marketplaces beginning in 2026 and a substantial reduction in federal payments to state Medicaid programs beginning in 2027. Downstream impacts will include collecting less health data, moving away from research on communicable diseases, promoting vaccine hesitancy, and reducing access to, and possibly the quality of, care. Cutting humanitarian foreign health aid may have an even larger impact, as access to vaccinations and medications has already been curtailed, especially in Africa. Cuts to global health have endangered lives in many of the world's poorest countries, while the destabilization of global trade has limited the scope for European countries to fill the gap. Millions of Americans will lose their health insurance coverage, while people in many countries - especially Africa - will have their lives endangered. Vaccination rates, particularly among young children, will decline, exposing more Americans to communicable diseases. Scientific research output is likely to decline as universities face increasing financial pressures.

Annealing is a crucial step for recrystallizing Sb2S3 and forming high-quality Sb4S6 chain-like crystals, which is essential for achieving high-efficiency photovoltaic devices. However, this process currently faces a fundamental trade-off: Although high-temperature annealing enhances crystallinity, it also introduces severe sulfur and Sb2S3 molecular escape, ultimately degrading device performance. To overcome this limitation, we propose a confined-space annealing (CSA) strategy that operates via a dual mechanism. Physical confinement generates a high local vapor pressure, which suppresses Sb2S3 re-volatilization and enables recrystallization into large-grain films under atmospheric pressure. Controlled oxygen doping preferentially fills sulfur vacancy sites, suppresses interstitial Sbi defects, and promotes the self-assembly of Sb2O3 nano-belts at grain boundaries, effectively blocking leakage paths. As a result, the CSA films exhibit a 60.9% reduction in VS defects and a 40.3% improvement in carrier collection efficiency compared to pristine films. Carbon-based devices fabricated using this approach achieve a power conversion efficiency of 7.17% (VOC = 750 mV, JSC = 14.26 mA cm-2, FF = 62.7%), which is the highest reported value for Sb2S3 solar cells fabricated entirely in ambient atmosphere. This work not only offers a practical fabrication route under ambient conditions but also provides fundamental insights into defect passivation in chalcogenide photovoltaics.