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SoLid is a neutrino experiment at very-short baseline searching for active-to-sterile oscillations of reactor antineutrinos. The detection principle is based on the pairing of two types of solid scintillators: polyvinyl toluene and $^6$Li:ZnS(Ag), which is a new technology used in this field of Physics. In addition to good neutron-gamma discrimination, this setup allows the detector to be highly segmented; the basic detection unit is a 5 cm cube. High segmentation provides numerous advantages including precise localisation of the Inverse Beta Decay (IBD) products, the derivation of an antineutrino energy estimator based on the isolated positron energy, and a powerful background reduction tool that relies on the topological signature of the signal. Finally, the system is read out by a network of WLS fibres coupled to photosensors. A relative electromagnetic calibration is performed with horizontal cosmic muons. This source poses the simplest calibration problem in which a single detection unit is involved. In addition, large muon energy deposits allow us to perform a calibration at the most detailed level (i.e. per fibre) and to accurately define the fraction of energy escaping to n

We present an interactive version of an evidence-driven state-merging (EDSM) algorithm for learning variants of finite state automata. Learning these automata often amounts to recovering or reverse engineering the model generating the data despite noisy, incomplete, or imperfectly sampled data sources rather than optimizing a purely numeric target function. Domain expertise and human knowledge about the target domain can guide this process, and typically is captured in parameter settings. Often, domain expertise is subconscious and not expressed explicitly. Directly interacting with the learning algorithm makes it easier to utilize this knowledge effectively.

The SoLid experiment is a very-short-baseline experiment aimed at searching for nuclear reactor-produced active to sterile antineutrino oscillations. The detection principle is based on the pairing of two types of solid scintillators: polyvinyl toluene and $^6$LiF:ZnS(Ag), which is a new technology used in this field of Physics. In addition to good neutron-gamma discrimination, this setup allows the detector to be highly segmented (the basic detection unit is a 5 cm side cube). High segmentation provides numerous advantages, including the precise location of Inverse Beta Decay (IBD) products, the derivation of the considerate antineutrino energy estimator, and a powerful background reduction tool based on the topological signature of the signal. Finally, the system is read out by a network of wavelength-shifting fibres coupled to a photodetector (MPPC). This paper describes the design of the reconstruction algorithm that allows maximum use of the granularity of the detector. The goal of the algorithm is to convert the output of the optical-fibre readout to the list of the detection units from which it originated. This paper provides a performance comparison for three methods and co

Superconductivity is one of the most amazing properties that metallic conductors exhibit. Electrical resistance is completely eliminated below the critical temperature (Tc), which is the most important parameter in superconductivity. Since the discovery of copper oxide superconductors 39 years ago, many solid state chemists have made significant contributions to the field by discovering new compounds and producing high-quality samples for physical measurements. However, superconductivity research remains challenging for most solid state chemists because it requires knowledge of complicated solid state physics. This manuscript aims to provide a simple, intuitive introduction to superconductivity using only fundamental physics concepts that solid state chemists are familiar with. The author investigates a wide range of materials and classifies them according to the superconductivity mechanisms that may drive them. Specifically focusing on a series of copper oxide superconductors with the highest Tc at ambient conditions, the remarkable material dependence of Tc and the underlying, unconventional superconductivity mechanism that leads to the high Tc are thoroughly examined. Although o

In order to fully exploit the physics potential of Jefferson Lab after 12 GeV energy upgrade, a new Solenoidal Large Acceptance Device (SoLID) is proposed. The SoLID spectrometer, with its unique capability of large acceptance and high luminosity, is ideal for precision measurements in semi-inclusive DIS to study transverse spin and transverse-momentum-dependent parton distributions of the nucleon, and for parity-violating Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS) to perform precision tests of the Standard Model at low energy as well as addressing specific issues in nucleon structure including charge symmetry violation, d/u ratio and higher-twist effects due to di-quark. SoLID is also essential for precision measurements of J/ψelectroproduction in the threshold region to study non-perturbative gluon dynamics and interaction. Five highly rated SoLID experiments and two "run group" experiments have been approved by the JLab Physics Advisory Committee. The physics program is presented along with an overview of the SoLID instrumentation and its current status.

The synthesis and characterization of the pyrochlore solid solutions, Y2Ti2-xNbxO7-y, Lu2Ti2-xNbxO7-y, Y2Ti2-xTaxO7-y and Lu2TiTaO7-y (-0.4<y<0.5), is described. Synthesis at 1600 C, and 10-5 Torr yields oxygen deficiency in all systems. All compounds are found to be paramagnetic and semiconducting, with the size of the local moments being less, in some cases substantially less, than the expected value for the number of nominally unpaired electrons present. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows that all compounds can be fully oxidized while retaining the pyrochlore structure, yielding oxygen rich pyrochlores as white powders. Powder neutron diffraction of Y2TiNbO7-based samples was done. Refinement of the data for oxygen deficient Y2TiNbO6.76 indicates the presence of a distribution of oxygen over the 8b and 48f sites. Refinement of the data for oxygen rich Y2TiNbO7.5 shows these sites to be completely filled, with an additional half filling of the 8a site. The magnetic and TGA data strongly suggest a preference for a Ti3+/(Nb,Ta)5+ combination, as opposed to Ti4+/(Nb,Ta)4+, in this pyrochlore family. In addition, the evidence clearly points to Ti3+ as the source of the loca

Quantum harmonic oscillator (QHO) battery models have been studied with significant importance in the recent past because these batteries are experimentally realizable and have high ergotropy and capacity to store more than one quanta of energy. QHO battery models are reinvestigated here to answer a set of fundamental questions: Do such models have any benefit? Is unbounded charging possible? Does the use of a catalyst system enhance the energy transfer to quantum batteries? These questions are answered both numerically and analytically by considering a model that allows a laser to shine on a QHO charger that interacts with a QHO battery. In contrast to some of the existing works, the obtained answers are mostly negative. Specifically, in the present work, the laser frequency is tuned with the frequency of the global charger-battery system, which is affected by the interaction between QHOs. It is reported that for a fixed laser field amplitude $\textit{F}$, the battery can store more energy when tuned with the frequency of the global charger-battery system compared to energy stored by tuning the laser frequency with local frequencies of the charger and battery. The charging process

Lecture Goals: (i) Introduction to the basic concepts, meaning that the emphasis is, in the first instance, on the single-particle aspects. (ii) Service for Experimental Solid State Physics. (iii) Emphasis on the explanation of concepts and basic ideas, not always quantitative, justification of the use of simplified `model Hamiltonians'. (iv) Raise some understanding why many-body physics is mostly phenomenology. (v) Convey the following main idea: (Collective) elementary excitations are `quasi-particles' characterized by their dispersion relation $\mathbf{p} \mapsto \varepsilon (\mathbf{p})$ and by certain quantum numbers like spin and charge. The most important two are `the phonon' (= quantized lattice vibration) and `the electron' (= quantized charge excitation of the solid, which has as much to do with the electron of elementary particle physics as water waves have to do with water).

Tracking detectors are of vital importance for collider-based high energy physics (HEP) experiments. The primary purpose of tracking detectors is the precise reconstruction of charged particle trajectories and the reconstruction of secondary vertices. The performance requirements from the community posed by the future collider experiments require an evolution of tracking systems, necessitating the development of new techniques, materials and technologies in order to fully exploit their physics potential. In this article we summarize the discussions and conclusions of the 2022 Snowmass Instrumentation Frontier subgroup on Solid State and Tracking Detectors (Snowmass IF03).

Practical energy harvesting (EH) based communication systems typically use a battery to temporarily store the harvested energy prior to its use for communication. The batteries can be damaged when they are repeatedly charged (discharged) after being partially discharged (charged), overcharged or deeply discharged. This motivates the cycle constraint which says that a battery must be charged (discharged) only after it is sufficiently discharged (charged). We also assume Bernoulli energy arrivals, and a half-duplex constraint due to which the batteries are not charged and discharged simultaneously. In this context, we study EH communication systems with: (a) a single-battery with capacity 2B units and (b) dual-batteries, each having capacity of B units. The aim is to obtain the best possible long-term average throughputs and throughput regions in point-to-point (P2P) channels and multiple access channels (MAC), respectively. For the P2P channel, we obtain an analytical optimal solution in the single-battery case, and propose optimal and sub-optimal power allocation policies for the dual-battery case. We extend these policies to obtain achievable throughput regions in MACs by jointly

We establish a general implementation-independent approach to assess the potential advantage of using highly entangled quantum states between the initial and final states of the charging protocol to enhance the maximum charging power of quantum batteries. It is shown that the impact of entanglement on power can be separated from both the global quantum speed limit associated to an optimal choice of driving Hamiltonian and the energy gap of the batteries. We then demonstrate that the quantum state advantage of battery charging, defined as the power obtainable for given quantum speed limit and battery energy gap, is not an entanglement monotone. A striking example we provide is that, counterintuitively, independent thermalization of the local batteries, completely destroying any entanglement, can lead to larger charging power than that of the initial maximally entangled state. Highly entangled states can thus also be potentially disadvantageous when compared to product states. We also demonstrate that taking the considerable effort of producing highly entangled states, such as W or $k$-locally entangled states, is not sufficient to obtain quantum-enhanced scaling behavior with the nu

In this work a simple solid-on-solid (SOS) model of inhomogeneous films epitaxial growth is presented. The results of the computer simulations based on the random deposition (RD) enriched by a local relaxation which tends to maximize the number of a particle-particle lateral bonds (PPLB) against barriers blocking diffusion are presented. The influence of strength of the atoms interactions and barriers for diffusion on film roughness and possible bridges between the layers in tri-layered sandwich system are considered. For magnetic layers with a nonmagnetic spacer the bridging is responsible for direct magnetic coupling between layers. Also variations of the spacer thickness, when scanning the film surface, is essential for uniformity of the magnetic coupling between the layers. Number of bridges for very thin spacer, and variation of the spacer thickness are discussed in this work.

Solid state battery technology has recently garnered considerable interest from companies including Toyota, BMW, Dyson, and others. The primary driver behind the commercialization of solid state batteries (SSBs) is to enable the use of lithium metal as the anode, as opposed to the currently used carbon anode, which would result in ~20% energy density improvement. However, no reported solid state battery to date meets all of the performance metrics of state of the art liquid electrolyte lithium ion batteries (LIBs) and indeed several solid state electrolyte (SSE) technologies may never reach parity with current LIBs. We begin with a review of state of the art LIBs, including their current performance characteristics, commercial trends in cost, and future possibilities. We then discuss current SSB research by focusing on three classes of solid state electrolytes: Sulfides, Polymers, and Oxides. We discuss recent and ongoing commercialization attempts in the SSB field. Finally, we conclude with our perspective and timeline for the future of commercial batteries.

We study the edge transport properties of paired fractional quantum Hall (FQH) states--- the Haldane-Rezayi (HR), Moore-Read (Pfaffian) and Halperin (331) states. A table of exponents is given for the tunneling between the edges of paired FQH states in gated 2D structures and the tunneling into the edge of FQH states from a normal Fermi liquid (N). It is found that HR, Pfaffian and 331 states have different exponents for quasiparticle tunneling. For the tunneling through a FQH-N junction, we propose unusual Andreev reflection processes that may also probe the non-abelian FQH states.

We propose a design of a quantum battery exploiting the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian as a charger. In particular, starting with the ground or the thermal state of the interacting (non-interacting) Hamiltonian as the battery, the charging of the battery is performed via parity-time (PT)- and rotational-time (RT)-symmetric Hamiltonian to store energy. We report that such a quenching with a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian leads to an enhanced power output compared to a battery with a Hermitian charger. We identify the region in the parameter space which provides the gain in performance. We also demonstrate that the improvements persist with the increase of system size for batteries with both PT- and RT-symmetric chargers. In the PT-symmetric case, although the anisotropy of the XY model does not help in the performance, we show that the XXZ model as a battery with a non-Hermitian charger performs better than that of the XX model having certain interaction strengths. We also exhibit that the advantage of non-Hermiticity remains valid even at finite temperatures in the initial states.

The residual interactions between Laughlin quasiparticles can be obtained from exact numerical diagonalization studies of small systems. The pseudopotentials V_QP(R)$ describing the energy of interaction of QE's (or QH's) as a function of their "relative angular momentum" R cannot support Laughlin correlations at certain QP filling factors (e.g., nu_QE}=1/3 and nu_QH=1/5). Because of this the novel condensed quantum fluid states observed at nu=4/11, 4/13 and other filling fractions cannot possibly be spin polarized Laughlin correlated QP states of the composite Fermion hierarchy. Pairing of the QP's clearly must occur, but the exact nature of the incompressible ground states is not completely clear.

Proposed silicon-based quantum-computer architectures have attracted attention because of their promise for scalability and their potential for synergetically utilizing the available resources associated with the existing Si technology infrastructure. Electronic and nuclear spins of shallow donors (e.g. phosphorus) in Si are ideal candidates for qubits in such proposals because of their long spin coherence times due to their limited interactions with their environments. For these spin qubits, shallow donor exchange gates are frequently invoked to perform two-qubit operations. We discuss in this review a particularly important spin decoherence channel, and bandstructure effects on the exchange gate control. Specifically, we review our work on donor electron spin spectral diffusion due to background nuclear spin flip-flops, and how isotopic purification of silicon can significantly enhance the electron spin dephasing time. We then review our calculation of donor electron exchange coupling in the presence of degenerate silicon conduction band valleys. We show that valley interference leads to orders of magnitude variations in electron exchange coupling when donor configurations are ch

The Hall resistivity rho_{xy} of LuNi_2B_2C is negative in the normal as well as in the mixed state and has no sign reversal typical for high-T_c superconductors. A distinct nonlinearity in the rho_{xy} dependence on field H was found in the normal state for T < 40K, accompanied by a large magnetoresistance reaching +90% for mu_0H=16T at T=20K. The scaling relation rho_{xy} ~ ρ_{xx}^β(ρ_{xx} is the longitudinal resistivity) was found in the mixed state, the value of βbeing dependent on the degree of disorder.

Coherent population transfer by adiabatic passage is a well-known method in quantum optics. This remarkable technique which is based on simple ideas has remained largely unknown to solid-state physicists. Here we provide an introduction to the basic principles of this method and discuss also some applications in solid-state systems.

Monitoring the health of lithium-ion batteries' internal components as they age is crucial for optimizing cell design and usage control strategies. However, quantifying component-level degradation typically involves aging many cells and destructively analyzing them throughout the aging test, limiting the scope of quantifiable degradation to the test conditions and duration. Fortunately, recent advances in physics-informed machine learning (PIML) for modeling and predicting the battery state of health demonstrate the feasibility of building models to predict the long-term degradation of a lithium-ion battery cell's major components using only short-term aging test data by leveraging physics. In this paper, we present four approaches for building physics-informed machine learning models and comprehensively compare them, considering accuracy, complexity, ease-of-implementation, and their ability to extrapolate to untested conditions. We delve into the details of each physics-informed machine learning method, providing insights specific to implementing them on small battery aging datasets. Our study utilizes long-term cycle aging data from 24 implantable-grade lithium-ion cells subject