Tranexamic acid (TXA) is widely used in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, its pharmacology suggests differences in effectiveness should exist based on fibrinolytic phenotype, particularly fibrinolytic shutdown. This study examined whether fibrinolytic shutdown is associated with increased mortality in TBI and whether TXA retains its benefit in this subgroup. This retrospective cohort study included TBI patients who had thromboelastography (TEG) upon presentation at three affiliated trauma centers. Patients were excluded if they received TXA before TEG, had TXA >3 hours postadmission, Glasgow Coma Score (GCS)=3 and a nonreactive pupil or a nonsurvivable injury. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality, either in-hospital or in-hospice, up to 28 days. Patients were stratified by fibrinolytic phenotype: shutdown (LY30<0.5%), physiologic (0.5-7.7%), or hyperfibrinolytic (>7.7%) and TXA receipt. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Of 394 patients (mean age 64±21 y; 56% ground-level falls; 74% mild TBI), fibrinolytic shutdown predominated [72% (n=285)], followed by physiologic [27% (n=107)], and hyperfibrinolysis [0.5% (n=2)]. Unadjusted mortality was 16% with shutdown versus 9.2% without (p=0.090). After controlling for age, ISS, GCS, multicompartmental head injury, neurosurgical intervention, and TXA, there was no association between shutdown phenotype and mortality [OR (95% CI) =1.37 (0.62-3.05)]. In patients with fibrinolytic shutdown, unadjusted mortality was lower in patients who received TXA [12% (24/196) vs. 24% (21/89), p=0.015]. After controlling for age, ISS, GCS, multicompartmental head injury, and neurosurgical intervention, mortality remained lower [OR (95% CI)=0.36 (0.16-0.77)]. In patients without fibrinolytic shutdown, no difference in mortality was noted [TXA, 9.6% (7/73) vs. no TXA, 8.3% (3/36), p=1.00]. These results did not change after controlling for the above confounders [OR (95% CI)=0.96 (0.16-5.78)]. TXA remained associated with lower mortality in TBI patients with fibrinolytic shutdown, despite pharmacologic expectations. Fibrinolytic shutdown was not independently associated with higher mortality. These findings support early TXA administration without delaying treatment for TEG interpretation. (J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2026;00:000-000 Copyright © 2026 Wolters Kluwer Health, LLC. All rights reserved.). Therapeutic/Care Management; Level IV.
The 2025 United States government shutdown (October 1-November 12) resulted in historic disruptions to benefit distribution for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). The purpose of this study was to examine South Carolina SNAP recipients' perceptions of the 2025 government shutdown and how it impacted their food access. South Carolina issued SNAP benefits on November 14, 2025, after a maximum 14-day lapse, for households who typically get their benefits between the 1st and 14th of the month. Caregivers (n = 74) in SNAP participating in an ongoing clinical trial were invited to complete a brief online survey between November 19 and 27, 2025 to assess if/how November SNAP benefits were impacted and what strategies were used to access food during this time. Descriptive statistics were applied to survey items. Responses for open ended questions were coded into themes. Fifty-five caregivers completed the survey (76% response rate). Most (85.5%) reported their November SNAP benefits were impacted. Of those impacted, the most common response was a delay in distribution (80.9%). Some caregivers (43.6%) used new or different strategies to access food during the shutdown, the most common being community food resources (e.g., food banks; 62.5%) and support from friends and family (29.2%). When asked to describe these impacts in detail, caregivers described four main themes: constrained food choices, shift toward different foods, financial coping strategies, and emotional strain. These findings underscore the importance of continuous SNAP benefit distribution and enacting contingency plans during federal disruptions to prevent future undue hardship.
Hydraulic transients in drag-based in-pipe turbines during sudden operational changes can induce pressure pulsations, water hammer, cavitation, and column separation in pipeline components located both upstream and downstream of the turbine. Additionally, the torque imposed on turbine blades is a critical concern, as frequent operational changes can accelerate blade fatigue and potentially lead to structural failure. This study integrates the Method of Characteristics (MOC) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to model transient phenomena resulting from the abrupt stoppage of a hydrodynamic in-pipe turbine. The analysis evaluates how varying deceleration rates influence pressure surges, pressure pulsations, and torque amplification on blades across different blade counts. The results demonstrate that stoppage time significantly affects torque escalation and confirm that turbine blade count strongly influences the magnitude of pressure surges during transient events. Detailed scenario analyses further reveal that specific configurations exhibit greater susceptibility to extreme pressure fluctuations, thereby creating substantial operational and reliability challenges.
Temporal reproductive plasticity is a central life-history trait for most iteroparous animals, yet its underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. We utilize the reversible reproductive arrest experienced by honey bee queens during colony swarming to investigate how these reproductive specialists dynamically adapt their physiology. We demonstrate that pre-swarming nutritional restriction triggers a resource reallocation, whereby ovarian mass declines as flight muscle function is enhanced, providing empirical support for a flight-fecundity trade-off. This transition is accompanied by elevated juvenile hormone and suppressed ecdysteroid and vitellogenin levels, together with the engagement of three spatially distinct oogenesis checkpoints. These checkpoints engage programmed cell death pathways: autophagy predominates in germarial stem cells and follicle cells, while apoptosis is the primary mechanism in vitellarium oocytes and nurse cells, collectively orchestrating oogenesis arrest. Integrated whole-transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed broad molecular remodeling, including changes in FoxO-, Notch-, Wnt-, and Hippo-related signatures that accompanied oogenesis suppression. Our results indicate a "nutrition-hormone-checkpoint-programmed cell death" model that links colony-level swarming to individual ovary suppression. This work provides a systematic framework for understanding the molecular regulation of the reversible reproductive plasticity of honey bee queens.
The ATR-enforced S/G2 checkpoint activates during DNA replication to restrain CDK1-dependent phosphorylation of FOXM1 and subsequent transactivation of the G2/M gene network until the end of S phase. However, the extent to which this checkpoint ensures the completion of DNA replication and whether it safeguards genomic integrity has remained unknown. Here, we induce S/G2 checkpoint failure throughout S phase in non-malignant human epithelial cells using multiple ATR pathway inhibitors. Consequently, the mitotic kinase complex cyclin B1-CDK1 prematurely shuts-down the DNA replication program, preventing the completion of genome duplication. In turn, this leads to the retention of inactive replisomes on chromatin and unfired origins into the G2 phase, which induce subsequent accumulation of pan-nuclear ᵧH2AX and mitotic failure. Collectively, these findings indicate the S/G2 checkpoint ensures replication completion and genome stability.
An extreme winter icing event from 1 to 7 February 2024 in central-eastern China induced sequential hydrometeor phase transitions (freezing fog, freezing drizzle, intense freezing rain, and mixed-phase precipitation) at Hunan's Gutaishan wind farm. To investigate the underlying physical mechanisms, this study utilized multisource observational data, ERA5 reanalysis, and turbine operational records. The combined influence of the South Branch Trough and the Western Pacific Subtropical High drove a prolonged convergence of southwesterly warm-moist advection with easterly cold air, maintaining a stable temperature inversion. During the freezing-fog stage, this cold-warm-cold inversion structure trapped near-surface moisture, leading to the accumulation of supercooled droplets that ultimately caused a shutdown of 50% of the operational turbines. The freezing-drizzle stage was governed by the warm-rain mechanism. Due to the absence of ice-phase hydrometeors in shallow clouds (cloud-top temperatures > -10 °C), purely liquid drizzle drops fell through the underlying cold layer to become supercooled, triggering a farm-wide shutdown. The intense freezing-rain stage followed the melting mechanism. Abundant ice-phase hydrometeors from deep clouds (cloud-top temperatures < -20 °C) melted completely within a pronounced warm layer (vertical temperature inversion strength of 10.0 °C km- 1) and subsequently became supercooled in the underlying cold layer, accelerating blade icing. Finally, the mixed-phase stage was driven by a melting-refreezing mechanism. Mid-level dry-cold air intrusion weakened the warm layer, causing descending solid hydrometeors to undergo only partial melting. These hydrometeors then formed mixed-phase precipitation (coexisting ice pellets and trace supercooled rain) within the deep cold layer, maintaining the farm-wide shutdown.
Less than a week after its inauguration, the second Trump administration issued a blanket stop-work order for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the largest national humanitarian donor. The social and political effects of abrupt aid withdrawal are poorly understood, especially in fragile states where relief is a key safety net. We provide quasi-experimental evidence on the shutdown's impact on subnational conflict across Africa. Leveraging historical exposure to USAID programs, we show that conflict increased sharply after the shutdown in areas that previously received the most support. The increase spanned incidence and severity, including armed clashes, protests, and riots. The effects appeared immediately and persisted for months. Inclusive local institutions substantially mitigated these harms, underscoring vulnerability under weak governance and the capacity of institutions to buffer humanitarian and economic shocks.
Membrane distillation (MD) is an attractive technology for desalination driven by renewable energy and low-grade heat sources. However, specific practical guidelines for intermittent operations, typical of such alternative energy sources, are still limited-particularly with respect to established shutdown measures to mitigate adverse effects on the overall system performance. The present study compares continuous and intermittent air-gap MD desalination at a lab-scale by evaluating performance parameters and scaling development. Apart from a slightly lower distillate productivity and a similar distillate quality under intermittent conditions, no direct difference in MD performance between continuous and intermittent experiments was detected. Nevertheless, online monitoring by image analysis with optical coherence tomography revealed more advanced scaling development during intermittent operation, with larger scaling volumes and cover ratios, particularly after implementing a membrane rinsing and preservation protocol with demineralized water. Membrane autopsies revealed that intermittency led to alterations in the development of the crystal morphology of predominantly CaCO3 scaling. These changes were attributed to enhanced nucleation and modified growth kinetics triggered by recurring shutdown and start-up phases. Overall, the findings showed that intermittency had an adverse effect in terms of scaling behavior, highlighting the need for operating protocols tailored to each specific MD application.
The Human Silencing Hub (HUSH) complex safeguards genome integrity in human somatic cells, repressing transposable elements and regulating type I interferon (IFN-I) induction. Here, we use depletion of MPP8 in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as a tool to investigate epigenetic control of the IFN-I system in early development. We confirmed that human iPSCs display an attenuated IFN-I pathway, whereas iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) respond robustly to IFN-I pathway agonists. We found that, in iPSCs, depletion of MPP8 was sufficient to induce expression of young LINE-1 elements and genes linked to the IFN-I system including double-stranded RNA sensors and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). ISG upregulation occurred without IFN-I signalling, suggesting that, in contrast to differentiated cells, this ISG regulation is uncoupled from nucleic acid sensing specifically in early development. Chromatin profiling confirmed MPP8 enrichment at HUSH-regulated ISGs and revealed a bimodal binding profile of MPP8 to both ISGs and non-ISGs, the latter largely driven by young LINE-1 elements. We propose that shutdown of the IFN-I system in pluripotent stem cells is essential to prevent lethality from unwarranted self-nucleic acid sensing. This shutdown is achieved through a triple-layer of epigenetic lockdown targeting ligands, sensors, and effectors across the IFN-I pathway.
The paper focuses on detecting faults in tapered roller bearings to prevent unplanned shutdowns, accidents, and financial losses. Tapered roller bearings are an indispensable component used in mechanical applications, where handling of combined loads is required in rotating machinery. This study proposes a novel framework ConvECA-Net for advanced fault diagnosis of tapered roller bearings. This innovative architecture combines Efficient Channel Attention (ECA), adaptive kernel size strategy, and Leaky ReLU activation. This fault classification network is designed to classify five fault conditions in the tapered roller bearings. This proposed architecture is compared with deep learning algorithms such as ANN and ResNet50 and traditional machine learning algorithms such as SVM and RF. The proposed ConvECA-Net achieves a better classification accuracy of 95.07% and requires only 563 K trainable parameters and a model size of 2.2 MB. A systematic component-wise ablation study is conducted to validate that each component of this architectural design, namely ECA attention, adaptive kernel sizing, and Leaky-ReLU activation, individually and collectively contribute to the overall performance of this diagnostic model, as it achieves superior performance compared to its baseline variant by 5.45%. Cross-condition robustness is further established by evaluating this diagnostic model on three different rotational speeds and various load levels. Evaluation of noise robustness on this diagnostic model for various levels of Gaussian white noise and pink noise, further establishes its robustness of the proposed model. Further, Statistical validation of this diagnostic model is conducted by running this experiment ten times, using paired t-tests, Shapiro-Wilk normality tests, and stratified 5-fold cross-validation (94.82% ± 0.38%). Finally, analysis of computational efficiency of this diagnostic model reveals that it achieves 192 MFLOPs and an inference latency of 0.82 ms/sample, making it suitable for industrial condition monitoring systems of rotating machinery to prevent the plant shutdown.
Cyberattacks on health care institutions pose significant risks to patient care, particularly in radiotherapy departments, which are heavily reliant on digital systems. This study examines the impact of a ransomware attack on our hospital and evaluates the effectiveness of the contingency measures implemented to resume radiotherapy treatments. Following the cyberattack, our radiotherapy department faced a complete shutdown. After an initial estimate considering a shutdown of several weeks, a contingency plan was executed, including manual patient data retrieval and collaboration with a backup hospital. Contingency plans were prepared and delivered within hours, despite a partial lack of information. These plans allowed some patients to restart treatment 3 days after the attack. A dosimetric analysis was performed for the contingency plans, including various pathologies, mainly glioblastoma, head and neck cancers, and lung cancer. We compared the original and contingency plans in terms of dose coverage to the clinical target volume, biological effective dose, and their clinical impact as assessed at the 1‑year follow‑up after the cyberattack. Treatments resumed within 12 days at our hospital. Patients with glioblastoma showed good target coverage because of generous margins, resulting in favorable outcomes. In head and neck cases, the lack of detailed imaging led to significant target volume misses, suggesting that more conservative initial treatments could have been beneficial. Lung cases demonstrated accurate peripheral lesion targeting but faced challenges in central lesions because of the absence of positron emission tomography information. In most cases, the approach of using a contingency plan, even with limited information, led to a higher biological effective dose than would have been achieved if treatment had been stopped until full recovery at our hospital. The study highlights the critical importance of robust contingency planning in radiotherapy departments, emphasizing the need for backup systems and tailored approaches based on tumor location and available diagnostic information. These lessons emphasize that preparedness for digital disruptions should not focus exclusively on information and technology infrastructure.
The 2025 Bondi Beach mass shooting of Jews was perpetrated by individuals inspired by ISIS (Islamic State) propaganda that increasingly featured anti-Semitic hate content following the October 2023 start of the Israel-Palestine war. There is an urgent need to get ahead of future threats by understanding how and when a newly created piece of hate content will spread systemwide online. We present a two-species coalescence-fragmentation model with susceptible-infected-recovered dynamics that incorporates the following published empirical features: (1) New pieces of hate content tend to be generated and promoted by a subset of in-built communities on less regulated platforms. (2) These ''hate'' communities create links (hyperlinks) with each other and with nonhate communities across all platforms to form dynamically evolving clusters (i.e., coalescence) across which new hate content can then spread. (3) These clusters can get broken up by moderator shutdowns (i.e., fragmentation). We present numerical solutions and derive two levels of approximate mean-field theory: effective medium theory and beyond effective medium theory. Both numerical and analytic solutions reveal that systemwide spreading is governed by reentrant threshold phases: as the fraction of hate communities varies, the system can transition from spreading to no spreading and back to spreading. The derived analytic formulas give explicit insight into how these phase boundaries might be manipulated to prevent systemwide spreading. More broadly, the reentrant phase behavior warns that policies which steadily reduce the number of hate communities can initially succeed but then backfire if pushed further, suggesting that blanket requirements for platforms to simply do ''more'' are oversimplistic.
Medical imaging devices are large consumers of electricity. This study aims to estimate potential energy savings through optimized CT examination scheduling using an ideal (hypothetical) lower-bound and a clinically realistic model. Examination timestamps and power consumption data of all CT examinations (n = 13,153) performed on three CT scanners in a tertiary care radiology department across 261 workdays in 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. CT examination scheduling was optimized using binary linear programming to minimize total scanner energy consumption. Two models were evaluated: a lower-bound model (LB model) allowing shutdown of all nonemergency scanners and a realistic model (R model) keeping one additional routine scanner continuously available during operating hours. Optimization problems were solved within seconds for each workday. Compared with observed clinical operation, the LB model achieved a reduction in daily energy consumption of 34.8% (34.2-35.5%), whereas the R model yielded an 11.0% (10.7-11.3%) reduction. These corresponded to estimated annual energy savings of 10,933 kWh and 3,460 kWh, respectively. For the R model, this translated to approximately $692 in annual cost savings and a reduction of 998 kgCO2-equivalent emissions, while preserving clinically feasible scanner availability. Optimization-based CT examination scheduling can substantially reduce energy consumption without additional hardware. Even under realistic workflow constraints, meaningful sustainability and cost benefits were observed. Automated, optimization-guided CT scheduling may represent a practical strategy to reduce the environmental footprint of radiology departments.
Singlet oxygen (1O2) is the main reactive oxygen species produced in chloroplasts, particularly under environmental stress conditions. Studies using the Arabidopsis conditional flu (flu1-1) mutant have shown that chloroplastic 1O2 acts as a signal, activating retrograde signaling that eventually leads to photoinhibition or cell death. Through a forward genetic screen for suppressors using ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-mutagenized Arabidopsis flu1-1/ex1 mutants, we isolated two suppressor mutants (mut1 and mut2) that restored 1O2-induced stress responses. Using combined methods of map-based cloning and high-throughput sequencing, we mapped the causal mutations in both mut1 and mut2 to the FLUORESCENT (FLU) gene again. We verified that the widely used flu1-1 is not the long-recognized null mutant, but rather a weak allele, encoding a variant that binds weakly to GluTR1 and leads to partial shutdown of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in the dark. We further found that the FLU-knockout mutants produce more 1O2, activating transcriptional changes, enzymatic lipid peroxidation, and programmed cell death (PCD) even in the absence of EX1. Overexpression of SAFE1 suppressed 1O2-induced PCD in mut2 in a dosage-dependent manner. Collectively, our findings redefine the nature of the widely used flu1-1 mutant and reveal that excessive 1O2 can overwhelm the inhibitory effect of endogenous SAFE1 and induce stress responses independently of EX1. 单线态氧(1O2)是叶绿体中产生的主要活性氧(ROS)，在环境胁迫条件下大量产生。对拟南芥突变体flu(flu1‐1)的研究表明，叶绿体1O2可作为信号分子，激活逆行信号转导，导致光抑制或细胞死亡。 通过对EMS诱变的拟南芥flu1‐1/ex1突变体进行抑制子筛选，我们分离到了两个突变体(mut1和mut2)，它们恢复了1O2诱导的胁迫响应。结合图位克隆与高通量测序方法，我们将mut1和mut2中导致抑制子表型的突变位点均定位到FLU基因上。 长期以来，flu1‐1一直被认为是一个FLU蛋白缺失的无效突变体。我们的这项研究表明flu1‐1是一个弱等位突变体，编码一种与GluTR结合较弱的FLUA262V蛋白，部分抑制黑暗中四吡咯生物合成。FLU功能敲除突变体会产生更多的1O2，即使在缺乏EX1的情况下也能激活转录变化、酶促脂质过氧化反应和程序性细胞死亡(PCD)。在mut2中，SAFE1的过表达以剂量依赖的方式抑制了1O2诱导的程序性细胞死亡。 综上所述，本研究结果重新定义了广泛使用的flu1‐1突变体的分子本质，并揭示过量的1O2能够突破内源SAFE1的抑制作用，以不依赖EX1的方式诱导胁迫响应。.
Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for tuberculosis, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We examined the host-Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) interaction in diabetes. Monocyte-derived macrophages from people with type 1 diabetes and healthy controls were infected with Mtb, and analyzed for host and Mtb gene expression and culture supernatant cytokines. Expression of antibacterial defense genes upon infection was mostly similar, but IFN-γ, both at RNA and protein level, was lower in macrophages from people with diabetes. Intracellular Mtb showed stress responses and a metabolic shutdown, both in macrophages from people with diabetes and controls. Expression of CYBB and other Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease genes strongly correlated with expression of Mtb cell wall and lipid genes in control macrophages, but much less so in diabetes. This rich dual RNA-seq dataset shows how type 1 diabetes may affect cross-talk between macrophages and Mtb, providing a valuable resource for future mechanistic studies.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe lower respiratory disease, yet how it reshapes airway epithelial cells and evades innate immunity remains incompletely understood. We infected adult primary human airway epithelial cultures with RSV and analyzed infected and bystander cells over time using single-cell RNA sequencing and imaging. RSV mainly infected ciliated cells, triggering a virus load-dependent shutdown of genes involved in ciliogenesis, antigen presentation, and innate sensing, including key interferon (IFN) and pattern recognition pathways. Only a subset of infected cells produced type I and III IFNs, while bystander cells exhibited strong IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) signatures. Neither IFN treatment nor ISG induction eliminated infection, but IRF1, an antiviral transcription factor not suppressed by RSV, remained robustly expressed. Ectopic IRF1 expression in vitro reduced viral replication. These findings reveal how RSV evades antiviral defenses and highlight IRF1 as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
Intermittently operated, tankless reverse osmosis (RO) systems are widely used in decentralized and point-of-use applications, yet water stagnation during idle periods remains a critical challenge, leading to degraded water quality, accelerated fouling, and performance loss. This study presents an experimentally validated engineering solution that eliminates stagnant water in intermittently operated RO systems. A dual-membrane RO configuration with flexible series-parallel switching was developed, enabling membranes to alternate between production and flushing modes. An adaptive control strategy, integrated into the system hardware, regulates membrane switching and flushing based on real-time feed-water quality. The proposed configuration and control framework was evaluated under representative intermittent operating conditions. Experimental results show that the zero-stagnant-water strategy effectively prevents residual water accumulation during shutdown and maintains stable permeate quality, with total dissolved solids consistently below 10 mg/L. Long-term testing further demonstrates reduced membrane fouling and slower performance degradation compared with conventional fixed-operation schemes, resulting in enhanced desalination efficiency and operational stability. Owing to its modular design and simple control logic, the proposed approach is readily transferable to decentralized and point-of-use membrane water treatment systems requiring reliable, high-quality water under intermittent operation.
Ultrasonic motors (USMs) inherently exhibit a finite mechanical resolution and pronounced residual vibration once the driving signal is removed, limiting their suitability for ultra-precision positioning. This paper introduces an active-brake circuit that momentarily short-circuits the transformer primary at shutdown, releases stored energy, and forces the stator to enter the vibration attenuation state. The technique reduces the minimum incremental step by 75.38% (from 22.14arcsec to 5.45arcsec) and suppresses normalized overshoot from 77% to 68% across the entire operational frequency band. Owing to its low component count-only a single relay-the active-brake module can be retrofitted to any existing transformer-based USM driver without modifying steady-state drive parameters or control firmware. It offers an immediate hardware-level upgrade for high-precision positioning, lithography, and precision-optics applications.
The poor thermal stability of commercial polyethylene (PE) separators hinders the further application of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), yet previous modifications struggle to balance between safety and electrochemical performance. This study proposes an interface modification strategy by forming a poly(melamine terephthalamide) (PTM) coating on the PE separator surface, constructing a "thermal-mechanical-electrochemical synergistic barrier". The PTMs@PE separator achieves synergistic improvements in thermal shutdown behavior, thermal stability, mechanical strength, and electrochemical compatibility by taking advantage of the temperature-sensitive response of the PE separator, the flame-retardants of the rigid conjugated skeleton with the high nitrogen of PTM, and the electrolyte-affinity of its functional groups. Importantly, the principles between the molecular structure of the PTM coating and the thermal behavior is verified. The results demonstrate that PTM participates in the decomposition process of the PE separator and slows down the degradation rate of the PE chain structure, thereby resulting in a wide-temperature-range thermal shutdown temperature. The PTMs@PE effectively reduces the risk of runaway. The PTMs@PE separator achieves outstanding electrochemical compatibility, achieving a capacity retention rate of 99.27% at 2 C for 500 cycles. Notably, the separator shows high potential for scalable fabrication. This work provides a novel material system and technical pathway for developing highly safe and high-performance LIB separators.
Fungal germination is a critical developmental transition that underlies environmental adaptation and pathogenicity, yet how the cell wall is molecularly reprogrammed during this process remains poorly understood. Here we show that germination of Rhizopus delemar involves a developmentally programmed transition from a β-1,3-glucan-rich dormant scaffold to a chitin-chitosan-dominated polarized wall. Using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and cytochemistry approaches, we show that resting conidia contains a rigid β-1,3-glucan- and chitosan-rich core beneath a persistent melanin layer. During swelling, this architecture is largely maintained, but germ tube emergence triggers complete shutdown of β-1,3-glucan synthesis and extensive chitin-chitosan enrichment. Distinct chitosan polymorphs are selectively enriched, while mobile polysaccharides are progressively incorporated into the rigid scaffold. This remodeling enhances neutrophil recognition of swollen and germinating conidia. Our study reveals a molecular mechanism linking fungal morphogenesis, cell wall remodeling, and morphotype-specific immune exposure during mucormycosis.