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This study assesses the integration of frontier large language models including tools such as optical character recognition (OCR) into the scientific peer review process to detect invisible text injection in an article under review.
Accurate diagnosis of neurodegenerative movement disorders is challenging because of a lack of in vivo biomarkers, overlapping clinical features, and a delay in the emergence of pathognomonic features. To evaluate clinicopathological correlation, diagnostic accuracy, genetic association with pathology, and ancestry-related differences in a multiancestry brain bank cohort. This was a multicenter, retrospective, autopsy-confirmed cross-sectional brain bank study on donors enrolled between 1985 and 2024. Included were donors from 11 academic brain banks in the UK, US, and Australia. Among brain donors with available genetic data from participating brain banks, included were individuals with clinical diagnoses of Parkinson disease, Parkinson disease dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal syndrome, multiple system atrophy, or neurologically normal controls. Genetic variant carrier status and clinical diagnostic category. Outcomes included clinical diagnostic accuracy, Lewy body and Alzheimer disease pathology burden, survival, association with genetic variants, and genetically inferred ancestry. Among 5648 brain donors with available genetic data, a total of 3353 eligible donors (mean [SD] age at death, 76.8 [10.6] years; 2072 male [61.8%]) were included. Misdiagnosis rates for movement disorders ranged approximately from 10% to 20%. Clinical diagnoses of dementia with parkinsonism (ie, Parkinson disease dementia and DLB) were more strongly associated with Lewy body pathology than Parkinson disease without dementia (odds ratio [OR], 1.96; 95% CI, 1.30-3.04; P = 7.2 × 10-4). Lewy pathology was identified in 33 of 745 of neurologically normal controls (4.4%). Alzheimer disease copathology was present in 426 of 1064 cases (40.0%) with Lewy body disease. Carriers of the GBA1 variant exhibited greater Lewy body burden compared with noncarriers (OR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.24-3.03; P = .01) or carriers of the LRRK2 variant (OR, 7.44; 95% CI, 2.16-25.64; P = .01). Pathological diagnoses differed by ancestry, with South Asian donors more likely to have progressive supranuclear palsy pathology and Ashkenazi Jewish donors more likely to have Lewy body disease (χ22 = 35.5; P < .001), independent of GBA1 and LRRK2 variant status. Findings of this cross-sectional brain bank study highlight the value of integrating genetic and pathological data to improve diagnostic accuracy. The high prevalence of Alzheimer disease copathology and ancestry-associated differences in pathology point to the need for biologically informed diagnostic tools. These results suggest supporting the integration of genetically and pathologically stratified approaches, correlating pathology with in vivo biomarkers, for future therapeutic trials.
Emerging findings suggest that older adults rely more on gist-based representations of an event's general meaning than on verbatim representations of surface details during decision making. This tendency is often attributed to age-related cognitive changes and accumulated life experience. However, the extent to which older adults rely on gist representations for pragmatic decision making based on linguistic information remains unclear. To address this gap, we used a recognition probe task to compare how older and younger adults' gist representations of general meaning influence pragmatic comprehension when interpreting implicit speech acts (ISAs), in which intentions are conveyed without an explicit performative verb. The task elicited automatic recognition of intentions from ISAs and involved conversations ending with a target remark conveying an ISA, such as "I couldn't have done it without you," followed by a probe word capturing the implied intention, for example, "thank." Participants judged whether the probe word had literally occurred in the final remark. We hypothesized that if participants automatically accessed the implied intention of ISAs, this gist activation would interfere with verbatim-based probe judgments, resulting in longer reaction times relative to a non-ISA control condition. The results from 34 younger (M = 21.8 years) and 34 older (M = 72.3 years) native Japanese speakers showed that older participants exhibited significantly longer reaction times in the ISA condition than in the control condition, whereas younger participants did not. These findings suggest that older adults demonstrate an advantage in gist-based processing, which may facilitate the interpretation of implicit pragmatic intentions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Racial-based traumatic stress (RBTS) is a well-established, transdiagnostic risk factor associated with mental and physical health concerns among people of color. RBTS may arise immediately following a discriminatory encounter or develop as a psychological response to repeated racial stress. Racial microaggressions, subtle, ambiguous discriminatory events, are particularly harmful, as their cumulative impact can contribute to significant psychological distress. Although prior research has documented strong, bidirectional links between racial microaggressions and posttraumatic stress, no study has examined the extent to which microaggressions predict RBTS or how individual risk and resilience factors shape this relationship. A racially diverse people of color sample (N = 880, Mage = 23.4, SD = 3.24) was recruited using an online cross-sectional survey assessing racial microaggressions, RBTS, psychological distress, coping, and ethnic identity. Structural equation modeling was used to examine parallel and moderated mediation models. Racial microaggressions predicted psychological distress indirectly through both immediate and current RBTS, with the direct effect nonsignificant, indicating full mediation. Negative coping strengthened, whereas positive coping weakened, the links between microaggressions and RBTS. Affirmed ethnic identity showed mixed effects, offering protection when adaptive coping was high and maladaptive coping was low. Conditional indirect effects indicated that trauma pathways were strongest under high negative coping and low positive coping. These findings suggest that racial microaggressions contribute to distress chiefly through trauma-related mechanisms, including immediate reactions. Coping strategies and ethnic identity shaped these pathways, underscoring the clinical value of fostering adaptive coping and identity-affirming practices. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Benzodiazepine (BZ) use concerns have escalated in the wake of the opioid crisis, including increased overdose risk from co-use of BZ and opioids. Research evidence to inform clinical management of this issue is currently lacking. This pilot trial examined acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of an intervention approach to reduce BZ use in adults who simultaneously take opioids. Forty participants with concomitant BZ and opioid prescriptions and significant anxiety symptoms were randomized to BZ taper with a cognitive-behavioral therapy protocol (BZT + CBT; n = 20) or BZ taper with a health education control (BZT + HE; n = 20). Both conditions were rated as logical (MBZT + CBT = 6.20; MBZT + HE = 7.29) and useful (MBZT + CBT = 6.78; MBZT + HE = 5.64), but treatment engagement was modest but similar between conditions. Approximately 60% of participants in both treatment conditions achieved at least a 50% reduction in BZ dose by the 2-month follow-up, reducing the risk of adverse drug-related outcomes. Differences between groups did not reach significance, but effect sizes indicated advantages for BZT + CBT over BZT + HE for anxiety severity at posttreatment (d = 0.86) and follow-up (d = 0.33), with similar findings for pain catastrophizing and anxiety sensitivity. The promising effect sizes obtained, along with evidence of adequate feasibility and acceptability, encourage further examination of the BZT + CBT approach. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Social event cognition draws on both higher level semantic processes and lower level mechanisms in visual perception. However, the interaction between these levels has not yet been precisely characterized. The present article investigates whether the visual perception of social events is encapsulated from the direct, top-down influence of semantic information. To test this, we leverage a phenomenon reflecting the visual perception of social relations: the two-body inversion effect. Across a series of experiments conducted on French-speaking participants (N = 373), we identified a novel semantic priming effect: Verbs (as opposed to nouns) selectively enhance responses to socially relevant stimuli. However, the two-body inversion effect itself was not influenced by this priming effect, suggesting that the visual perception of social events is encapsulated from higher level semantic processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from freshwater puddles in a meadow-shrub habitat near Skálholt, Iceland. Two Gram-positive, catalase-negative isolates were recovered and initially identified as Latilactobacillus sakei by MALDI-TOF MS. Whole-genome sequencing confirmed one isolate as L. sakei, whereas the second isolate represented a distinct lineage closely related to L. sakei. Genome sizes of both isolates were larger than previously reported for the genus, necessitating an emended description of Latilactobacillus. Comparative analyses showed that average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between the novel lineage and recognized Latilactobacillus species were ≤95.57% and ≤63.0%, respectively, supporting its recognition as a separate species. On the basis of genotypic, phylogenetic and phenotypic evidence, the name Latilactobacillus parasakei sp. nov. is proposed, with strain 5-91T (=LMG 34054T=DSM 120140T) as the type strain.
Parents' emotions, including dynamic modulation of parasympathetically mediated vagal activity and experienced emotion, may facilitate engagement in supportive emotion-related socialization behavior (ERSB). The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate within-parent, real-time associations between parent vagal responsivity and recalled emotional experience with parent ERSB. Fifty parents (92.0% female) and their school-aged (6-12 years) daughters (Mchildage = 9.18 years, SDchildage = 1.42 years; 44.9% White) completed a 6-min sad mood discussion followed by a video-mediated recall procedure to continuously rate their experienced emotion during the discussion. Dyadic electrocardiogram data were continuously collected. Coders coded parent ERSB from video-recorded discussions. Second-by-second estimates of parent respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), an index of vagal functioning, experienced emotion, and ERSB were obtained. Preliminary results suggested that, on average, in moments when parents exhibited relatively lower RSA, they were marginally more likely to engage in scaffolding. However, parents who exhibited relatively greater RSA and recalled more negative emotions in moments when they engaged in scaffolding exhibited more scaffolding behavior across the discussion. Concordance in RSA withdrawal and negative emotions was related to less use of acknowledgment. Parents who work harder to regulate their own emotions may struggle to acknowledge their child's emotions and scaffold their child's emotion understanding or facilitate problem-solving. Power analyses suggest future investigations would benefit from larger samples of at least 200 parents to assess between-parent correlates of within-parent processes. Results bear implications for future research that can inform prevention and intervention programs that seek to enhance parent ERSB. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
The International Collaboration on Undergraduate Psychology Outcomes project developed the International Competences for Undergraduate Psychology model to offer a globally relevant framework to provide a reference point for reflection on and development of foundational undergraduate psychology programs across diverse international settings. The project, guided by the International Collaboration on Undergraduate Psychology Outcomes Committee and advisory group members (120 across 47 nations), was inspired by the concepts of psychological literacy and global citizenship and informed by reviews of both overarching and specific competence frameworks. The model emerged through systematic, inclusive processes of scholarship, collaboration, consultation, analysis, and synthesis. It comprises 24 foundational competences across two core categories, psychological knowledge and psychological research methodologies and methods, and five psychology-relevant categories: values and ethics, cultural responsiveness and diversity, critical thinking and problem solving, communication and interpersonal skills, and personal and professional development. The International Competences for Undergraduate Psychology model, the first of its kind, addresses the need of stakeholders to understand how graduates of foundational psychology programs can contribute meaningfully to personal, work, and community contexts. It responds to epistemic imbalances, geographic biases, and the urgent need for culturally inclusive and contextually relevant educational frameworks at a critical time for psychology. Moreover, the model provides a foundation for a shift in the discipline of psychology toward more globally inclusive and impactful processes and outcomes. Rather than prescribing uniform standards, the International Competences for Undergraduate Psychology model offers an adaptable framework that can complement existing national or regional competence models. This approach ensures foundational psychology education aligns with current and future societal needs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
The concept of "screen time" dominates research, policy, and public discourse on digital technology use yet remains conceptually imprecise and methodologically inadequate. Collapsing diverse digital activities into a single duration-based metric oversimplifies the complexity of digital engagement and obscures how developmental context shapes its effects. In this article, we examine the limitations of time-based measures and propose an ecosystemic, context-sensitive framework grounded in Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory. We elaborate the concept of "virtual microsystems" to capture the layered physical and digital environments in which interactions occur across the lifespan. Drawing on empirical findings from early childhood through older adulthood, we demonstrate that heterogeneity in digital engagement, including mode of engagement, purpose of use, timing and context of use, content structure, and emotional valence, influences cognitive and mental health outcomes in developmentally distinct ways. By reframing digital engagement through an ecological lens, we identify clear directions for developing multidimensional assessment tools and flexible policy guidelines that reflect the diversity, quality, and context of digital experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
In medical image segmentation, inherent boundary ambiguity, tissue overlap, and weak intensity gradients often produce blurred or discontinuous edges, posing persistent challenges to accurate anatomical delineation. Although deep learning approaches have advanced segmentation performance, their capacity to model ambiguous boundaries remains limited, especially under scarce annotation conditions. To address this, we propose SBEM-UNet, a novel semisupervised learning framework that explicitly targets boundary blurring and discontinuity through two complementary components: the semantic boundary enhancement module (SBEM) and the contour enhancement decoder (CED). SBEM leverages multiscale semantic aggregation with attention mechanisms to enhance structural discriminability and semantic coherence, mitigating boundary-induced uncertainty and preserving fine-grained details, while CED performs fine-grained contour modeling via dynamic boundary extraction and adaptive global feature modulation, enabling precise localization of blurred or discontinuous anatomical edges. To further improve robustness under limited annotation, the framework incorporates pseudolabel consistency regularization within the semisupervised learning paradigm, facilitating effective feature self-calibration and generalization across diverse imaging conditions. Experiments on public benchmarks demonstrate that SBEM-UNet consistently surpasses existing semisupervised methods in both region-based accuracy and boundary delineation quality, highlighting its effectiveness and practical value in low-annotation clinical scenarios.
The journal's editorial team is exploring opportunities and challenges associated with the exponential development and widespread adoption of evolving artificial intelligence (AI) across the health and health care sectors. The continued advancement of integrated care will depend on the approaches we take today to identify responsible and appropriate uses of AI that support key tenets of integrated health care and team-based care delivery. How do we position ourselves to effectively leverage these new tools while maintaining and embracing the value of the people in the process? Since many AI applications are in early development, there are multiple challenges to consider. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
The National Neurological Conditions Surveillance System (NNCSS) is congressionally mandated to track the epidemiology of neurological conditions in the United States. Parkinson disease (PD) was selected as an initial condition, but methods for conducting PD surveillance are limited. To review evidence for, evaluate the performance of, and select data source types and case definitions for national PD surveillance. Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL, and Scopus were searched from January 1980 through November 2023; expert-identified and bibliographically mined references were included. Articles were screened and reviewed for eligibility from April 2020 to May 2024. Eligible articles included case definitions to produce population-based estimates and used data sources appropriate for population-level analyses. Study quality was assessed using Methodological Evaluation of Observational Research and Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2. Case definitions and data source types were evaluated using key attributes of public health surveillance systems (hereafter key attributes). A total of 156 articles, published between 2001 and 2023, were included. These articles largely used administrative data (140 [90%]), especially claims (102 [65%]). The 163 included case definitions varied substantially and were allocated into 6 groups along a spectrum according to likely inclusion and/or exclusion of other parkinsonisms (OP) and resulting misclassification bias. At one end, "PD probable" definitions (15 of 163 [9%]) removed most OP, maximizing specificity but likely missing some PD cases with limited or conflicting claims evidence. Alternatively, "PD possible" definitions (11 of 163 [7%]) captured PD cases with limited or conflicting evidence, maximizing sensitivity but likely including some OP. Case definitions' performance on key attributes varied widely. Claims performed best on key attributes. In this systematic review of PD case definitions for national surveillance, no single definition provided a precise estimate due to potential diagnostic uncertainty in PD's early stages and International Classification of Disease (ICD) coding limitations that preclude definitively distinguishing PD from OP in population-based data sources. The best-performing PD probable and PD possible case definitions were selected to use to establish an estimate range. The probable definition provides high diagnostic certainty of PD. The possible definition avoids missing PD cases with limited or conflicting evidence. This work demonstrated NNCSS's methods for selecting and reappraising case definitions and data source types, providing a foundation for NNCSS's PD surveillance and expansion to other neurological conditions.
The environmental transformation of engineered CeO2 nanoparticles is strongly mediated by natural organic matter (NOM); however, the interplay between NOM and light in regulating their fate remains unclear. Here, we systematically investigated the dissolution behavior of CeO2 in the presence of NOM under dark and illuminated conditions. Results revealed that NOM-induced Ce3+ release was significant in the dark but suppressed under visible light, which is a striking phenomenon validated in both aqueous and soil systems. Spectroscopic and microscopic analyses reveal that in the dark, the carbonyl-rich aliphatic components of NOM preferentially coordinate with Ce(III) at the oxygen vacancy sites of CeO2, promoting continuous ligand-driven Ce3+ release. Under visible light, however, the dominant interfacial redox pathway shifted. We found that the photoactivation of quinone chromophores within macromolecular NOM diverts interfacial electron transfer away from surface Ce(IV) reduction toward dissolved O2, initiating a cascade of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation that degrades NOM and stabilizes the CeO2 surface against dissolution. In contrast to previously reported light-enhanced dissolution of metal oxides by NOM, this work reveals that the effect of NOM photochemistry is fundamentally governed by the intrinsic dissolution pathway of the oxide and thus provides a conceptual basis for predicting when illumination will enhance or suppress metal release in natural environments.
Optimal blood pressure (BP) management after successful endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke remains uncertain, as intensive lowering has shown no benefit or potential harm in prior trials. To determine whether a reperfusion-guided systolic BP control strategy improves functional outcomes compared with guideline-recommended management after successful endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke. This investigator-initiated, multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label clinical trial with blinded end point assessment was conducted among adults with acute ischemic stroke due to anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion who achieved successful reperfusion (modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction [mTICI] score ≥2b) after endovascular therapy at 11 comprehensive stroke centers in Spain between June 14, 2021, and October 1, 2025, with 90-day follow-up. Data analysis was conducted from February 1 to March 12, 2026. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to a reperfusion-guided systolic BP strategy (140-160 mm Hg for mTICI score of 2b; 100-140 mm Hg for mTICI score of 2c/3) or guideline-recommended management (systolic BP <180 mm Hg) for 72 hours using antihypertensive agents or vasopressors as needed. The primary outcome was a favorable functional outcome, defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 2 at 90 days, assessed in the intention-to-treat population. Of 446 enrolled patients, 440 were included in the intention-to-treat analysis (mean age, 75 years; 53% women); 6 were excluded due to withdrawal or consent withdrawal. Among 440 patients (mean [SD] age, 75 [12] years; 233 [53.0%] women), 215 were assigned to the intervention group and 225 to the control group. At 90 days, 129 patients (60.0%) in the intervention group and 106 (47.1%) in the control group achieved a favorable functional outcome (absolute risk difference, 13.3%; 95% CI, 4.1%-22.6%; P = .005). Hemorrhagic transformation occurred in 48 patients (22.3%) in the intervention group and 71 (31.6%) in the control group (odds ratio, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.41-0.95). The rates of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (3.5% vs 3.9%) and 90-day mortality (15.4% vs 15.6%) did not differ between groups. Serious adverse events occurred in 34 patients (15.8%) in the intervention group and 27 (12.0%) in the control group. In this randomized clinical trial, a reperfusion-guided BP strategy improved functional outcomes and reduced hemorrhagic transformation without increasing major safety events, supporting a tailored approach to postthrombectomy BP management. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04892511.
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This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of cinnabarinic acid (CA) in regulating the barrier function and inflammatory responses of primary intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) derived from chicken embryos subjected to hyperthermia, so as to provide a theoretical basis for alleviating heat stress in broilers. The IECs were randomly divided into 4 groups, a thermoneutral group (37 °C), a hyperthermia group (43 °C), a hyperthermia + CA group and a hyperthermia + CA + aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) inhibitor group. A hyperthermia cell model was established by exposing IECs to 43 °C for 6 h, and the experimental treatments consisted of 1 µmol/L CA and 1 µmol/L AhR inhibitor. According to the results, the supplementation of 1 µmol/L CA into the basal culture medium markedly improved the relative cell viability of hyperthermia-treated IECs, decreased the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-1β in cell culture supernatants, downregulated the mRNA expression of heat shock protein (HSP)70, HSP90, claudin2, toll-like receptor (TLR)4, TLR5 and TLR21, increased AhR protein expression and the mRNA expression of occludin, increased the secretion of IL-22 of IECs treated with hyperthermia. Notably, the protective and regulatory effects of CA were markedly abolished by the AhR inhibitor under hyperthermic conditions. In conclusion, CA activated AhR in IECs, promoted IL-22 secretion, inhibited inflammatory responses, increased tight junction proteins genes expression, enhanced epithelial barrier integrity.
In this work, the impact of a GeO2 overlayer on the stability and optoelectronic properties of Pb-free Cs(Sn1-xGex)I3 perovskites is systematically investigated using first-principles calculations. Ge incorporation is found to substantially reduce the exciton binding energy relative to pristine CsSnI3, thereby promoting more efficient electron-hole separation and enhancing the potential for carrier extraction. Guided by this trend, Cs(Sn1-xGex)I3 (x = 0.25) slab models exposing the stable (001) surface were constructed, and both CsI- and MI2-terminated facets (M = Sn, Ge, as well as Ge-only) were examined. The resulting perovskite/GeO2 heterointerfaces display a pronounced dependence of structural rearrangements and band edge alignment on both composition and termination, allowing the identification of specific configurations that best preserve the desirable optoelectronic response. To better mirror experimental conditions, crystalline interface models were complemented by amorphous GeO2 structures, thus capturing the structural complexity of realistic germania capping layers. Taken together, these results provide a microscopic picture of how GeO2 overlayers can stabilize (Sn,Ge)-based halide perovskites while retaining electronic characteristics compatible with high-efficiency photovoltaic operation.
The paper explores the question of threats related to commercial processing of genetic data putting the analysis in the context of data capitalism. Modern technological, social and economic changes translate to development of huge databases and their commercial application. These phenomena concern processing of medical data and medical services too. The authors review the literature on risks associated with unauthorized use of personal data and present also some of the relevant legal acts. The focus is on problems arising from data subjects' decisions to provide their data to commercial controllers for lifestyle or genealogy testing purposes. While data subjects are in full right to consent to such processing, there are serious questions about further security of the data and control over their processing, which is especially problematic with genetic data, considering their unique nature. The paper illustrates this concern with the case of 23andMe and bankruptcy of this medical service provider, presenting the challenges of executing effective control over such actors, either by data subjects themselves or authorities. The paper highlights the need to update legal provisions to accommodate the processes occurring in the social environment.
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