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Although quarantines are vital for managing the spread of highly contagious livestock diseases, like foot and mouth disease (FMD) in East Africa, they can also create burdens for rural households whose livelihoods rely on the mobility and sale of their animals. In this paper, we used novel data from an outbreak of FMD to evaluate the importance of Ugandan livestock quarantines for 231 rural, livestock-owning households at the border of Uganda and Tanzania. Summary statistics and multivariate probit models evaluate the transboundary effects of quarantine restrictions on movement (human and international livestock movements, grazing) and sales (livestock products, live animals) and their relationship to household characteristics, country, and FMD virus infection. Results suggest that livestock movements and sales of live animals were important across both Tanzania and Uganda despite formal quarantine policies only in Uganda. FMD was strongly associated with quarantine restrictions, aligning with biosecurity goals, but households led by men and income diversity were also related to movements and grazing. Empirically, the results extend prior evidence from the study areas to show that herd infections shape the transboundary impact of public biosecurity practices but that differences between households can further affect quarantine response. Additional research is needed on connecting quarantine practices to specific changes in household biosecurity and exploring ways to minimize inequalities in disease response.

Tobacco advertising and promotion remain major drivers of tobacco use, particularly at points of sale (PoS). Ethiopia has enacted comprehensive tobacco control laws, including bans on TAPS at PoS. However, little is known about how these laws are implemented, monitored, and enforced in practice. This study explored the facilitators and barriers to implementing, monitoring compliance with, and enforcing TAPS laws at PoS in Ethiopia. Qualitative interviews with 41 key informants were conducted between December 2022 and January 2023 across 10 purposively selected cities. Participants included policy implementers and stakeholders from government agencies, civil society organizations (CSOs), and international partners. Participants were purposively selected from national and sub-national actors involved in tobacco control, including government agencies (MoH, EFDA, Ministry of Trade, regional health and trade authorities, regulatory bodies, and research institutions) and non-governmental stakeholders (WHO Ethiopia, professional associations, and CSOs). Semi-structured interview guides were developed and administered in local languages. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, translated into English, and analyzed thematically using ATLAS.ti software. Key facilitators included strong tobacco control laws (Proclamation No. 1112/2019), federal-level political commitment, and the national tobacco control committee (NTCC). Barriers included the absence of EFDA structures at lower administrative levels, a lack of regionally adapted tobacco control laws, limited dedicated tobacco control departments, unclear enforcement mandates, advertisement of illicit tobacco products, not being a prioritized agenda, low awareness among non-health departments and retailers, tobacco industry interference, and, in some areas, a culture that normalizes tobacco smoking. Strong legislation banning 100% of TAPS and the presence of a national tobacco control committee support implementation; however, enforcement remains limited by structural, operational, and socio-cultural challenges. Enhancing compliance requires strengthening regional regulations, establishing clear institutional frameworks, raising stakeholder awareness about the tactics of the tobacco industry, and ensuring adequate allocation of human and financial resources, particularly in regions with a high prevalence of illicit tobacco products, to achieve the intended public health impact of TAPS laws in Ethiopia.

Polysaccharide modulation is an effective strategy for tailoring the texture and stability of plant-based fat substitutes. This study investigated the modulatory effects of κ-carrageenan, konjac gum, and pullulan at three mass ratios (emulsion:polysaccharide = 5:1, 4:1, 3:1) on the stabilization of Pickering emulsion gels containing potato-soy protein composite nanoparticles. The results indicated that the modulatory effects were dependent on the type of polysaccharide. The pullulan group (3,1) imparted the smallest oil droplet size and optimal freeze-thaw stability to the emulsion; its gel water retention and oil retention reached 98.51% and 99.52%, respectively, with the best elasticity and cohesiveness. The κ-carrageenan group (3,1) maximized gel hardness and storage modulus, forming the network with the highest mechanical strength; konjac gum exhibited effects intermediate between the two. Mechanistically, polysaccharides act as physical fillers that synergize with proteins through steric exclusion and hydrogen bonding, promoting an increase in the content of α-helices and β-sheets; Raman spectroscopy confirmed the absence of covalent cross-linking. The dense, uniform network effectively converts free water into non-free water, reducing water mobility. This study elucidates the structure-property relationship between polysaccharide molecular characteristics and gel network configuration, providing a theoretical basis for designing plant-based fat substitutes with adjustable texture and controllable stability.

As natural bioactive macromolecules isolated from various berries, Berry polysaccharides (BPs) possess excellent biocompatibility, low toxicity and diverse health-promoting properties, which has garnered extensive interest in functional food and pharmaceutical research. Nevertheless, imperfect large-scale manufacturing processes, ambiguous structure-activity relationship (SAR) and limited metabolic research substantially impede their industrial transformation and practical application. This review systematically summarizes recent research advances on BPs, clarifies their preparation technologies, multifunctional bioactivities, molecular mechanisms, SAR rules, pharmacokinetic profiles and safety assessment, and highlights the cutting-edge technologies, so as to offer theoretical support for subsequent development and utilization of BPs. This comprehensive review was conducted to integrate and critically appraise the latest research progress on BPs, covering innovative preparation technologies, biological function exploration, structural-activity correlation analysis, pharmacokinetic profiles and cutting-edge interdisciplinary translational applications. Peer-reviewed literatures focusing on the extraction and purification, bioactivity evaluation, molecular mechanistic exploration, SAR analysis, pharmacokinetics and toxicological assessment of BPs were rigorously retrieved, screened and summarized for synthetic discussion. Novel eco-friendly extraction techniques, including ultrasonic-, microwave-, enzyme-assisted extraction and membrane separation are progressively replacing traditional extraction strategies. Berry polysaccharides display diverse bioactivities such as anti-inflammation, immunomodulation, hypoglycemia, hypolipidemia, neuroprotection and gut microbiota regulation via NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, MAPK, Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathways and short-chain fatty acid metabolism. Meanwhile, SAR studies identify the molecular weight, glycosidic linkage, branching patterns and spatial conformation as critical factors dominating their bioactivity and bioavailability. BPs exhibit low oral bioavailability but favorable safety profiles, relying primarily on intestinal microbiota metabolism. Notably, artificial intelligence, multi-omics and nanotechnology greatly accelerate the comprehensive research on BPs. This review systematically summarizes current research progress and application prospects of berry polysaccharides (BPs). It deepens the understanding of their structure-function correlations and molecular mechanisms, offering valuable references for the rational development and translational application of BPs in functional foods, pharmaceuticals and health-benificial products.

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Targeted marketing of tobacco products affects immigrant youth in the United States. Somali Americans may be more vulnerable because of the high prevalence of smoking among the population. This study therefore sought to determine the perceptions of male young adult Somali Americans in Salt Lake City about targeted social media marketing of e-cigarettes. We conducted three focus group sessions in May 2023 for males aged 21-25 years who self-identified as Somali Americans and had lived in Salt-Lake City for at least 6 months. A focus group guide was developed to explore the experiences and perceptions of social media marketing of e-cigarettes, and a deductive thematic analysis of the data was used to identify, analyze, and report patterns. There were twenty-four participants in three focus groups. Five main themes were identified, namely: 1) intrusiveness in relation to perceived access by third parties to social media history related to e-cigarettes; 2) vulnerability, including the tendency to feel overwhelmed by a lack of control over social media communication; 3) anxiety about the possibility of social exclusion due to e-cigarettes; 4) enjoyment of the glamor associated with e-cigarette product images and interaction with social media influencers: and 5) pro-active creativity which addresses mental activities done to truncate the flow of e-cigarette advertisement. The feeling of intrusiveness, vulnerability and increased anxiety among the participants are indicative of negative perception of their experiences. Although the feelings of enjoyment can potentially result in lowered risk perception of e-cigarettes, there is a need to further explore the experiences of proactive creativity among participants as it can be used in designing effective interventions to reduce e-cigarette use in this population.

A novel bilayer active packaging film was designed for chilled pork preservation to overcome the limitations of single-layer matrices. The inner food-contact layer comprised a chitosan matrix incorporating a tea tree oil (TTEO) Pickering emulsion to achieve sustained release of active agents. The outer layer consisted of gelatin embedded with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) to provide external barrier properties. This study systematically compared the structural and functional differences between the layer-by-layer casting method and traditional blending while optimizing the ZnO NP concentration. Results demonstrated that the layer-by-layer casting successfully generated a distinct structural interface, significantly improving the mechanical robustness and light-blocking capacity compared to blended films. The optimized bilayer film (loaded with 0.4% ZnO NPs) exhibited synergistic antibacterial and antioxidant effects. During chilled pork storage trials, this tailored bilayer structure effectively suppressed microbial proliferation and slowed lipid oxidation, reducing TBARS values by approximately 80% on Day 6 relative to the control. Consequently, the shelf life of chilled pork was safely extended to 6 days. This study offers a practical and structurally optimized biopolymer packaging strategy for the preservation of perishable meat products. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This optimized bilayer active film provides an eco-friendly packaging alternative for chilled pork. The layer-by-layer construction achieves controlled release of tea tree oil Pickering emulsion combined with zinc oxide nanoparticles, suppressing microbial reproduction and lipid oxidation of chilled pork and extending its shelf life. The fabrication approach is easy to implement, and the developed biopolymer film is suitable for fresh meat retail packaging. This work facilitates the industrial development of sustainable active packaging to lower postharvest losses of perishable meat products.

Tax reforms in emerging economies are increasingly being conceptualized as a tool of behavioral governance as opposed to being a tool of fiscal restructuring. This empirical research undertakes the behavioral implications of the GST 2.0 slab rationalization on voluntary tax compliance among Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) that are engaged in the automotive market of India. Drawing on an integrated theoretical construct incorporating the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB Theory), Tax Morale Theory (TM Theory), and the Slippery Slope Framework (SSF), the current research incorporates a mechanism-based model that outlines the extent to which cognitive appraisals, intrinsic moral motivation, and institutional trust all have an impact on compliance behavior. The survey data collected among the key stakeholders of MSMEs located in the main automotive industrial belts of Tamil Nadu, and analyzed through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) were used as empirical evidence. Findings suggest that positive attitudes and perceived social norms are not sufficient to reflect into voluntary compliance but instead, perceived behavioral control is the most salient antecedent, and Tax Morale is a pivotal mediating construct. Furthermore, Trust in tax authorities strengthens the relationship between subjective norms and tax morale, highlighting the importance of institutional credibility in shaping voluntary compliance behavior. Overall, the findings suggest that perceived capability, intrinsic moral motivation, and institutional trust jointly influence compliance behavior under GST 2.0. The study contributes to behavioral taxation literature by integrating cognitive, moral, and institutional perspectives within a unified framework and offers practical implications for designing trust-based tax reforms in emerging economies.

For many years, it is known as Nitrosamines are responsible for carcinogenicity in human. These nitroso-impurities were found detected in plastics, food items, cigarette, insect killer, water and alcoholic beverages. In 2018 EMA and USFDA claimed the presence of N-nitrosodimethylamine in valsartan used for the treatment of hypertension. Consequently, to assess the adverse effects of nitrosamine generation during storage, in the course of production, or through contaminated supply chains, regulators have issued many guidelines. Hence, there is a crucial need for accurate evaluation technique to measure nitroso-impurities in pharmaceutical products. According to the Carcinogenic Potency Categorization Approach, the allowable intake is 400 ng/day, which translates to an allowable limit of 16 ppm for a 25 mg daily dose. A study was then performed at 1.5 ppm relative to sample concentration, which is less than 10% of this limit. The main aim of this development to optimize and prove suitability of a new liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantitatively analyzing 3-amino-N-nitrosopiperidine (NTPA) in Alogliptin Benzoate (AGP), achieving detectable response of 0.03 ppm and quantifiable response value of 0.1 ppm relative to sample concentration. Current method was found to be linear with the coefficient of regression of 0.9979. Also, spiking study was performed by the calculating percentage spiked NTPA in the drug, which ranged from 96.67% to 100.14%. The results confirmed that the methodology was reliable, precise, robust and reproducible to quantify NTPA at 1.5 ppm in samples of 2.75 mg/mL concentration.

Menopause health services in China lie at the critical juncture of the "silver economy" and women's health. As society ages and health awareness grows, the needs of roughly 160 million middle-aged women are moving to the forefront, creating a vast blue ocean market. This study constructs a "Demand-Supply-Empowerment" Interaction Model, identifying the core market conflict as the clash between widespread "physical/psychological distress" and a "mismatched service system." We explore the authentic experiences, needs, and behaviors of contemporary Chinese women. Using web crawling, we gathered about 3 million Chinese characters of text from platforms like Xiaohongshu and Weibo (2020-2025). Applying Grounded Theory, a three-level coding analysis reveals that women are shifting from passive endurance to active management. Their core demand is for trustworthy, integrated health solutions. Consequently, the study identifies three key entrepreneurial opportunities: integrated health platforms, personalized products/services, and professional content with community operations. This research provides a new theoretical lens for understanding the market and offers practical insights for entrepreneurs, investors, and policymakers in related fields. Les services de santé liés à la ménopause en Chine se situent à la jonction critique de « l'économie argentée » et de la santé des femmes. Avec le vieillissement de la société et la sensibilisation accrue à la santé, les besoins d'environ 160 millions de femmes d'âge moyen passent au premier plan, créant un vaste marché en « océan bleu ». Cette étude construit un modèle d'interaction « Demande–Offre–Autonomisation », identifiant le conflit central du marché comme l'affrontement entre une « détresse physique/psychologique » répandue et un « système de services inadéquat ». Nous explorons les expériences, besoins et comportements authentiques des Chinoises contemporaines. Par web crawling, nous avons collecté environ 3 millions de sinogrammes de textes provenant de plateformes comme Xiaohongshu et Weibo (2020–2025). L'application de la Théorie Ancrée et une analyse à trois niveaux de codage révèlent que les femmes passent d'une endurance passive à une gestion active. Leur demande centrale est d'accéder à des solutions de santé intégrées et dignes de confiance. Par conséquent, l'étude identifie trois opportunités entrepreneuriales clés : des plateformes de santé intégrées, des produits/services personnalisés, et des contenus professionnels avec animation de communauté. Cette recherche offre une nouvelle perspective théorique pour comprendre ce marché et fournit des insights pratiques aux entrepreneurs, investisseurs et décideurs politiques des domaines concernés.

Due to the rise of global e-commerce platforms like Alibaba, online interactions between rural Chinese wig sellers and Black clients are increasing. However, the racial implications of such platform-mediated business relations remain underexplored. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in Xuchang, a leading distribution and export center for wigs products in the global supply chain, this research examines the active role of Alibaba in orchestrating, structuring, and shaping the racial knowledge formation of rural Chinese wig sellers in their daily online interactions with Black clients. We argue that the exploitative nature of platform capitalism creates stress and exhaustion among rural wig sellers and pushes them to draw narrow and hasty conclusions about Blackness that dovetail with racialized hierarchy in the global wig industry and logistics networks. This research bridges the gap between platform studies and critical race studies and contributes to the reconceptualization of relations between platform and race.

Resistance training improves bone health in patients with osteopenia, but high-load programs may not be ideal for everyone. This pilot study examined the effect of a progressive multimodal resistance training program on bone mineral density (BMD) in osteopenic women. Twenty older women (65.3 [3.23] years; 1.58 [0.08] m; 69.3 [12.9] kg) diagnosed with osteopenia were non-randomly assigned to experimental (n = 10) or control (n = 10) groups. After obtaining ethics approval and informed consent, experimental participants completed a 16-week multimodal resistance training program with varying muscle actions and range of motion (ROM). Lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD were assessed pre- and post-intervention by DXA. Estimation, robust, and Bayesian statistics were employed. The experimental group showed BMD increases at the lumbar spine (Δ=+0.05 (0.04) [95% CI: 0.03, 0.08] g·cm-2; dunb=0.20; p=0.026) and the femoral neck (Δ=+0.05 (0.03) [95% CI: 0.02, 0.07] g·cm-2; dunb=0.35; p=0.003), exceeding the predefined MCID threshold (+0.03 g·cm-2). No changes were found in control. Between-group comparisons favored the experimental group (lumbar: p=0.003; femoral: p=0.010). Bayesian ANCOVA provided strong support treatment effects (BFm>107; P(M|data)>0.96), consistent with frequentist ANCOVA findings (η²p>0.48). This non-randomized pilot intervention study found preliminary evidence that multimodal resistance training improved BMD in osteopenic older women. Findings are limited by sample size and support a future definitive trial.

Twisted and coiled polymer (TCP) actuators have recently been used in a broader range of robotic systems, largely because they combine muscle-like compliance with relatively high power density. For anthropomorphic robotic hands, this combination is useful in a very direct sense: the actuator must fit into a compact structure while still producing compliant finger motion. However, the coupled electro-thermal-mechanical response of TCP materials makes internal-state estimation difficult. It also complicates coordinated multi-finger actuation, especially when additional sensors cannot be easily embedded in a soft hand without increasing size, wiring complexity, or structural redundancy. In this work, we develop a synergistic control framework with temperature self-sensing for regulating multiple TCP actuator arrays in a soft dexterous hand. Electrical and mechanical signals are collected through an integrated sensing architecture, after which principal component analysis (PCA) is used to establish a low-dimensional relationship between input power commands and finger bending trajectories. To make the actuator response more tractable, the total contraction force is divided into a temperature-dependent component and a mechanical component. On this basis, a predictive thermal regulation model is constructed, allowing the TCP arrays to be controlled without relying on external temperature sensors. The framework was evaluated in Feix grasp-maintenance and grasp-transition experiments. Across three representative grasp-maintenance tasks with five repeated trials per condition, self-sensing control reduced the mean fingertip dispersion by 37.5-42.1% in the X direction and by 8.1-14.7% in the Y direction compared with open-loop actuation. The corresponding planar fingertip dispersion decreased by 16.3-36.5%. During grasp transitions, Dz changed by 1.4-30.7% across the four transition tasks, with pronounced reductions in Feix-09-10 and Feix-26-27-28, whereas Feix-12-13-14 showed only a small reduction. These results indicate that temperature self-sensing improves both trajectory repeatability and hand-level coordination in the TCP-driven dexterous hand.

Percutaneous left ventricular assist devices (pLVAD, such as Impella), are increasingly used for cardiogenic shock (CS). Outcomes may differ between acute myocardial infarction-related CS (AMI-CS) and non-AMI CS due to differing pathophysiology and trajectories. Using the USA TriNetX Network (2016-2024), we identified adults with CS treated withpLVAD. AMI-CS was defined by MI within seven days of implantation; non-AMI CS included all patients with CS not attributable to acute MI, representing heterogeneous etiologies such as decompensated cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, valvular failure, pulmonary vascular causes, and arrhythmic shock. Patients with recent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) were excluded. Propensity matching produced two balanced cohorts (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;2,026 each). Among 6,873 AMI-CS and 4,521 non-AMI CS patients, matched groups were similar (mean age 63&#x2009;years, 26% female). AMI-CS had higher mortality at 30&#x2009;days (hazard ratio [HR] 1.19, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.002), 90&#x2009;days (HR 1.13, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.02), and 180&#x2009;days (HR 1.14, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.007). Heart failure (HF) exacerbations (HR 1.21, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001) and pulmonary edema (HR 1.23, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.005) were also more common in AMI-CS. Stroke, ventricular arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, acute kidney injury, major bleeding, vascular complications, and hemodialysis were comparable. AMI-CS patients supported with pLVAD experienced higher mortality and greater HF-related morbidity than non-AMI CS.

Estonian households faced persistent financial hardship due to high out-of-pocket payments for outpatient prescription medicines. An "additional medicine benefit" was therefore introduced in 2003, which lowers co-payments once a person's spending for outpatient prescription medicine has reached a threshold. However uptake remained low due to administrative hurdles and lack of awareness. In response, Estonia reformed this benefit in 2018, including leveraging digital technologies to automate eligibility checks and benefit provision at the point of sale. This paper explores how Estonia developed, designed and implemented these digital technologies and analyses the reform's observed changes. This study employed a qualitative-dominant mixed-methods approach, including document reviews, key informant interviews, and analysis of administrative data from the Estonian Health Insurance Fund (EHIF). The WHO framework for assessing digital technologies in health financing guided data collection and thematic analysis. Built on Estonia's e-prescription system, the reform included lowering co-payment thresholds coupled with automating a member's benefit and enabling related real-time data exchange. The share of patients benefitting rose from 0.4% in 2017 to 15.6% in 2018, which is assumed to have contributed to decreasing the incidence of catastrophic health spending during the same time. Automation has significantly reduced the administrative burdens for EHIF, pharmacists and patients. Estonia's experience demonstrates how digital technologies support health financing reforms, contributing to increased efficiency, improved financial protection and utilization aligned with need. Yet, there is further potential to use existing data and digital technologies to better target benefits to those most in need.

Streptomyces spp. is renowned for their capacity to produce structurally diverse secondary metabolites with potent bioactivities, including antimicrobial, antitumor, and antioxidant properties. In the present study, an alkaliphilic strain, designated as Streptomyces S9, was isolated and taxonomically characterised through multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) using Streptomyces-specific primers. Extracted metabolites exhibited antimicrobial activity against Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp., Corynespora sp., Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sp., and E. coli. Genomic DNA from strain S9 was subjected to PCR-based screening to detect biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) including nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), type I and type II polyketide synthase (PKS I and PKS II), and monooxygenase genes involved in the synthesis of natural products. Targeted amplification revealed the presence of PKS II and monooxygenase gene fragments, indicating its genetic potential to biosynthesise aromatic polyketides. Bioactive secondary metabolites were extracted from the culture supernatant, fractionated using preparative thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and subsequently analysed using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Bioactivity-guided fractionation identified two active fractions (AA2 and AA3) with bactericidal and fungicidal activity. LC-HRMS/MS analysis tentatively indicated two high-molecular-weight metabolites with [M&#x2009;+&#x2009;H]+ ion peaks at m/z 1355 and 1342, whose fragmentation patterns are analogous to glycosylated angucycline-type scaffolds, pending full structural confirmation by NMR spectroscopy.

The objective of this study is to assess whether selected public Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) archive series contain archive-observable equipment-identity and Unique Device Identification (UDI)-related metadata needed for a bounded UDI-DICOM evidence-readiness workflow. We performed a metadata-only audit of DICOM headers without loading Pixel Data. The inferential unit was the selected public series, not each instance. The primary Imaging Data Commons (IDC) sample used one selected public series per successful collection, yielding 442 readable instances across 12 selected series. A supplementary sample from The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) added one selected TCGA-BRCA MR series with 49 readable instances. Synthetic controls, local Orthanc/DICOMweb metadata retrieval, and a Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) publication view tested covered software routes. At the selected-series level, a covered standard UDI-related signal was observed in 0/12 IDC series and 0/1 TCIA series. Within scanned records, manufacturer/model appeared in 442/442 IDC and 49/49 TCIA records; serial number appeared in 246/442 IDC and 0/49 TCIA records. Unique Device Identifier, UDI Sequence, and contributing-equipment UDI signal were 0/442 in IDC and 0/49 in TCIA. Synthetic controls detected covered UDI patterns; Orthanc/FHIR local round-trips passed. Basic equipment descriptors were available in selected public archive series, but no covered standard UDI-related signal was observed in the covered standard fields and sequence paths. The result is descriptive and may reflect de-identification, export, curation, or acquisition-era effects; it is not clinical, regulatory, real-device, or deployment validation.

This review comparatively evaluates the quantitative effects of non-thermal processing technologies on probiotic survival, metabolic stability, and functional performance across different strains and food matrices. A literature search identified relevant peer-reviewed studies, from which eligible original research articles were included for detailed synthesis. Recent quantitative evidence indicates that non-thermal technologies can enhance probiotic viability and functionality under controlled conditions. For example, ultrasound-assisted fermentation in a millet-based probiotic beverage containing Lactiplantibacillus plantarum reportedly reduced fermentation time by up to 2.6-fold and improved probiotic viability by approximately 1-1.5 log CFU/mL under specific treatment conditions. Similarly, high hydrostatic pressure treatments at 200-300&#x202f;MPa maintained probiotic counts in selected food systems, while pulsed electric field-assisted pretreatment within a specific spray-drying protocol elevated intracellular trehalose levels to approximately 100&#x202f;mM and achieved nearly 75% survival. Microencapsulation strategies and emerging biological approaches, including bacteriophage-related adaptations, further contribute to stress protection during processing. Overall, non-thermal technologies represent promising alternatives to conventional treatments; however, their effectiveness is strongly strain-dependent and requires precise optimization of processing parameters to ensure stability and functionality across diverse food systems.