Fresh-cut salads are increasingly recognized as possible carriers of foodborne pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes). As interest in their consumption rises, maintaining their microbiological safety is crucial. To this effort, this study aimed to evaluate Origanum vulgare (O. vulgare) subsp. Hirtum hydrolate as an antimicrobial washing solution for rocket salad spiked with the pathogen L. monocytogenes. First, in vitro investigations were performed to assess the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the hydrolate against three L. monocytogenes strains and analyze their growth potential at incremental hydrolate concentrations. Subsequently, the hydrolate was applied as a dipping solution to rocket salad (500 μL mL-1, 5 min) that was then stored at 4 °C for 48 h. Enumeration of the inoculated L. monocytogenes, as well as of the rocket salad microbiota, were performed. Physical-chemical (pH, aw, and color) and sensory characteristics were also evaluated. The treated samples showed a reduction of L. monocytogenes load (about 1.0 log CFU/g) and a modest effect on total mesophilic and psychrophilic counts, Bacillus spp., and lactic acid bacteria, compared with control samples washed with Phosphate-Buffered Saline solution (PBS). As a positive result, the treatment did not affect significantly the physical-chemical and sensory characteristics of the rocket salad during storage. The treatment demonstrated the antimicrobial potential of O. vulgare against L. monocytogenes while preserving product quality; however, further optimization is required to enhance effectiveness, particularly against contaminant microbiota.
This paper presents a performance analysis of a hybrid tilting pad journal bearing (TPJB) for reusable liquid methane (LCH4) turbopumps. The numerical model incorporates temperature- and pressure-dependent density and viscosity of LCH4 using fourth-order polynomial correlations based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) data. A bulk-flow thermohydrodynamic analysis solves the Reynolds and energy equations considering turbulence, compressibility, recess inertia effects, and thermal mixing. The model calculates the pressure and temperature fields using the finite element and finite difference methods, respectively. The results of the static load and length-to-diameter ratio identify the available load range for the present bearing geometry. The cryogenic LCH4 supplied through the recess locally suppresses temperature rise and produces spatial variations in its density and viscosity. The preload and radial clearance design can compensate for the limited load-carrying capacity of low-viscosity LCH4, while they also can increase friction coefficient and temperature rise. The supply pressure ratio is the dominant parameter because it strengthens hydrostatic support and compensates for the weak hydrodynamic effect of LCH4. In contrast, larger recess area weakens hydrostatic support and reduces dynamic coefficients. These results provide bearing-level design guidance for reusable LCH4 turbopumps.
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Allelopathy means that one plant produces chemical substances to affect the growth of other plants. Crop rotation is considered as a potential strategy to alleviate the allelopathic inhibition. So, it is important to identify rotation crops with wide availability and low inhibitory effects. In this study, the allelopathic potential of soil extracts was investigated on the germination, seedling growth, biomass, and biochemical parameters (malondialdehyde, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidant enzyme activities) of five crops, by a series of laboratory experiments. Firstly, both soil water extracts (SWE) and soil ethanol extracts (SEE) exhibited allelopathic inhibition on the seed germination and the root length of all seedlings in a dose-dependent relationship. The SWE significantly promoted the shoot length of bok choy and Chinese lettuce, while the SEE had no significant effect in bok choy. The application of SEE resulted in a significant increase in the dry weight of bok choy and rocket. In contrast, SWE had a negligible effect on bok choy and lettuce. Both of them caused decrease in the dry weight of the other seedlings. Then, the allelopathic synthetic effect index of water/ethanol extracts was chemo-inhibitory, and the inhibitory effect increased with increasing extract concentration. The SWE had the strongest inhibition on rocket and the SEE on lettuce. Both of them had the weakest effect on bok choy. The extracts significantly inhibited the photosynthetic capacity in five crops, manifested as decrease in photosynthetic pigments and dose-dependent effects. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content in all crops increased in a dose-dependent manner, confirming that the extracts caused lipid peroxidation. However, the defense strategies of different crops vary significantly. There is crop with active defense, such as bok choy treated with SWE. It delayed oxidative damage by continuously upregulating the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). This is the key physiological mechanism for tolerance. There is also the oxidative stress failure type, as follows: CAT activity of rocket and cabbage increased, but the SOD activity did not increase by SEE. This reveals the physiological essence of their sensitivity-the lack of persistent scavenging ability for reactive oxygen species. Based on the inhibition of peroxidase (POD) and ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX), it is speculated that the extracts may inhibit the hydrogen peroxide scavenging pathway, which centered on the ascorbate-glutathione cycle. It is the fundamental reason why the continuous accumulation of MDA though SOD/CAT is up. This study confirmed the allelopathic effects of the water and ethanol extracts on five vegetable crops, and found that bok choy was less affected by them. The soil extracts affected the growth and development of seedlings by regulating their oxidative metabolism and photosynthetic capacity. These results support recommending pak choi as a rotation crop. This provides crops for subsequent field experiments and a new direction for next-step research on continuous cropping obstacles.
Solid rocket propellants based on hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), in which HTPB acts as the polymeric binder and fuel matrix, are widely used in aerospace propulsion. During storage, transport, and service, these composite energetic materials are exposed to sustained mechanical loads as well as environmental variations, which may induce time-dependent inelastic deformation. Such creep deformation can alter the grain geometry, affect combustion stability, and reduce the structural reliability of rocket motors. In this work, room-temperature tensile creep tests were conducted on an HTPB-based solid propellant under different stress levels. Several viscoelastic and power-law constitutive models were compared, and a composite time-hardening creep model was established to describe the experimental strain-time response. The model was further implemented in Abaqus through a Fortran user subroutine for finite element simulation. The results provide a useful basis for creep deformation assessment, formulation optimization, and structural reliability analysis of HTPB-based propellants.
This review synthesizes current knowledge on how greenhouse environmental conditions shape nitrate accumulation, nutritional quality, and shelf-life performance in lettuce, spinach, and rocket. Preharvest climate drivers interactively regulate nitrate reduction, pigment and phenolic biosynthesis, tissue structural integrity, and the physiological mechanisms determining postharvest longevity. These environmental effects influence postharvest performance by regulating carbohydrate reserves, antioxidant capacity, membrane stability, and calcium-mediated tissue integrity, which collectively determine the ability of harvested leaves to maintain metabolic homeostasis during storage. Light intensity and temperature exert the strongest influence, regulating carbon assimilation, nitrate reductase activity, and metabolic homeostasis. Adequate, well-distributed irradiance at moderate temperatures enhances chlorophyll, carotenoids, vitamin C, and phenolics while lowering nitrate levels. In contrast, low light or excessive heat suppress nitrate reduction, dilute pigments and antioxidants, and accelerate senescence. Relative air humidity (RH, via vapor pressure deficit), irrigation regime, and nutrient balance also affect quality by modulating water relations, calcium transport, and leaf structural integrity. Mild irrigation deficit and balanced nitrogen-potassium-calcium supply promote firmer tissues, reduced nitrate accumulation, and slower yellowing, whereas overirrigation or excessive nitrogen produces succulent leaves with limited storability. CO2 enrichment, diffuse-light films, and targeted mineral or biostimulant inputs can refine nutritional outcomes, although their effects are context-dependent and secondary to light and temperature. Species-specific sensitivities further guide climate optimization. Lettuce is particularly sensitive to low light and high RH, spinach is vulnerable to temperature-driven pigment loss, and rocket depends heavily on light quality and nitrogen balance to maintain antioxidant capacity and limit nitrate accumulation. Overall, harmonizing multiple environmental variables, rather than maximizing individual factors, offers the most effective pathway to achieving low nitrate levels, high nutritional density, and extended shelf life in greenhouse-grown leafy vegetables.
High-pressure liquid CO2 jets possess the characteristics of low-temperature cooling and dry, residue-free impact, which makes this technology particularly suitable for removing hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) propellant from decommissioned solid rocket motors. However, existing studies lack multi-objective optimization of impact efficiency and CO2 consumption, which limits their engineering applications and further promotion. In this study, a high-accuracy quadratic Response Surface Methodology (RSM) relating process parameters to damaged volume was established using a Box-Behnken design (BBD) combined with three-dimensional topography scanning. A theoretical model for CO2 consumption was developed based on the Homogeneous Equilibrium Model (HEM). On this basis, the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) was used to obtain the Pareto-optimal set for maximizing propellant damaged volume and minimizing CO2 consumption. The results indicate that nozzle diameter has the most significant effect on damaged volume and exhibits a strong interaction with jet pressure. The knee-point solution gives a jet pressure of 15.35 MPa, a stand-off distance of 5 mm, and a nozzle diameter of 1.8 mm. Compared with the initial condition, this compromise condition increases the damaged volume by 72% while increasing CO2 consumption by only 4.9%. Furthermore, the temperature in the impact zone was reduced to a minimum of -92.4 °C, with no thermal accumulation observed. These findings reveal the influence of liquid CO2 jet process parameters on impact efficiency and CO2 consumption, providing a theoretical basis and parameter references for its engineering application in the safe removal of propellants from decommissioned solid rocket motors.
Background: The 7 October 2023, terrorist attacks and the ensuing war led to widespread trauma exposure across Israel. This unprecedented event created a mass collective trauma, impacting millions through direct stressors like rocket fire and indirect exposure via graphic media. This study provides a novel, population-wide analysis of trauma exposure, distress symptoms, and resilience across individual, community, and national levels, during a period of prolonged conflict.Objective: To examine and characterise the circles of trauma exposure among the Israeli civilian population in relation to sociodemographic background, distress levels, and multilevel resilience indices following one year of prolonged war.Method: A national online survey (N = 1,927) was administered one year into the conflict. K-means clustering was used to identify differentiated groups based on mental health and resilience measures, further characterised by sociodemographic factors and trauma exposure.Results: Findings revealed distinct cluster profiles with differing patterns of distress and multi-level resilience. The most vulnerable cluster included more women, young adults, and low-income individuals and showed high distress alongside low resilience, whereas the most resilient profile was characterised by older age, higher income, and higher resilience alongside lower distress. Additional clusters reflected mixed patterns, including moderate distress with relatively elevated resilience. Overall, the results indicate that while trauma exposure is associated with distress levels, multi-level resilience indices can co-occur with varying levels of distress across profiles.Conclusions: Our study mapped multilevel resilience levels during an ongoing conflict and traumatic stress exposure, using k-means clustering approach, highlighting the interplay between personal, communal, and national factors in relation to mental health outcomes. Our findings underscore the importance of addressing resilience holistically, incorporating personal coping resources, social networks, and trust in public institutions, and further offers an updated perspective on the mutual influence between different levels of resilience. This study provides a unique, nationwide analysis of how individual, communal, and national resilience levels interact to influence mental health outcomes during a year of prolonged conflict.A national survey one year after the 7 October attacks identifies four distinct psychological clusters based on distress symptoms and resilience levels. ⁣Findings suggest targeted mental health interventions for at-risk populations: young adults, women, low-income individuals, and those with high war-related trauma exposure. Antecedentes: Los atentados terroristas del 7 de octubre de 2023 y la guerra posterior provocaron una exposición generalizada al trauma en todo Israel. Este acontecimiento sin precedentes generó un trauma colectivo masivo que afectó a millones de personas tanto por estresores directos, como el fuego de cohetes, como por exposición indirecta a través de contenido gráfico difundido en los medios de comunicación. Este estudio ofrece un análisis poblacional novedoso de la exposición al trauma, los síntomas de malestar psicológico y la resiliencia en los niveles individual, comunitario y nacional, durante un período de conflicto prolongado. Objetivo: Examinar y caracterizar los círculos de exposición al trauma en la población civil israelí en relación con las características sociodemográficas, los niveles de malestar y los índices de resiliencia multinivel, tras un año de guerra prolongada. Método: Se administró una encuesta nacional en línea (N = 1.927) al cumplirse un año del conflicto. Se utilizó un análisis de conglomerados de k-medias para identificar grupos diferenciados según medidas de salud mental y resiliencia, los cuales fueron posteriormente caracterizados en función de factores sociodemográficos y de exposición al trauma. Resultados: Los hallazgos mostraron que el conglomerado vulnerable incluía una mayor proporción de mujeres, adultos jóvenes y personas de bajos ingresos, mientras que el perfil resiliente se caracterizaba por mayor edad, ingresos más altos y niveles superiores de resiliencia multinivel. En conjunto, los resultados indican que, si bien la exposición extensa al trauma se asocia significativamente con la salud mental, una alta resiliencia personal y comunitaria se vincula con un mejor funcionamiento psicológico a pesar de las amenazas persistentes. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio caracterizó los niveles de resiliencia multinivel en el contexto de un conflicto en curso y de exposición a estrés traumático, mediante un análisis de conglomerados de k-medias, destacando la interacción entre factores interpersonales, comunitarios y nacionales en relación con los desenlaces en salud mental. Nuestros hallazgos subrayan la importancia de abordar la resiliencia de manera integral, incorporando recursos personales de afrontamiento, redes sociales y confianza en las instituciones públicas, y ofrecen además una perspectiva actualizada sobre la influencia recíproca entre los distintos niveles de resiliencia.
The combustion efficiency and energy release capacity of solid rocket propellants (SRPs) are predominantly determined by the thermal decomposition behavior of ammonium perchlorate (AP), the core oxidizer. Developing high-efficiency catalysts and deciphering their intrinsic catalytic mechanisms remain a critical challenge. In this work, Ti4+ substitution modulates the distance between Co-Co active sites, triggering a unique intersite distance effect (ISDE) in hierarchical porous Co2TiO4 nanoflower catalysts. Their catalytic performance and intrinsic mechanism for AP thermal decomposition were systematically investigated. The shorter Co-Co active site distance enhances the electronic synergistic effect by enabling a stable "bridged adsorption" dual-site mechanism, potentially breaking the scaling relations between intermediate adsorption energies, and thus significantly improving catalytic performance. This ISDE synergizes with the hierarchical porous structure, optimizing the electronic structure of Co sites (the d-band center shifts 0.3 eV toward the Fermi level), enhancing the adsorption and activation capacity of reaction intermediates, and regulating the NH3 oxidation pathway, increasing the selectivity of NO2 to 48.4%, accompanied by an accelerated decomposition rate and more concentrated exothermic behavior. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further verify that Ti substitution adjusts the surface electrostatic potential and adsorption energy of reactants, facilitating the cleavage of N-H and Cl-O bonds in NH3 and HClO4, respectively. This work clarifies the critical role of ISDE in mediating catalytic activity and provides a new theoretical paradigm for the rational design of high-performance bimetallic oxide catalysts for energetic material applications, particularly in SRPs.
During the operation of a solid rocket motor (SRM), the behavior of condensing particles impacting the wall significantly influences the internal structure and performance of the SRM. Especially under overload conditions, the condensate particles form local high-concentration particle flows due to inertia forces, continually eroding the surface of the insulation layer and nozzle, which seriously affects the SRM's operational safety. In this paper, the impact behavior of condensed particles in the SRM environment is systematically studied. First, the geometric model of alumina/aluminum composite droplets is established through theoretical analysis, and the contact angle of aluminum droplets in a liquid alumina environment is obtained for the first time. Second, based on the volume of fluid (VOF) method and adaptive mesh method, an innovative numerical method is proposed to simulate the collision process of composite droplets. Finally, the dynamic behavior and evolution mechanism of alumina/aluminum composite droplets impacting the wall are deeply analyzed, revealing the flow characteristics of burning aluminum droplets impacting the wall in different incident states. This research provides a theoretical basis for the analysis of multiphase flow in the SRM combustion chamber.
This qualitative study explores barriers to and facilitators of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use among individuals involved in the criminal legal system (CLS) in the Southern U.S. Through in-depth interviews with 72 participants on probation or parole across Florida, Kentucky, and North Carolina, we identified five key themes: (1) depersonalization of HIV risk, where participants acknowledged PrEP's value but excluded themselves as candidates; (2) stigma, including internalized, interpersonal, and structural barriers; (3) financial and insurance constraints, exacerbated in non-Medicaid expansion states; (4) medical mistrust stemming from negative carceral health care experiences; and (5) the unexpected role of research participation as a primary source of PrEP education. Findings align with and extend existing literature on marginalized populations, highlighting the need for tailored interventions addressing systemic, institutional, and community-level barriers. This study underscores the urgency of centering lived experience and policy innovation to improve PrEP access for this high-risk population.
Hydrocarbon fuels are a vital component of the global energy supply, owing to their excellent energy density and high burnability. It has been demonstrated that the addition of atomically precise cluster materials to hydrocarbon fuels as additives is a promising approach to achieve breakthroughs in improving their combustion performance. Though cluster materials show great potential in boosting combustion performance, their large-scale synthesis, insufficient thermochemical stability, agglomeration and deactivation have constrained their practical applications. Hence, researchers have adopted strategies such as ligand-engineered stabilization, carrier-confined encapsulation, in situ synthesis and surface functionalization to enhance their stability and dispersion in complex combustion environments. Meanwhile, studies on the compatibility of cluster materials with hydrocarbon fuels have also played a crucial role in evaluating the engineering feasibility of cluster materials, including their dissolution and dispersion behavior, interfacial interactions, and long-term storage stability. With regard to performance enhancement, it has been demonstrated through numerous studies that the addition of clusters can have a massive impact on combustion efficiency, thermal stability and ignition performance. This article reviews the ways cluster materials can improve combustion performance via molecular design and synergistic effects, extending the existing research.
High-dose inactivated influenza vaccine (HD-IIV) was developed to enhance immune responses in older adults and has demonstrated superior protection against laboratory-confirmed influenza (LCI) and severe outcomes vs standard-dose inactivated influenza vaccine (SD-IIV). A comprehensive meta-analysis of recent large-scale trials is warranted. To synthesize all evidence from randomized clinical trials comparing HD-IIV with SD-IIV for prevention of hospitalization events and mortality in older adults. Studies published between December 31, 2009, and September 15, 2025, on PubMed and Embase. Additional data were obtained from trial sponsors. Randomized clinical trials comparing HD-IIV with SD-IIV in older adults during at least 1 influenza season were eligible. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses reporting guideline. Unpublished subgroup and outcome data were obtained to enable detailed analyses. Combined relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) estimates were calculated with fixed-effects models, with sensitivity analyses using random-effects models. Hospitalizations for influenza, LCI, pneumonia or influenza, cardiorespiratory disease, and all causes and all-cause mortality. Primary analyses included adults 65 years or older, and secondary analyses included prespecified subgroups by age and cardiovascular disease. Eight randomized clinical trials including 605 098 participants were identified, with 5 enrolling older adults from the general population (aged ≥65 years), 2 enrolling nursing home residents (aged ≥65 years), and 1 enrolling patients with cardiovascular disease. Compared with SD-IIV, HD-IIV was associated with significantly reduced hospitalizations for influenza (rVE, 38.5%; 95% CI, 26.5%-48.5%), LCI (rVE, 31.2%; 95% CI, 19.3%-41.4%), pneumonia or influenza (rVE, 11.5%; 95% CI, 5.9%-16.8%), cardiorespiratory disease (rVE, 7.5%; 95% CI, 4.7%-10.3%), and all causes (rVE, 3.3%; 95% CI, 1.8%-4.8%). Mortality did not differ significantly between groups (rVE, 0.9%; 95% CI, -2.1% to 3.8%). Results were overall consistent across subgroup and sensitivity analyses. This meta-analysis provides a comprehensive synthesis of evidence from randomized clinical trials comparing HD-IIV with SD-IIV in older adults. HD-IIV was associated with improved protection against hospitalization outcomes, from LCI to all causes, but was not associated with improvement of all-cause mortality. These findings may inform decision-makers in developing vaccine recommendations and policies.
Distant metastases (DM) in differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) are uncommon but markedly worsen patient prognosis. Existing risk prediction models frequently show limited accuracy because key clinicopathological predictors are not fully integrated. This study aimed to identify risk factors for DM and to develop a decision tree-based predictive model. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 15,591 patients with DTC who underwent initial surgery at three tertiary centers between 2000 and 2018. Thirty-seven patients with DM and complete clinicopathological data constituted Cohort 1 (training set), whereas 14 comparable cases formed Cohort 2 (validation set). A 4:1 ratio-matched control group was generated by random sampling of patients with postoperative no evidence of disease (NED), matched for age, sex, and year of surgery. Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated significant differences (P < 0.001) between the DM and NED cohorts in median age, extrathyroidal extension (ETE), AJCC stage, tumor location, histological subtype, and primary tumor diameter. Decision tree and random forest analyses identified AJCC stage and tumor diameter as the most influential predictors of DM. A predictive model incorporating these variables achieved perfect classification accuracy, which was confirmed through external validation. In cases with metachronous metastases, histological subtype and ETE independently predicted survival outcomes. This study statistically optimized the weighting of risk factors for DM prediction in DTC, emphasizing AJCC stage and tumor diameter as dominant determinants. The resulting model demonstrated high accuracy and may support clinical decision-making for personalized patient management as a risk stratification tool.
The thermal conductivity of energetic molecular crystals is a critical safety parameter, yet its temperature dependence remains poorly understood from a mode-resolved perspective. Here, we elucidate the underlying mechanisms in ε-CL-20 by integrating a high-accuracy, machine-learned potential with comprehensive vibrational-dynamics analysis. Using transfer learning, we fine-tuned a neuroevolution potential that reproduces DFT-level accuracy. The anisotropic thermal conductivity, calculated with this potential, decreases significantly from 200 to 400 K. Spectral energy density analysis reveals that this decline originates from a universal shortening of phonon lifetimes and a crossover from particle-like propagation to wave-like tunneling. Full unit-cell mode-projection analysis demonstrates that temperature selectively strengthens anharmonic couplings between N-NO2 bending vibrations and cage-skeleton deformation modes. Nonequilibrium mode-excitation simulations further reveal that the cage-deformation mode acts as an energy-flux hub, directing thermal energy toward nitro-group vibrations, with a temperature-gated redistribution of dominant receiving channels. Crucially, the wave-like tunneling channels and the mode-mode coupling pathways are two manifestations of the same anharmonic network. The degradation of heat conduction and the funneling of energy toward reactive trigger bonds are therefore two sides of the same coin. Under rapid external loading, the inward flux overwhelms dissipative backflow, driving vibrational-amplitude growth and bond cleavage. This work provides phonon-resolved dynamic evidence directly linking macroscopic heat conduction to the microscopic initiation of chemical reactions and paves the way toward a general framework for investigating energy-flux networks in complex molecular solids.
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Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) is a widely used high-energy liquid propellant known for its extreme flammability and explosiveness. During storage or handling, any leakage of UDMH poses significant safety risks due to its volatility and reactivity, potentially resulting in fire or detonation. Conventional water spray methods are inefficient and consume excessive water, underscoring the urgent need for advanced decontamination techniques to address UDMH leaks. Graphene oxide (GO) presents a promising solution due to its unique two-dimensional nanoscale structure and adjustable surface functional groups, which enhance molecular capture capabilities. In this study, an aqueous dispersion of GO at a concentration of 18 mg mL-1 was synthesized using a modified Hummers' method and further functionalized through carboxylation via an SN2 nucleophilic substitution mechanism. The morphological and structural properties of the resulting material were systematically characterized using SEM, TEM, XRD, Raman, FT-IR, and XPS. The carboxyl-rich graphene oxide demonstrated strong inhibitory effects on UDMH vapor release, primarily through chemical adsorption. Specifically, 4 mL of the modified GO achieved a 23.1% inhibition efficiency against UDMH emissions from a 0.5 g L-1 solution. To improve decontamination performance, the decontaminant was formulated with Lewis acidic metal ions and the surfactant sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS). Metal ions such as Fe3+ and Cu2+ improved inhibition through acid-base neutralization, in situ coordination reactions, and interfacial modulation. Results showed that 10 mmol L-1 Fe3+ increased the inhibition rate to 36%, while 90 mmol L-1 Cu2+ raised it to 32.4%. SDBS contributed through micelle formation and interactions with the organic components of UDMH, enabling 0.5 g L-1 of SDBS to boost inhibition to 35.1%. This work demonstrates the potential of functionalized graphene oxide-based formulations as effective decontamination agents for hazardous energetic substances, offering a viable strategy for emergency response to energy leaks.
The AACP Academic Affairs Committee (2025-2026) was charged with continuing to advance Competency-Based Pharmacy Education (CBPE) efforts. Specifically, the committee was asked to develop and pilot readiness-to-change instruments for faculty, administrators, preceptors, and learners, as well as to develop recommendations for the training and development of coaches in the context of CBPE. A national Delphi panel and stakeholder focus groups informed the development of the instruments. A scoping review focused on the training and development of coaches was completed. This report summarizes CBPE work to date and outlines practical recommendations and suggestions based on our findings and a thorough review of the published literature. While AACP is uniquely positioned to lead this conversation, offer faculty and staff development, and develop frameworks and guidance, individual institutions can make meaningful progress by assessing organizational and individual readiness, building programmatic assessment capacity, and developing effective coaches. Although agreement has not yet been fully achieved around CBPE language, concepts, or implementation, preparing the profession to adopt a coherent CBPE model capable of meeting the evolving needs of learners, practice, and society is necessary.
Slope-reducing high tibial osteotomy (SRO-HTO) surgically corrects elevated posterior tibial slope (PTS) and is often performed in the setting of failed anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Lateral supratubercle angle (LSTA) quantifies the supratubercle component of elevated PTS, but the infratubercle component of elevated PTS has not been quantified. The purpose of this study was to describe and establish mean values for lateral infratubercle angle (LITA) within non-ACL tear, primary ACL tear, and ACL graft tear cohorts. It was hypothesized that LITA would differ between non-ACL tear and ACL graft tear cohorts, would positively correlate with PTS elevation, and, when used with LSTA, would localize the deformity leading to PTS elevation. Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Patients seen for a knee complaint were categorized into non-ACL tear, primary ACL tear, or ACL graft tear cohorts. PTS, LSTA, and LITA were measured on full-length lateral (FLL) tibia radiographs. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each measurement and cohort, and comparisons were performed using a 1-way analysis of variance with a Bonferroni correction (P < .01 indicating statistical significance). The non-ACL tear cohort's mean LITA value served as the cutoff. Pearson's correlation determined the relationship between elevated PTS with LITA and LSTA. P < .05 indicated statistical significance. A total of 300 patients were included, 100 per cohort. The mean LITA in the non-ACL tear, primary ACL tear, and ACL graft tear cohorts were 89°± 4.6°, 90.7°± 5.8°, and 92°± 5°, respectively. Significant differences existed in LITA between the non-ACL tear and ACL graft tear cohorts (P < .001). Within the ACL graft tear cohort, 74.4% (64/86) of patients with elevated medial or lateral PTS (PTS-M/L) had elevated LITA, regardless of LSTA elevation status. Significant positive correlations existed between PTS-M/L and LITA in the non-ACL tear (P = .011/P = .004), primary ACL tear (P = .002/P = .029), and ACL graft tear cohorts (P < .001/P < .001/P < .001). LITA is a novel measurement, with distinct anatomic landmarks, that quantifies infratubercle deformity and can be easily incorporated into FLL radiographic assessment. Elevated LITA was present in most patients with elevated PTS in both the primary ACL tear and ACL graft tear cohorts, indicating a contribution from infratubercle deformity. We recommend utilizing LITA and LSTA with PTS to quantify region-specific proximal sagittal deformity. Future studies should determine whether this quantification can help surgeons select the SRO-HTO technique and influence outcomes.
The inherent inertness of carbon fiber surfaces severely limits the interfacial bonding with epoxy resin matrices, while existing modification methods often damage the fiber's intrinsic strength or involve complex processes. In this work, domestic T700 carbon fibers were modified via a two-step mild strategy: carboxylation activation with 65% concentrated nitric acid followed by polyethylenimine (PEI) covalent grafting, to construct a functional interface synergized by rigid carboxyl groups and flexible PEI segments. Surface chemistry, wettability, and mechanical properties were systematically characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact-angle measurement, and single-filament tensile testing. Results show that concentrated nitric acid etching efficiently introduces oxygen-containing polar groups (e.g., carboxyl groups) for surface activation. PEI is stably grafted via amidation, converting oxygen-containing groups to amino/amide bonds, which significantly enhances surface polarity and wettability, turning fibers from strongly hydrophobic to highly hydrophilic. Moreover, PEI grafting covers and fills the nanoscale etching pits and rough areas on the fiber surface, reducing stress concentration points on the fiber surface and improving the overall surface integrity. This simple and reliable strategy provides a feasible approach and theoretical support for the interfacial reinforcement of high-performance carbon fiber/epoxy composites.