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Night shift work is linked to smoking in traditional occupations, while the association with substance use among ride-hailing drivers is unknown. This study examined the associations of night shift work with tobacco and alcohol use behaviors among ride-hailing drivers in China, a vulnerable and understudied occupational group. A cross-sectional study for ride-hailing drivers in Beijing, China (PWS study), was conducted and assessed night shift, smoking and drinking habits via structured questionnaires. Heavy smokers and high intensity drinking workers were further identified based on established standards. Multivariable logistic regression models were performed and adjusted for sociodemographic and occupational covariates (sex, age, income, etc.) to evaluate the associations of night shift work with tobacco and alcohol consumption habits. Among 858 ride-hailing drivers, 23% worked night shift. Night shift workers exhibited significantly higher smoking prevalence (59.4% vs. 47.7%) and higher smoking index (0 vs. 140), compared with day shift workers. In the logistic regression model, night shift workers had significantly higher odds of being a smoker [(OR = 1.595 (95% CI, 1.108-2.307)], and a heavy smoker (smoking index ≥ 400; OR = 1.682, 95% CI: 1.002-2.824) compared with day shift workers. The study found no link between alcohol consumption and night shifts among ride-hailing drivers. The high smoking prevalence among ride-hailing drivers, further elevated by night shift work, highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions in China's platform economy.

Rideshare driving has become a common occupation within the emerging gig and platform economies. Despite offering a high degree of scheduling flexibility, rideshare driving provides little employment stability, an unstable income, and minimal employment benefits. This precarity, combined with the use of algorithmic labor management to guide drivers' actions, has garnered attention for its potential impacts on these workers' health. To examine rideshare drivers' perspectives of their work and its implications for their well-being, this exploratory study examined posts (n = 1034) to the digital platform Reddit in the year 2024 using thematic analysis. Themes indicated that workers experience financial precarity but also appreciate the flexibility of rideshare driving. Drivers are also aware of the algorithms that guide their work and, at times, feel that these prevent them from increasing their earnings. Drivers posted about experiences with passengers-both positive and negative-while also discussing the mental stressors of ride sharing and concerns about their physical safety on the job. These findings underscore the varied experiences rideshare drivers encounter in their workplace, while highlighting potential implications for their physical and mental well-being. Understanding these first-hand accounts may inform efforts to improve the well-being of platform-based workers.

In urban rail transit systems, passenger ride comfort (PRC) significantly influences ridership levels. Various factors affect PRC, with track geometry playing a crucial role. Among geometry parameters, the minimum required tangent length between consecutive railway curves is particularly significant. While this parameter affects passenger comfort considerably, it has received less attention in current design practices. This study addresses this gap by optimizing tangent length requirements to improve passenger comfort. To this end, a vehicle-track interaction model was established and subsequently validated through comprehensive field measurements. The influence of curve radius, tangent length, and speed on the PRC was investigated through a parametric analysis, considering various curve configurations. As a result, a large data bank was created, and a model was developed using data mining techniques to predict minimum tangent lengths. The accuracy and computational performance of the model were discussed. The results obtained indicate that reverse curves require 5% longer tangent lengths and have a 9% higher ride comfort index compared to those of compound curves. The model optimizes tangent lengths for speeds above 80 km/h, leading to improved ride comfort. This improvement contributes to increased rail transit ridership.

The field of endovascular surgery continues to evolve rapidly with the introduction of novel techniques and devices. Among the most significant advances in recent decades is the development of branched and fenestrated endografts, which have become the cornerstone of treatment for complex aortic pathologies, including thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. These devices enable the preservation of visceral vessel perfusion while allowing for effective aneurysm exclusion. However, their use introduces technical challenges that demand a high level of expertise, particularly during the catheterization of target vessels. Target vessel cannulation is widely recognized as one of the most technically demanding and time-consuming steps in fenestrated and branched endovascular aneurysm repair (FEVAR and BEVAR, respectively). This difficulty is often exacerbated in patients with hostile anatomy - such as extreme aortic angulation, severe vessel tortuosity, small-caliber, or heavily calcified arteries. In such settings, prolonged attempts at vessel catheterization may increase the risk of complications, including ischemic injury to abdominal organs, dissection, perforation, or embolization due to plaque disruption. To address these procedural challenges, several bailout strategies have been introduced. These techniques are generally reserved for non-standard cases and are not employed in routine or straightforward anatomies. One such strategy is the snare-ride technique, which has gained recognition as a practical and reproducible approach using widely available endovascular tools. It involves the snaring of a guidewire from the aortic component and advancing the wire and the snare assembly into the target vessel, using femoral access. While effective, this technique has raised concerns about its potential to cause endothelial trauma, particularly when the snare is advanced into a diseased vessel. To mitigate these risks, we propose modifying the traditional snare-ride technique. In this article, we introduce the Modified Snare-Ride Technique, a bailout approach designed to enhance the safety and effectiveness of target vessel cannulation in anatomically complex settings. After obtaining access to the intended target vessel with a stiff supporting wire, large sheath, and a deflecting sheath for control, through-and-through access is obtained from the portal to the contralateral stiff sheath. Once established, the lower stiff sheath is advanced to the origin of the target vessel, thereby pinning the through-and-through wire in position near the target vessel orifice. In doing so, the portal sheath can then be advanced along the through-and-through wire to the vessel origin for easy cannulation and delivery of the bridging stent. The modification avoids advancing the entire snare system into the vessel and instead uses a through-and-through access to improve pushability, control, and deliverability. This adjustment minimizes mechanical damage to the vessel wall and reduces the risk of vascular injury. However, its usability is dependent upon device and sheath size compatibility. By enhancing wire support and control with deflectable sheaths, this modified strategy provides an alternative that can be selectively employed when traditional techniques fail or are unsafe.Clinical ImpactTarget vessel catheterization remains one of the most challenging steps in fenestrated and branched endovascular aneurysm repair, particularly in patients with complex anatomy and unfavorable branch orientation. The modified Snare-Ride technique provides a reproducible bailout strategy that stabilizes sheath positioning at the target vessel origin while potentially reducing the risk of visceral artery injury associated with the original technique. By facilitating target vessel incorporation in difficult anatomical scenarios, this approach may expand endovascular treatment options, improve technical success rates, and reduce the need for more invasive alternative catheterization strategies.

Ride comfort has become a crucial evaluation metric for autonomous vehicles. Existing studies on passenger comfort state estimation mainly rely on single-source vehicle data and traditional machine learning models for state estimation, which struggle to adequately capture local features in multi-source time-series signals and their nonlinear relationships with subjective perception, resulting in limited classification accuracy. To address this issue, this paper proposes a passenger ride comfort state (discomfort/no-discomfort) estimation method based on the fusion of human-vehicle data. Vehicle acceleration, passenger posture data, and individual characteristics are transformed into two-dimensional images using the recurrence plot (RP) technique to explicitly represent local temporal structures in the time-series signals, thereby improving data utilisation. Subsequently, a two-dimensional convolutional neural network is then used to train on the image data and identify comfort states. Experimental results verify that the performance of the proposed evaluation model outperforms traditional methods, with a state estimation accuracy of 94.04%. This study estimates passenger ride comfort by analysing vehicle vibrations via Recurrence Plots and CNNs. As autonomous driving systems increasingly approximate human-like driving styles, the method can provide potential technical support for improving ride comfort and alleviating motion sickness in autonomous vehicles.

Weather and climate variability increasingly shape urban travel behavior, yet the short-term temporal dynamics and contextual modifiers of weather-transit relationships remain poorly understood. We analyzed system-wide hourly bus ridership in the Denver metropolitan area from June 2022 through September 2023 using fixed-effects negative binomial distributed lag nonlinear models with lags up to 24 h. Nonlinear exposure-response and lag-response functions were specified for hourly Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) and precipitation, with additional indicators for daily ozone exceedance and wildfire smoke. Models adjust for hour-of-day, day-of-week, and month-year fixed effects, with standard errors clustered by day. Stratified analyses assess heterogeneity by time period, season, fare policy, and shelter availability, with interaction evaluated using Wald tests. Cold thermal stress was associated with the largest, most persistent reductions in ridership, with cumulative declines of -15.7% (95% CI: -26.0%, -4.0%) over 0-24 h. Precipitation was associated with sharp but transient reductions concentrated within 3-6 h (-8.4% to -9.8%), with little evidence of longer-term displacement. Heat associations were weaker and context-dependent, with modest short-run increases, but net same-day declines. Associations varied by time of day and season, were attenuated during the free-fare period, and differed by shelter availability. In contrast, ozone exceedance and wildfire smoke exhibited limited and inconsistent associations, with measurable reductions primarily during morning commute during heavier smoke conditions. Overall, transit ridership is more strongly associated with short-term weather exposure, than with ambient air quality. Fare policy and stop-level infrastructure modify these associations, highlighting actionable strategies to enhance transit resilience under increasing climate variability.

High-dynamic amusement ride conditions involving impacts, rapid rotations, and abrupt posture changes introduce severe motion artifacts that degrade vital sign quality and destabilize physiological state recognition. This study aims to develop an engineering-ready closed-loop framework for robust passenger monitoring and intelligent diagnosis. A multimodal sensing and modeling pipeline was designed to jointly leverage physiological signals such as heart rate and SpO2 and kinematic measurements, including acceleration, angular rate, velocity, and attitude. Inertial and PPG signals were preprocessed into supervised samples through wavelet multiresolution denoising and coordinate frame unification, while a strapdown inertial navigation system was used to propagate a 12-channel physical quantity sequence. To ensure interpretability and standards compliance, constraints from GB 8408-2018 were translated into executable threshold rules, enabling standards-driven auto-labeling and rule-based early warning. Building on this foundation, three learning modules were developed: a fusion model for high-dynamic heart rate estimation, a CNN-LSTM dynamic-threshold-enhanced network TAPNet for rapid kinematic anomaly screening, and an attention-augmented hybrid model HS-BANet integrating one-dimensional residual blocks, bidirectional LSTM, and multi-head attention for fine-grained arrhythmia classification. Experimental results demonstrated accurate and consistent heart rate estimation with RMSE of 1.18 bpm on HSSH-I and 1.24 bpm on the independent HSSH-II set, strong agreement with training and testing correlations of 0.9928 and 0.9865, and near-zero bias in Bland-Altman analysis. TAPNet achieved 96.9% validation accuracy and 98.2% test accuracy for kinematic anomaly recognition, maintaining robust generalization under class imbalance. HS-BANet enabled multi-class identification of PVC, PAC, VT, SVT, and AF, achieving an accuracy of 92.37%, an F1-score of 86.87%, a precision of 88.45%, a sensitivity of 88.14%, and a specificity of 89.42%. Overall, the proposed two-stage multimodal closed-loop-fast, interpretable early warning based on physical quantity thresholds followed by fine-grained diagnosis from physiological signals-supports stable feature extraction and reliable decision-making under strong motion artifacts and non-stationary dynamics, balancing responsiveness and diagnostic credibility, while showing potential for practical safety early warning and future deployment-oriented operational support in amusement ride scenarios.

An embodied theory of development views an infant's mobility as a causal factor in their cognitive, language and motor development. This study, as guided by embodied theory, predicts that infants with Down Syndrome (DS) provided daily mobility via a modified ride on car (MROC) would display higher developmental scores compared to infants with no access to a MROC. Eight infants with DS were initially provided a seated MROC later followed by a custom Sit-Stand-Power Walking (3in1) MROC with ongoing paediatric physical therapist follow-up. Infants were encouraged to use the MROC 30&#x2009;min daily during family based play. These infants were compared to a database of scores from infants with DS not provided MROCs. The outcome measures were the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development 3rd edition subscales of cognition, receptive language, expressive language, fine motor, and gross motor. Median frequency of use was calculated at 72% with a group range from 39-96% over an intervention median duration of 13.5&#x2009;months and a group range of 6.7-15.0&#x2009;months. The MROC group scored higher on most cognitive, language and motor scores (Mann Whitney, (p<.05). This study supports the use of advanced MROCs such as the 3in1 as a "mobile learning environment" to advance general development while simultaneously increasing daily mobility and participation. Future studies can now test more specific hypotheses, use more detailed measures, larger samples, and more advanced MROC designs. The advanced MROC, the 3in1, is a &#x201c;mobile learning environment&#x201d; with a range of potential impacts on impairments, functional abilities and participation versus simply a car or mobility device.Infants maintain sitting, standing, and/or assisted walking daily as the 3in1 moves over different surfaces requiring ongoing, dynamic active control of whole body balance, posture and movement contrasting standard of care which typically involves working on targeted physical skills in a static environment at low frequency.The 3in1 was used throughout the home and community to increase the mobility of the infant and thereby increased the variety of physical and social interactions.

Central nervous system drug delivery centers primarily on strategies aimed at crossing the blood-brain barrier. In a recent study, Gao et al.1 report that nanoparticles can bypass the blood-brain barrier by hijacking calvarial immune cells and exploiting migration through skull-meninges channels, which enables lesion-targeted, minimally invasive therapeutic delivery to the brain.

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Effective 1 July 2022, the state of Iowa enacted House File 2130, authorising the use of All-Terrain and Utility Task Vehicles (ATV/UTV) on secondary roadways and state highways. Widely recognised safety guidelines identify roadway operation on both paved and unpaved surfaces as a significant risk factor for injuries and fatalities. We hypothesised that this legislation would be associated with increased ATV/UTV-related trauma, greater injury severity and worse clinical outcomes. This retrospective study reviewed ATV/UTV crashes reported by the Department of Transportation, admissions for crash-related injuries at a level 1 trauma centre and statewide hospital admissions from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2024. Crash counts and circumstances were analysed. Demographics, comorbidities, substance use, injury characteristics, hospital course, complications and hospitalisation costs were collected and compared pre and post-legislation. A p<0.05 was considered significant. There were 241 crashes prelegislation and 339 postlegislation, a 40.7% increase. Crashes on concrete surfaces (61.1% vs 48.5%; p=0.004) and state routes (7.1% vs 1.7%; p=0.047) rose significantly. Fatal crashes doubled postlegislation (11.8% vs 6.2%; p=0.008). Trauma centre admissions increased by 11%. Abdominal (26.1% vs 12.9%; p=0.001), chest (37.7% vs 27.4%; p=0.032) and upper extremity injuries (67.6% vs 45.2%; p<0.001) also rose. Unplanned reoperations and intensive care unit admissions increased to 7.2% from 0.5% (p<0.001). Adjusted hospitalisation costs rose (US$50 820 vs US$38 021; p<0.011). Implementation of House File-2130 was associated with increased ATV/UTV crashes, more severe injuries, higher mortality, greater need for unplanned interventions and elevated hospitalisation costs. Prospective, multicentre studies and real-time surveillance systems would further strengthen evaluation of the public health impact of legislative changes and guide evidence-based policy development.

We studied flatworm parasites of the genus Gyrodactylus associated with twospot livebearer Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus both in this host's native distribution in the Gulf of Mexico (Atlantic Ocean) versant, as well as in its invasive range across the continental divide, in the Pacific Ocean watershed. We surveyed 12 river basins, six on each slope of the continent, and recorded -apparently- overdispersed parasite distributions, both in terms of localities within basins and on fish hosts. Six gyrodactylid species were previously known to infect this poeciliid host, and we add five taxa to the list, three known and two undescribed species. From the 11 parasite species we characterized molecularly (cox 2 mDNA and ITS rDNA sequences), 9-10 species (depending on the markers used for species delimitation; cox 2&#x2009;+&#x2009;ITS, nine species; cox 2, 10 species) were recorded in river basins draining into the Atlantic, and only four in rivers flowing into the Pacific. Only one species, Gyrodactylus takoke, was recorded frequently on both sides of the country, and cox 2 haplotype networks suggest that parasites co-translocated with their fish hosts originated from the central Gulf of Mexico slope and successfully invaded two river basins draining into the Pacific. We hypothesize that following the translocation of P. bimaculatus across the continental divide of Mexico, different types of host-parasite interactions (enemy release, spill-over and spill-back) may involve particular parasite species, some of which are known to be pathogenic.

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Advances in the delivery and safety of nucleic acid-based therapeutics are enabling tissue-selective targeting and broadening the reach of genetic medicines. In addition to GalNAc-conjugated oligonucleotides, newer modalities-predominantly antibody- and peptide-conjugated oligonucleotides-combine innovative components with complex and often multimodal mechanisms of action. These constructs may require tailored nonclinical testing strategies to evaluate pharmacology, biodistribution, and component- and construct-driven toxicities. Here, we review the current state of these molecules, collectively termed here as bioconjugated oligonucleotide (BCO) therapeutics, summarize key safety liabilities across the protein scaffold, linker, and oligonucleotide payload, and highlight nonclinical approaches, including predictive safety assessments and in vivo toxicity studies that can support human clinical trials. We also discuss risk-based regulatory considerations that may differ from traditional biologics or small molecules.

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