Accumulating evidence suggests that cognitive factors such as rules and attention can modulate sensory processing through top-down influences. However, the neural mechanisms transforming cross-modal inputs into rule-guided perceptions remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, we recorded neuronal activity in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and primary auditory cortex (A1) of rats during an audiovisual rule-switching task to investigate how rules are dynamically encoded and modulate sensory processing. By tracking the dynamic neural encoding of internally estimated task rules on a trial-by-trial basis, our single-neuron analyses suggested that the PPC may proactively represent task rules before decision-making, whereas A1 may contribute to monitoring auditory-task performance by enhancing rule-related signals following errors. Both regions showed a preferential representation of conflicting rule combinations, suggesting a specialized mechanism for efficient conflict resolution. Accordingly, we dissociated stimulus-driven responses from rule-modulated responses and observed a within-trial transformation from sensory encoding to rule-weighted representations, progressing from physical features to behavioral relevance, although integration remained limited. Taken together, these results suggest that the PPC-A1 circuit dynamically encodes rules and reshapes sensory processing to implement structured computations for flexible behaviors.
Proteins with intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) perform essential cellular functions despite lacking stable structures, challenging the traditional structure-function paradigm. Neurofilament-light (NFL) proteins self-assemble into bottlebrush filaments, whose disordered tail domains mediate nematic hydrogel formation critical for neuronal integrity. Mutations in NFL are linked to Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, yet their molecular effects remain unclear. Here, aiming to gain insight into these molecular mechanisms, we combine small-angle X-ray scattering, microscopy, and deep-learning conformational analysis to investigate CMT-associated NFL tail mutations. We find that these mutations compact the hydrogel, disrupt filament nematic order by generating microdomains, and alter water retention dynamics by shifting sequence-dependent conformational ensembles, leading to macroscopic network rearrangements. These findings demonstrate how subtle sequence changes in IDRs modulate protein network organization and function, offering structural insights into IDR-related pathologies.
The gut microbiota constitutes a highly diverse, complex, and dynamically evolving ecosystem within the host. However, the domestication process may alter microbial community composition and function. Here, we investigate these shifts using metagenomic analysis. Microbial diversity was evaluated using alpha and beta-diversity analysis. Furthermore, LEfSe and Functional analyses were employed to delineate significant disparities in microbial abundance and functional potential between wild boars (WB), Chinese domestic pigs (CDP), and Western domestic pigs (WDP). Our analysis revealed distinct microbial signatures across populations. WB exhibit greater diversity differentiation from WDP, while showing higher similarity to CDP. WB were significantly enriched in the genera Treponema, Oscillibacter, and Pseudoflavonifractor. In contrast, Chinese domestic breeds were characterized by Lactobacillus, Prevotella and Ruminococcus, while WDP retained high abundances of Alistipes, Bacteroides and Clostridium. Functionally, the wild boar microbiome showed significantly higher activity in pathways related to plant secondary metabolite degradation and nutrient biosynthesis. Conversely, domestic pig microbiomes showed significant enrichment in antimicrobial resistance genes and DNA damage repair pathways. These findings indicate that domestication has influenced the swine gut microbiota, contributing to distinct compositional and functional divergences. Future research may explore the potential of reintroducing wild-derived probiotics to enhance domestic pig health.
Global change is altering trade-offs between light and nutrient availability in northern lakes, with implications for biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem functioning. Using 29 years (1991-2019) of long-term monitoring from 169 Fennoscandian natural lakes, we quantified spatiotemporal change in browning (total organic carbon, TOC), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), total phosphorus (TP), and stoichiometry (TOC:TP and DIN:TP). We then related these trajectories to co-occurring trends in air temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) deposition to evaluate how climate change and deposition recovery jointly reconfigure lake chemistry across subregions. TOC increased widely and DIN declined across most lakes, whereas TP trends were mixed, producing a pervasive rise in TOC:TP and decline in DIN:TP over time. Mixed linear models indicated that TOC increases were most often associated with declining S deposition and increasing precipitation, while DIN was generally positively related to N deposition, with additional subregional roles for temperature and precipitation. As browning coincided with declining DIN:TP, lakes shifted toward darker conditions with greater prevalence of nitrogen and phosphorus co-limitation and nitrogen limitation relative to phosphorus limitation. In a Swedish subset of 74 lakes, chlorophyll-a trends were heterogeneous among subregions, indicating context-dependent biomass responses rather than a uniform phytoplankton signal. Together, these results show that ongoing climate change and reduced atmospheric deposition are reshaping carbon-nutrient coupling and nutrient-limitation regimes across northern lakes, with consequences for future primary production and energy transfer to higher trophic levels.
Offshore photovoltaic (PV) systems increasingly modify coastal light environments, yet their potential influence on harmful algal blooms (HABs) remains unclear. We investigated the physiological and transcriptional responses of the bloom-forming dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense to simulated PV-induced shading under high (no shading), medium (50%), and low (85%) light conditions. Severe light reduction significantly decreased exponential growth rates but prolonged maintenance of relatively high biomass. Chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis showed stable PSII maximum efficiency (Fv/Fm) across treatments, while low light enhanced relative electron transport (ET0/RC) and reduced energy dissipation (DI0/RC), suggesting enhanced allocation of absorbed energy toward photochemical processes. Transcriptomic analyses revealed global transcriptional downscaling under low light, with relatively maintained expression of genes involved in light harvesting, carbon fixation (particularly C4-like pathways), and material transport. These findings suggest that PV-induced shading may shift P. donghaiense from rapid growth to bloom persistence, highlighting the need to incorporate species-specific responses into offshore PV environmental assessments.
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This study aimed to assess knowledge gaps, perceptions, and prescribing approaches of healthcare professionals (HCPs) in Saudi Arabia regarding pain management, particularly neuropathic pain, in the context of recent reclassification of gabapentinoids. A three-lecture webinar was attended by 4922 HCPs across Saudi Arabia. Two structured surveys were embedded within the lectures: a 9-item knowledge questionnaire on pain management and a 10-item questionnaire on HCPs' opinions and attitudes on gabapentinoid use and prescribing challenges. Responses were recorded on the platform's interactive dashboard as percentage. The knowledge scores were normalized to percentage. Overall knowledge levels varied across specialties with internal medicine (68.7%) and pain specialists (68.3%) having the top scores; non-pain organ specialists scored the lowest (59.1%). The majority of HCPs (68.8%) agreed that prescribing gabapentinoids has become more challenging than prescribing tramadol post reclassification, with patients' concerns related to substance dependence (32.6%) and extended process in obtaining medication (27.9%) cited by the majority. Gabapentinoids remained the preferred treatment for diabetic peripheral neuropathy by most HCPs (36.8%). Most HCPs (47.4%) reported initiating gabapentinoids at the lowest possible dose and increasing as needed, while a smaller proportion preferred initiating an appropriate dose with minimal adjustments (18.5%). Among pain specialists, these approaches were nearly evenly divided (37.7% and 31.9%, respectively). The majority (45.7%) selected pregabalin 300 mg as their preferred daily dose for transitioning from gabapentin 900 mg. This nationwide survey highlights substantial variability and knowledge gaps related to general pain, neuropathic pain management, and excessive caution among HCPs regarding prescribing gabapentinoids and patient concerns of developing dependence. To maintain gabapentinoid access and timely care for patients with legitimate needs, there is a need to implement educational programs for HCPs across specialties and develop a unified treatment approach that fulfils the guidelines and addresses exaggerated patient worries along with patient-focused initiatives to reduce hesitancy post reclassification of gabapentinoids.
Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive pollutants in aquatic environments, and understanding their transport dynamics is critical for assessing environmental risks. This study represents a pioneering analysis of the threshold of MP incipient motion. By conceptualizing biofilm as an enhancement of surface roughness, we find that biofilm influences the incipient motion of MPs by altering the coefficient of static friction (μs).The dependence of the μs on the biofilm thickness is formulated empirically, and the associated increase in the critical Shields number (θc) for MPs is then determined. Furthermore, factors affecting the θc of MPs, such as particle shape, size, biofilm on the surface, and exposure conditions are systematically integrated into a semi-theoretical model by 45 incipient motion experiments and data extracted from published literature. The theoretical component is grounded in force balance analysis, while model coefficients are empirically calibrated using experimental results. Comparison with existing empirical models demonstrates that the proposed framework offers improved robustness and predictive capability for assessing the incipient motion of biofouled MPs.
Cadmium (Cd) poses a threat to plant growth. Nitrogen (N) has been demonstrated to alleviate Cd phytotoxicity, but the underlying mechanism in woody plants remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to determine whether exogenous NH₄HCO₃ influences rhizosphere soil properties and fungal communities, thereby enhancing plant growth and Cd phytoaccumulation in Populus yunnanensis Dode. A pot experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, with seedlings subjected to four treatments: CK (no additional N and Cd), N (24 mg N kg-1 month-1 supplied as NH₄HCO₃), Cd (20 mg Cd kg-1 month-1), and CN (24 mg N kg-1 and 20 mg Cd kg-1 month-1). Under Cd stress, exogenous NH₄HCO₃ increased the biomass (48.0-78.2%), root development, nutrient content, and Cd accumulation (149.2%). In rhizosphere soil, exogenous NH₄HCO₃ decreased the soil pH and NH4+-N content but increased the NO3--N content, available phosphorus (AP), and soil enzyme activities. Exogenous NH₄HCO₃ also reshaped the composition, structure, and co-occurrence patterns of the rhizosphere fungal community, altering the relative abundances of saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungi, such as Rhizoctonia, Peziza, and Exophiala. Moreover, Rhizoctonia and Peziza were positively and negatively correlated with AP, alkaline phosphatase, root biomass, root surface area (RA), fine root surface area (FRA), and Cd uptake efficiency, respectively. Exophiala was positively correlated with root biomass, RA, and FRA. Overall, exogenous NH₄HCO₃ modulates rhizosphere soil properties and reshapes fungal communities, which may improve plant growth and enhance Cd phytoaccumulation. Nitrogen (N) has been shown to alleviate cadmium (Cd)-induced phytotoxicity and promote plant growth. However, its effects on woody plant growth and phytoremediation capacity remain unclear. This study reveals a fungus–soil–plant interaction mechanism in which NH₄HCO₃ alters rhizosphere soil properties and reshapes rhizosphere fungal communities, potentially enhancing the growth, Cd uptake, and Cd accumulation of Populus yunnanensis under Cd stress. These findings suggest that N fertilisation management can be considered an eco-enhancing and sustainable strategy for improving both plant growth and phytoremediation efficiency.
Cancer remains a major global health challenge, and traditional treatments often involve significant toxicity and limited benefits for patients with advanced-stage disease. mRNA vaccines have recently emerged as a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy due to their flexibility in design, rapid production, and suitability for personalized treatment. This review summarizes the molecular basis, main classifications, and mechanisms of action of mRNA vaccines for cancer therapy and systematically discusses progress in strategies for delivering tumor-specific antigens, tumor-associated antigens, and immunomodulatory factors. Special attention is given to advances in delivery technologies, especially lipid nanoparticle (LNP) systems, and their potential applications across various cancers. We suggest that the effectiveness of mRNA cancer vaccines depends not only on selecting the right antigens but also on delivery methods that modulate the immune response and reshape the tumor microenvironment. Melanoma is a prime candidate for prioritizing the research and development of mRNA cancer vaccines, given the current clinical landscape. Furthermore, major challenges that continue to limit progress include insufficient stability, suboptimal delivery efficiency, uncontrolled immunogenicity, and the difficulty of overcoming tumor heterogeneity. This review aims to serve as a useful reference for further development and clinical translation of mRNA cancer vaccines.
Electrochemical nitric oxide reduction (NORR) under industrially relevant dilute feeds is fundamentally limited by insufficient interfacial NO coverage and rapid loss of reactive intermediates. Here we introduce quantifiable nanoconfinement as a coverage-regulation strategy for NORR in the ppm regime. Hollow multishelled Cu2O nanoreactors are constructed as a model system, in which shell number defines confinement depth and progressively strengthens confinement by narrowing inter-shell cavities. Under a 1000 ppm NO feed, the three-shell catalyst achieves a Faradaic efficiency of 97.9% and a single-pass NO conversion of 97.3%, which is competitive with systems operating under NO-rich conditions. Finite-element simulations quantitatively show that multishell confinement nonlinearly amplifies intermediate enrichment, increasing local *H and *NH concentrations by over an order of magnitude relative to the single-shell structure while also enhancing local NO coverage. Coverage-dependent density functional theory and transition-state calculations reveal that the confinement-modulated coverage environment reshapes the NORR kinetic and thermodynamic landscape by rebalancing initial *NO hydrogenation and NH3 desorption, defining a favorable coverage window that balances intermediate activation and product release. These findings establish nanoconfinement-enabled coverage engineering for electrocatalysis under dilute feeds.
Photosystem I (PSI) converts light into chemical energy with near-unity quantum efficiency, yet its energy-transfer and charge-separation mechanisms remain debated. Evolution has diversified PSI architectures: Cyanobacterial PSI trimers confine red-shifted pigments to the core, whereas plant PSI-Light Harvesting Complex Isupercomplexes incorporate extensive peripheral red and charge-transfer states that reshape trapping. The unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae exemplifies functional diversification across distinct evolutionary branches, combining a photosystem II and plant-like monomeric PSI core associated with a varying number of light harvesting antenna subunits, Light Harvesting Complexes from Red Lineage (LHCR). This hybrid organization functionally bridges mechanistic models across different lineages. We applied two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy at ultralow temperatures (8 and 80 K) to disentangle overlapping excitation pathways in C. merolae PSI. Cryogenic measurements suppressed thermal broadening, resolving five dynamical components: subpicosecond equilibration (0.3 to 0.8 ps) across the core-LHCR interface, subsequent population transfer (2.6 to 4 ps) into progressively lower-energy manifolds, and slower feeding (18 to 53 ps) into red pools distributed across both core and antenna. On the longest timescales (hundreds of ps), a persistent ground-state bleach signifies excitons stabilized in terminal sinks. Notably, comparison of 8 K and 80 K spectra reveals that excitations are heterogeneously partitioned among multiple sinks at low disorder, whereas modest thermal activation (kT [Formula: see text] 55 cm-1) promotes selective convergence into core-associated red chlorophylls. Atomistic excitonic modeling with time-nonlocal master equations supports these observations, revealing temperature-dependent energy redistribution. Overall, C. merolae PSI expands the kinetic funnel by distributing trapping sites, enhancing spectral coverage while maintaining high efficiency, which is an important functional diversification during evolution.
Pregnancy constitutes a critical window for fetal nervous system development. Maternal environmental exposure can trigger placenta-mediated intrauterine perturbations, exerting persistent programming effects on fetal neural development and elevating the susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases in adulthood. This review systematically summarizes typical prenatal exposure types, including air pollutants, heavy metals, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, nutritional imbalance, and maternal stress. Focusing on four core mechanistic pathways-epigenetic modification, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction-this study integrates epidemiological evidence, animal model data, and molecular mechanistic findings to elaborate how early-life environmental exposure reshapes neurodevelopmental trajectories and mediates long-term neurological damage. Notably, this review highlights the interactive feedback and cascade amplification effects among multiple biological mechanisms, and strictly distinguishes well-established causal associations from speculative inferences. This work constructs a stratified evidence framework for the developmental origin theory of neurodegenerative diseases, providing scientific support for precise pre-pregnancy and prenatal disease prevention and intervention strategies.
Despite the importance of incorporating individuals with lived experience in the collaborative development and delivery of eating disorder (ED) services, a paucity of research has addressed the role of content creators with lived experience within the context of social media in contributing to help-seeking and recovery spaces. This qualitative study documents content creators' experiences of recovery-oriented content creation and informal digital support through social media platforms. It also explores how content creators contribute to recovery-oriented communication, prevention, and co-design of digital interventions. A total of 10 Italian female content creators in stable recovery from eating disorders (i.e., no relapse in the past 5 years) were recruited via the Instagram community #DicciComeAiutarti and they were interviewed. Through a reflexive inductive thematic analysis five overarching themes were identified: (1) Using Lived Experience to Build Recovery-Oriented Narratives and Communities, which highlighted lived experience as a relational resource for fostering recovery and shared meaning online; (2) Social media as a Double-Edged Sword, describing social media as both a supportive and potentially harmful space for ED recovery; (3) Communication Strategies for Effective Engagement, focusing on how participants adapted communication practices to the affordances and limits of different platforms; (4) Social Networking, Prevention, and Health Promotion, which framed online activity as part of a broader prevention and health advocacy effort; and (5) Providing Hope in Digital Peer Support, illustrating how structured peer-support contexts reshaped the sharing of lived experience and hope in recovery. Finally, the findings of the present study suggest that content creators can meaningfully contribute to the prevention and treatment of ED when integrated into supervised, ethically framed digital networks. The co-production of interventions with individuals who have recovered can engender a more humanised form of digital health communication, strengthening therapeutic engagement and supporting recovery-oriented public health strategies.
Chromoblastomycosis, caused primarily by Fonsecaea pedrosoi, is traditionally associated with traumatic environmental inoculation. We analyzed 50 Rhipicephalus sanguineus/R. microplus ticks from chromoblastomycosis-endemic Venezuelan states (Lara and Portuguesa) using Oxford Nanopore amplicon sequencing. Remarkably, F. pedrosoi dominated the tick eukaryotic microbiome, comprising 78% and 75% of fungal communities in Lara and Portuguesa, respectively. This unexpected high abundance across geographically distinct endemic foci suggests a previously unrecognized ecological association between ticks and the pathogen. While environmental transmission remains established, these findings provide first molecular evidence of F. pedrosoi in tick microbiomes, warranting investigation into potential carrier, vector or reservoir roles that may reshape chromoblastomycosis epidemiology understanding.
Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare malignancy arising from the renal pelvis or ureter and is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Prognosis depends strongly on tumor stage and grade, but remains poorer than that of bladder urothelial carcinoma. This review article summarizes current evidence on the management of locally advanced but resectable UTUC, focusing on perioperative systemic therapy, clinical guideline recommendations, and emerging therapeutic strategies. In high risk cases, radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) with bladder cuff excision is the surgical state of the art. To reduce relapse rates, perioperative systemic therapy is gaining increasing importance. Neoadjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy (+/- durvalumab) has shown promising rates of pathological downstaging, however, high level evidence is still lacking. In contrast, evidence for adjuvant therapy is stronger. Adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy should be offered to patients with pT2-pT4 or pN+ disease within 90 days after RNU. Immune checkpoint inhibitors show activity in perioperative settings, but potential benefits in UTUC subgroups remain unclear. There are ongoing trials combining immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or targeted agents. Molecular profiling and novel strategies, such as mRNA vaccines and antibody-drug conjugates, may enable more personalized approaches and reshape the therapeutic landscape of UTUC. Management of locally advanced but resectable UTUC is evolving rapidly, driven by advances in perioperative systemic therapies and a growing understanding of the disease's molecular biology. However, prognosis remains poor, underscoring the need to further improve treatment options.
Microplastics (MPs) and aged MPs continuously release dissolved organic matter (DOM), yet the effects of microplastic-derived DOM (MPs-DOM) on carbon-nitrogen coupling and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in constructed wetlands (CWs) remain unclear. Here, polypropylene- and polyethylene-derived MPs-DOM, in pristine (PP-DOM, PE-DOM) and UV-aged forms (LPP-DOM, LPE-DOM), was introduced into laboratory-scale CWs to evaluate pollutant removal, DOM transformation, N2O fluxes, isotopocule-inferred source structure, and denitrification-related microbes. MPs-DOM maintained high NO₃⁻-N and COD removal and enhanced NH₄⁺-N and TN removal, especially in the LPE-DOM treatment, but also associated with increased N2O emissions. MPs-DOM was removed; LPP/LPE-DOM responses were driven by composition and DOC. Peak N2O fluxes in LPP/LPE-DOM treatments were 173%-194% higher than the control, and mean fluxes were approximately doubled. Effluent DOM became more oxidized and unsaturated, and was enriched in lignin- and tannin-like compounds, whereas protein- and lipid-like fractions declined. Isotopocule-based apportionment showed that bacterial-denitrification contribution declined to 38.5%-50.1% under MPs-DOM exposure, whereas isotopocule-attributed fungal-denitrification signatures rose to 46.0%-55.8%, exceeding bacterial denitrification in most MPs-DOM treatments, while chemodenitrification remained minor (2.8%-5.7%). Under MPs-DOM treatments, biofilm microbial abundance and denitrification-gene abundance were elevated, and denitrifier community structure, co-occurrence networks, and niche patterns were reshaped relative to the control. Overall, MPs-DOM enhanced pollutant removal but also increased greenhouse-gas risk in CWs. Under the present exposure design, the stronger responses in aged-MPs-DOM treatments should be interpreted as treatment-associated outcomes linked to DOM composition and higher influent DOC concentration, rather than aging-specific effects.
Intergroup conflict threatens human survival and social development, often triggered by environmental changes such as pandemics. Understanding individual behaviour in intergroup conflict during crises is critical for explaining shifts in intergroup relations. Using COVID-19 as a major environmental threat, the present study combined behavioural experiments and questionnaire measures with 1167 participants from 34 Chinese provinces across three stages: before the pandemic, after the reopening policy was announced and after the pandemic ended. We examined temporal changes in self-interest, ingroup cooperation and outgroup aggression, along with the moderating role of cultural values. Results showed that shortly after reopening, self-interest and ingroup cooperation first decreased and then increased, patterns moderated by interdependent self-construal. Conversely, outgroup aggression first increased and then decreased, jointly influenced by cultural tightness-looseness and infection status. Across the broader pandemic stages, self-interest remained higher and outgroup aggression remained lower than the pre-pandemic baseline, while cultural values exerted moderating effects only at specific stages. These findings suggest that pandemic-related environmental threats do not simply increase cooperation or conflict but reshape individuals' trade-offs among personal, ingroup and outgroup interests. This study provides psychological evidence for understanding intergroup conflict behaviour under environmental threat and offers implications for crisis governance.
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most lethal gynecological malignancies, with incidence and mortality rates increasing markedly among women aged 65 years and older. Aging-associated biological alterations, including genomic instability, telomere attrition, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic inflammation, contribute to ovarian carcinogenesis and influence responses to chemotherapy, PARP inhibitors, and immune checkpoint blockade. A central feature linking aging and OC progression is cellular senescence, a state of irreversible growth arrest accompanied by the development of SASP. SASP comprises a complex network of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and matrix-remodelling enzymes that reshape the tumor microenvironment. In OC, SASP-mediated cytokine signalling promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodelling, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance. Furthermore, SASP-driven reprogramming of immune cells establishes an immunosuppressive microenvironment that facilitates tumor progression and limits treatment efficacy. Consequently, cytokine-regulated SASP networks have emerged as promising therapeutic targets for overcoming age-associated disease progression and molecular resistance. Natural products represent a growing class of senotherapeutic agents capable of modulating senescence-associated pathways. Several phytochemicals and bioactive secondary metabolites exhibit senolytic or senostatic activities, enabling selective elimination of senescent cells or suppression of detrimental SASP signalling. Emerging nanotechnology-based delivery systems and receptor-targeted approaches further enhance the bioavailability, specificity, and therapeutic potential of these compounds. This review summarizes the role of cytokine-regulated SASP networks in OC progression, immune escape, and therapy resistance, while highlighting natural-product-derived senotherapeutics as promising strategies for precision immuno-oncology and geriatric OC management.
Macrocyclic architectures are powerful platforms for tuning optoelectronic and host-guest properties through controlled structural modifications. In this work, a linear donor-acceptor (D-A) fluorophore (CFC-M) and its macrocyclic analogue (CFC-CD), both synthesized from carbazole and fluorenone units, were investigated to uncover how molecular engineering reshapes optical and supramolecular behavior. Both CFC-M and CFC-CD acted as hosts to form stable 1:1 complexes with C60, with CFC-CD exhibiting a higher binding affinity towards C60, with a binding constant of 3.74 × 105 M-1 than CFC-M (2.18 × 105 M-1)..