Transport is a major contributor to urban air pollution and premature mortality worldwide. This systematic review evaluates the air-quality and public health co-benefits of national and regional transport policies aimed at reducing population exposure to air pollution. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, this review synthesized evidence published between 2011 and 2024 on the health and environmental impacts of national or regional transport policies. Ten eligible studies were reviewed, covering diesel vehicle phase-outs, inspection and maintenance programs, electric vehicle incentives, fuel taxation, and promotion of public or active transport. Across multiple settings, these policies were associated with reductions in PM2.5 concentrations and with avoided premature mortality, respiratory and cardiovascular hospitalizations, and healthcare costs. The largest and most consistent health benefits were observed for integrated policy packages, particularly those combining regulatory and technological measures such as fuel quality improvements, vehicle electrification and diesel phase-out, complemented by behavioral or fiscal instruments. Most available evidence originates from high-income countries, while studies from low- and middle-income regions remain scarce. The limited number of eligible studies and their concentration in specific regions and modeling approaches constrain generalizability, especially to settings with different transport systems, resource availability, and air-quality profiles. Embedding health-impact assessment within transport planning and expanding long-term evaluations in low- and middle-income countries are essential to ensure equitable and sustained air-quality and health improvements. Future policy frameworks should prioritize source-oriented regulatory and technological measures such as vehicle electrification, fuel-quality regulation, and diesel phase-out implemented within integrated policy packages to maximize public-health co-benefits.
Osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) is known for its therapeutic potential on the musculoskeletal system, and its emerging role and potential benefits in oncology care are gaining attention. Patients with primary and metastatic bone cancer tend to experience pain, restricted movement, and lower quality of life due to the pathology and its treatment. This narrative review examines the mechanistic rationale and available clinical evidence supporting the use of OMM in the management of pain and functional impairment among patients with bone malignancies. A literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar to identify peer-reviewed studies published between 2005 and 2025 addressing OMM interventions in oncologic and bone cancer populations. Relevant clinical and mechanistic studies were synthesized to evaluate potential therapeutic roles and safety considerations. Limited clinical studies suggest that select OMM techniques, including myofascial release (MFR), gentle soft tissue methods, and lymphatic approaches, may contribute to improvements in pain perception, mobility, and fatigue in oncology populations. Evidence specific to primary bone malignancies remains sparse, with most data derived from small trials, observational studies, and extrapolation from broader cancer cohorts. OMM may offer a non-pharmacologic adjunct targeting biomechanical dysfunction, autonomic regulation, and lymphatic flow, which are implicated in cancer-related pain and functional decline. However, heterogeneity in study design, small sample sizes, and limited bone-specific data constrain definitive conclusions. Current evidence suggests that OMM has potential as a supportive modality in bone cancer care, particularly for symptom management and functional rehabilitation. Rigorous, well-designed clinical trials are needed to establish safety parameters, standardized protocols, and efficacy within this population.
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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.801048.].
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify prognostic factors influencing hearing recovery in children with sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL), thereby providing a reference for developing prevention strategies and optimizing therapeutic interventions. We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, CNKI, and SinoMed databases to identify relevant studies published prior to 2024. Inclusion criteria encompassed pediatric patients with SSNHL (<18 years old) who had clearly documented audiological outcomes. We extracted data on demographic characteristics, clinical features, and treatment regimens to investigate the association between prognostic factors and hearing recovery. This meta-analysis included 1,006 patients from 13 studies. The combined rates for partial and complete hearing recovery were 19.6% [95% confidence interval (CI): 13.6-25.7%, I²  = 80.63%] and 18.6% (95% CI: 12.2-25.1%, I²  = 85.99%), respectively. Better prognosis was associated with unilateral hearing loss [odds ratio (OR): 2.741, P = 0.004], age >12 years (OR: 1.911, P = 0.034), treatment delay ≤ 14 days (OR: 6.402, P < 0.001), and an ascending audiogram curve (OR: 6.910, P < 0.001). Conversely, poorer outcomes were associated with profound hearing loss curves (OR: 0.376, P < 0.001) and initial pure-tone average (PTA) thresholds >80 dB HL (OR: 0.451, P = 0.005). Early intervention (≤14 days) and targeted treatment for profound hearing loss (PTA > 80 dB HL) hold promise for improving pediatric outcomes. Systemic inflammatory markers (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio) and age-specific pathophysiological mechanisms warrant further investigation. Conducting multicenter prospective studies is essential to validate these findings and establish standardized diagnostic and treatment protocols for pediatric SSNHL. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024612409, CRD42024612409.
Ribociclib, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, is vital in the management of hormone receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) metastatic breast cancer. However, drug-induced pneumonitis is a rare but serious adverse effect that requires timely identification and intervention. Our case presents a 66-year-old woman with stage IV metastatic breast cancer on ribociclib presenting with a two-month history of worsening dry cough and progressive dyspnea. Computed tomography of the chest revealed bilateral interstitial lung changes. Bronchoalveolar lavage ruled out infectious causes, and pulmonary function tests indicated a restrictive pattern, all supporting the diagnosis of drug-induced pneumonitis. Discontinuation of ribociclib and initiation of corticosteroid therapy rapidly improved the patient's symptoms, and by the time of her discharge, her oxygen saturation was stable. This case emphasizes the importance of early recognition of pneumonitis in patients on CDK4/6 inhibitors. Clinicians should maintain vigilance for pulmonary symptoms and consider rapid intervention to prevent severe outcomes.
Empyema necessitans is a rare complication of parapneumonic effusion. Here, we present the case of an eight-year-old girl who presented with a tumor-like chest mass. The clinical presentation initially suggested a malignant disease. A multidisciplinary approach prior to surgery enabled a correct diagnosis by performing pre-surgery cultures and submitting surgical specimens for both microbiological and histopathological analysis. The microbiological workup demonstrated an Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans infection, which was consistent with the histopathological findings. Antibiotic therapy was administered for a total of 8 weeks, leading to the complete resolution of the symptoms and the lesion. This article provides a detailed description of this exceptional infection in children that can initially be misdiagnosed as a malignant lesion and offers a review of the limited literature on published cases in pediatrics.
Diagnosing SHOX gene variations is important because growth hormone treatment is an approved option for affected children. Subtle clinical and radiological abnormalities were reported in SHOX deficiency associated with idiopathic short stature (ISS). Whether systematic or phenotype-based molecular screening should be performed remains debated. To determine whether simple radiological features on left-hand radiography could serve as indicators for molecular analysis of the SHOX gene, and to compare these with published clinical/radiological scores. This retrospective study included 266 patients diagnosed with ISS who underwent SHOX gene analysis without any predefined selection criteria at the Pediatric Endocrinology Unit of Angers University Hospital from 2016 to 2023, aiming to determine the rate of SHOX gene variations. We also included 33 ISS patients diagnosed with a SHOX gene variation between 2005 and 2015 to refine sensitivity analyses. Systematic screening using MLPA identified SHOX gene variations in 9.8% of ISS children and sequencing in MLPA-negative subjects detected an additional 6%. Variations occurred in the coding regions in one-third and in the enhancer regions in two-thirds. A cutoff of 147° for the convexity of the distal radial metaphysis showed sensitivity/specificity of 89%/50%. A cutoff of 128° for pyramidalization of the carpal row yielded sensitivity/specificity of 86%/49%. Combining both criteria yielded 91% sensitivity and 70% specificity. Previous scores proposed by Rappold and Binder had sensitivity/specificity of 36%/51% and 81%/10%, respectively. Systematic molecular screening by MLPA and sequencing is recommended to detect all SHOX gene variants in children with ISS.
Cherubism is a rare genetic fibro-osseous disorder characterized by symmetrical expansion of the maxilla and mandible. The lesions usually progress during childhood, stabilize around puberty, and regress in adulthood. Treatment strategies depend on lesion progression, tissue involvement, and patient concerns. This systematic review aimed to summarize treatment approaches, including surgery, medication, and combined modalities, and to provide an overview of clinical, radiographic, microscopic, and molecular findings. Evidence-based treatment decision-making in cherubism remains challenging, as no prior systematic review has comprehensively evaluated and compared the outcomes of surgical, pharmacologic, and combined approaches. This review followed PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, and SpringerLink databases were searched for studies on cherubism management. Eligible studies included cohort studies, retrospective analyses, case series, and case reports. Late-onset and reactivation cases were excluded. Eighteen studies published between 2015 and 2025 were included after evaluation for relevance, risk of bias, and outcome reliability. A total of 18 studies comprising 36 patients with cherubism were analyzed. The age ranged from early childhood (around 4 years) to young adulthood (up to 21 years). Genetic testing for SH3BP2 mutations was reported in 5 studies, while a positive familial history was documented in 8 studies. Twelve patients were treated surgically using contouring, curettage, or resection. Seventeen patients received pharmacological therapy alone, including calcitonin, denosumab, or immunomodulating drugs. Seven patients underwent combined surgical and medical treatment. Reported outcomes varied across modalities. Cherubism management should be individualized based on disease grade and progression. Lower grades respond to conservative or pharmacologic therapy, whereas higher grades often require combined surgical and medical approaches using agents such as denosumab, imatinib, or tacrolimus. Advances in molecular insight and 3D-guided techniques support a trend toward personalized, grade-based treatment. Multicenter longitudinal studies remain essential to validate current strategies and establish standardized management guidelines for cherubism. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024623376, PROSPERO CRD42024623376.
Mood disorders (MDs), including depressive disorder (DD) and bipolar disorder (BD), represent a major global health burden, yet the absence of objective biomarkers has persistently hindered their accurate clinical diagnosis. The niacin skin flushing response (NSFR) has shown promise as a potential biomarker; however, inconsistencies in diagnostic efficacy and response characteristics across studies have limited its utility. This meta-analysis aims to systematically evaluate the NSFR in MD patients to address these discrepancies. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases was conducted for articles published through May 2025, identifying 18 eligible case-control studies involving 1848 participants (888 MD patients and 960 HC). Random-effects models were used to assess the degree, speed, and sensitivity of NSFR, while subgroup analyses and meta-regression explored potential sources of heterogeneity. MD patients exhibited markedly blunted NSFR, characterized by reduced degree and speed of response (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [-1.12; -0.05] and SMD = 0.72, 95% CI: [0.35; 1.10]), while no statistically significant difference in NSFR sensitivity was observed (SMD = 0.51, 95% CI: [-0.18; 1.20]). Subgroup analyses identified substantial heterogeneity across detection methods, geographical regions, and control sources, highlighting the need for standardized protocols. Meta-regression analyses indicated that sample size, publication year, gender distribution, and age did not significantly affect outcomes, further strengthening the robustness of our findings. This study reinforces the potential of NSFR as a biomarker for MD and highlights the critical need to address heterogeneity through standardized methodologies in future research to enhance its diagnostic reliability.
Antipsychotic monotherapy is considered the standard for schizophrenia treatment. However, many patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders receive antipsychotic polypharmacy (APP). This can be associated with increased adverse effects, drug interactions, and treatment costs. This review aims to synthesize evidence on the prevalence of APP in the Middle East, North Africa, Turkey, and the Eastern Mediterranean (MENAT/EMRO) countries. Eight databases were systematically searched for studies published up to February 2026 that reported APP prevalence among patients with schizophrenia and psychotic disorders in MENAT and EMRO countries. The methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist, while the overall certainty of evidence was evaluated using GRADE conceptual approach (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation). The pooled prevalence was estimated using random-effects meta-analysis, and statistical heterogeneity was assessed using tau-squared (τ²) and I² statistic. Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored through subgroup and meta-regression analyses, and publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger's tests. Seventeen studies with 6,053 individuals with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders were included. The pooled prevalence of APP was 50% (95% CI: 37%-62%), with substantial heterogeneity (I² = 98.4%), and was commonly associated with second-generation antipsychotics. Evidence linking APP to specific demographic and clinical variables was limited to a few studies, which found APP associated with higher number of hospitalizations. A pooled prevalence across nine of the APP studies revealed that only 12% (95% CI: 8% to 18%) were receiving clozapine. APP is highly prevalent in MENAT/EMRO countries. Given the potential harms of polypharmacy and the limited evidence supporting it, we recommend efforts to reduce APP and increase clozapine utilization among eligible patients. Evidence-based guidelines, clinician training, and improved clozapine accessibility are crucial to optimizing schizophrenia management in the region.
Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are a major cause of preventable harm in polypharmacy and remain difficult to anticipate as formularies, indication profiles, and interaction labels evolve. Over the last few years, the DDI modeling landscape has shifted rapidly toward graph-native, multimodal, and contrastive or self-supervised learning, alongside renewed interest in extraction, decision support, and pharmacovigilance pipelines. This systematic literature review (SLR) synthesizes computational work on DDI prediction, event-type classification, text extraction, and safety signal detection published between 2022 and 2025. We aim to (i) organize recent methods into a feature-method taxonomy, (ii) compare their evaluation setups and reported performance, and (iii) assess progress on generalization, explainability, and clinical translation. Using a prespecified review protocol and PRISMA 2020 reporting guidance, we searched major bibliographic databases and screened peer-reviewed studies that proposed or evaluated computational methods for DDIs or closely related interaction tasks. Eligible work spans molecular graph and descriptor models, multimodal pharmacological representations, heterogeneous and knowledge graphs, text-based extraction and retrieval, and real-world evidence from EHRs, FAERS, and similar sources. We grouped methods into similarity and matrix-factorization baselines, conventional machine learning, deep neural architectures (CNNs, RNNs, and Transformers), graph neural networks and knowledge-graph representation learning, multimodal fusion, contrastive/self-supervised objectives, and emerging LLM-based frameworks. For each study, we extracted feature modalities, tasks, datasets and splits, metrics, explainability tools, and any form of clinical or user-centred evaluation. Recent work consistently reports improved AUROC/AUPR on DrugBank-derived, TWOSIDES-like, and DDIExtraction benchmarks, driven by substructure-aware GNNs, KG-augmented architectures, multimodal fusion, and inductive or out-of-distribution training regimes. However, most models still rely on a small set of public datasets, heterogeneous and sometimes optimistic split protocols, and limited external or prospective validation. Event-level and long-tailed risk modeling, prompt- or prototype-based learning, and LLM-assisted extraction strengthen coverage of rare but clinically important interaction types, yet uncertainty quantification, label quality assessment, and end-to-end integration into prescribing workflows remain underexplored. Between 2022 and 2025, DDI modeling has moved decisively toward graph-centric, multimodal, and contrastive/self-supervised paradigms that clearly advance benchmark performance but only partially close the gap to reliable, mechanism-aware clinical decision support. We distill design guidelines and a research agenda around transparent dataset construction, realistic and standardized evaluation protocols, mechanism- and direction-aware modeling, robustness to novel drugs and regimens, and prospective, clinician-in-the-loop validation.
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1805536.].
This clinical trial aimed to assess the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of LW402, a preferential JAK1 inhibitor, in healthy participants, so as to provide support for its further development in treating autoimmune diseases. The study included two phases: a single ascending dose (10-400 mg) with 54 participants and a multiple ascending dose (50-150 mg, b.i.d for 6 days plus a single dose on day 7) with 36 participants. Safety, PK (from timed blood samples), and PD (JAK1/JAK2 signaling) were evaluated. No serious adverse events were reported; only mild treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), such as sinus bradycardia and gastrointestinal issues, occurred. LW402 was rapidly absorbed (median tmax: 0.42-1.0 hours), with slightly super-proportional exposure and minimal accumulation, and preferentially inhibited JAK1-mediated signaling. LW402's favorable safety profile, predictable PK characteristics, and selective JAK1 inhibition collectively support its continued development for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. http://www.chinadrugtrials.org.cn, identifier CTR20201897.
The article published in this issue of the journal titled "Examining implementation of health exception laws in six countries"1 arrives at a critical juncture in global reproductive health discourse. Across much of the developing world, abortion law - often framed around narrow "health exceptions" - exist in statute but fail in practice. This disjuncture between legal permission and lived access is not merely a technical gap; it is a profound social justice failure with implications for women's health, autonomy, and dignity. Health exception laws typically allow abortion where a woman's physical or mental health is at risk. In theory, they represent a compromise between restrictive legal regimes and broader reproductive rights and social justice. However, evidence consistently shows that legal allowances alone do not guarantee access. Comparative research demonstrates that in many countries, even where abortion is technically legal under health grounds, women are denied services due to poor implementation, lack of guidelines, and restrictive interpretations.2This important article in this issue of the journal extends this insight through a six-country comparative lens, echoing earlier multi-country analyses such as the study by Wendy Chavkin and colleagues3, which examined reforms and implementation strategies across diverse settings including Ethiopia, Ghana, and South Africa. Together, these studies reinforce a crucial point: the effectiveness of abortion law lies not in its wording, but in its operationalization. L’article publié dans ce numéro de la revue, intitulé « Examen de la mise en œuvre des lois d’exception pour raisons de santé dans six pays »¹, arrive à un moment critique du débat mondial sur la santé reproductive. Dans une grande partie des pays en développement, le droit à l’avortement – souvent fondé sur des « exceptions pour raisons de santé » restrictives – existe dans la loi, mais reste inapplicable dans la pratique. Ce décalage entre l’autorisation légale et l’accès réel à l’avortement n’est pas qu’une simple lacune technique ; il s’agit d’une profonde injustice sociale qui a des conséquences sur la santé, l’autonomie et la dignité des femmes. Les lois d’exception pour raisons de santé autorisent généralement l’avortement lorsque la santé physique ou mentale de la femme est en danger. En théorie, elles représentent un compromis entre les régimes juridiques restrictifs et les droits reproductifs plus larges, ainsi que la justice sociale. Cependant, les faits montrent systématiquement que les autorisations légales, à elles seules, ne garantissent pas l’accès à l’avortement. Des recherches comparatives démontrent que dans de nombreux pays, même lorsque l'avortement est techniquement légal pour des raisons de santé, des femmes se voient refuser l'accès à ce service en raison d'une mauvaise mise en œuvre, d'un manque de directives et d'interprétations restrictives.² Cet article important, publié dans ce numéro de la revue, approfondit cette analyse à travers une étude comparative menée dans six pays, faisant écho à des analyses multinationales antérieures telles que l'étude de Wendy Chavkin et ses collègues³, qui ont examiné les réformes et les stratégies de mise en œuvre dans divers contextes, notamment en Éthiopie, au Ghana et en Afrique du Sud. Ensemble, ces études renforcent un point crucial : l'efficacité de la loi sur l'avortement ne réside pas dans sa formulation, mais dans son application concrète.
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2026.1763548.].
Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are promoted as less harmful alternatives to conventional cigarettes (CCs) because they avoid combustion and reduce the formation of toxic compounds. However, evidence supporting a real reduction in lung cancer (LC) risk remains limited and is largely based on biomarker studies rather than long-term epidemiological data. This review assessed the association between HTP use and LC risk, examined the impact of reduced-exposure claims on consumer perceptions, and evaluated the role of HTPs in smoking cessation. A literature search of PubMed, Medline, and the Cochrane Library identified 26 studies published between January 2020 and June 2025. Available evidence indicates that HTPs generate substantially lower levels of several carcinogenic compounds and are associated with reductions in biomarkers of exposure and biomarkers of potential harm compared with CCs. Risk estimation models suggest that the excess LC risk associated with HTP use may represent approximately 3-4% of that observed among CC smokers; however, these projections rely on indirect measures and carry considerable uncertainty. Although HTPs may contribute to reduced toxic exposure, they are not risk-free and continue to induce biological alterations linked to inflammation and oxidative stress. Reduced-exposure claims influence consumer risk perceptions and may encourage product uptake. In the context of smoking cessation, HTPs may reduce CC consumption but frequently result in dual use rather than complete abstinence. Independent longitudinal studies are required to clarify their long-term impact on LC incidence and public health.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health crisis, particularly predominant in low- and middle-income countries. Pharmacists play a crucial role in combating AMR, especially through antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) initiatives. In Ghana, the training of pharmacists includes a mandatory 1-year internship before licensure, aimed at ensuring that graduates are well-prepared to deliver high-quality pharmaceutical care. However, the extent to which this training equips interns to address AMR, especially through AMS, remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the knowledge and perceptions of pharmacy interns in Ghana on antimicrobial use (AMU), AMR, and AMS to identify gaps or deficiencies in their training. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 195 pharmacy interns who had just sat for the Ghana Pharmacy Professional Qualifying Examination (GPPQE). A questionnaire adapted from previously published studies was used to collect data. Data were analyzed descriptively using Google Sheets. Knowledge scores were categorized using Bloom's cut-off criteria: a score of ≥ 80% was considered "good," while < 80% was classified as "moderate to poor." Most interns had received training on AMU (92.3%), AMR (90.3%), and AMS (81.5%). Good knowledge levels were observed for AMU (65.6%) and AMR (58.9%); however, only 43.1% demonstrated good AMS knowledge. Despite 92.3% of interns perceiving the quantity and quality of their knowledge to be good, only 58.0% strongly agreed they had received sufficient training, and 64.6% expressed a desire for further education on AMU, AMR, and AMS, reflecting awareness of training gaps. Although most interns received training, there were critical knowledge gaps present, particularly in AMS. While interns held positive perceptions of their stewardship roles, a gap exists between their self-assessed knowledge and objective knowledge performance, especially regarding AMS. Reviewing internship training objectives and harmonizing AMS education across training institutions is recommended to ensure that pharmacy graduates are well prepared for their stewardship roles in practice.
Since its public release in November 2022, ChatGPT has been rapidly evaluated across medical disciplines, including oncology. However, the scope, methodological characteristics, and clinical focus of oncology-specific evaluations remain poorly characterized. We conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional meta-research analysis of oncology-related studies that explicitly evaluated ChatGPT, identified through Ovid Medline and Embase from database inception through December 25, 2025. Included studies were categorized by study design, oncology discipline, and artificial intelligence (AI) task, and results were summarized descriptively. A total of 1,325 oncology-related studies evaluating ChatGPT were identified, with publication volume increasing over time, including 128 (10%) in 2023, 540 (41%) in 2024, and 657 (50%) in 2025. Most studies were clinical studies (949, 72%), predominantly methodological or performance evaluation studies (658, 69% of clinical studies). Research activity was concentrated in general or multidisciplinary oncology (702, 53%) and radiation oncology (575, 43%), with limited representation in medical oncology (26, 2%) and basic science (22, 2%), and no identified studies in surgical oncology (0, 0%). ChatGPT was most frequently evaluated for diagnostic accuracy or classification tasks (760, 57%), followed by mixed AI tasks (371, 28%). Oncology-focused evaluations of ChatGPT are predominantly concentrated in methodological and performance-based study designs, with a strong emphasis on diagnostic applications and a limited range of oncology disciplines. These patterns indicate that current research has primarily focused on establishing model performance within structured evaluations, with comparatively less emphasis on broader clinical contexts. This study defines the current research landscape and provides a structured reference for interpreting how ChatGPT is being studied across oncology.
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered gold standard study designs. With increasing knowledge and experience, the requirements for designing, conduct and reporting of RCTs is becoming more demanding. The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) has been recommended as reporting guideline for the RCTs. After its first publication in 1996, there have been updates in 2001 and 2010. After almost 15 years of last update, recently revised CONSORT-2025 guideline has been published. Interestingly, the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials guideline first published in 2013 has also undergone revision. The wording of these two guidelines has been harmonized. In this article, we have discussed important updates in the CONSORT 2025 checklist.