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Ocular traumas include a wide range of injuries from trivial conditions to extensive perforating injuries that can lead to visual function impairment of various ranges and even to the loss of the eye itself. In terms of first aid, not only an ophthalmologist but also a physician of any specialty can effectively intervene and minimize the consequences of these conditions. Open globe injuries represent prognostically the most severe conditions which have to be treated by an experienced ophthalmologist. Closed injuries are most commonly manifested as corneal erosions, foreign bodies on the surface of a globe or contusions of varying severity. These conditions do not always require urgent primary intervention by an ophthalmologist. The opposite is true for chemical traumas which are often caused by alkali. Urgent intervention consisting in eye lavage is crucial to minimize complications. Periocular tissue injuries can be divided into orbital skeletal fractures and soft tissue traumas of the orbit and eyelids. Acute conditions in ophthalmology also include inflammations of the eye and periocular tissue, of which endophthalmitis and retroseptal orbital cellulitis are the most prognostically serious. Acute retinal circulatory disorders include central retinal artery occlusion and acute ischemic optic neuropathy. Acute angle-closure crisis can be manifested as sudden severe pain of the globe, headache and blurred vision. The other most common causes of acute visual impairment are hemophtalmus and retinal detachment, the conditions which require specialized intervention of an ophthalmologist. Sudden conditions in ophthalmology require prompt diagnosis and early basic medical intervention which can be provided by a physician of any specialty and can significantly reduce subsequent complications. Ultimate treatment then belongs to the ophthalmologist.
This article presents a creative biography of Sergey Selivanovich Golovin, the prominent Russian ophthalmologist of the first quarter of the 20th century. The work is based on archival research and analysis of published materials, and characterizes the career of S.S. Golovin as department head and organizer of educational process. The article highlights the key aspect of his scientific aspirations - attention to socially significant issues in medicine and healthcare, and notes the international recognition of the Russian scholar's scientific achievements. Additionally, this work identifies the primary reason for the discontinuation of the first specialized journal in Russia, Vestnik Oftalmologii, and draws attention to the fact that the causes and consequences of the division within the Moscow Ophthalmological Society in 1924 require further investigation. His speech at the All-Russian Congress of Eye Physicians in 1928 is proposed to be considered as S.S. Golovin's scientific legacy. На основании архивных исследований и анализа опубликованных материалов в статье представлена творческая биография видного русского офтальмолога первой четверти XX в. Сергея Селивановича Головина. Выделено принципиальное качество его научных устремлений — внимание к социально значимым проблемам медицины, здравоохранения. Дана характеристика С.С. Головина как руководителя кафедры, организатора учебного процесса. Отмечено международное признание научных достижений русского ученого. Названа основная причина прекращения издания первого в России специализированного журнала «Вестник офтальмологии». В статье обращено внимание на то, что причины и последствия раскола Московского офтальмологического общества в 1924 г. требуют специального исследования. Выступление С.С. Головина на Всероссийском съезде глазных врачей в 1928 г. предложено рассматривать как научное завещание ученого.
Nowadays 3D printing allows us to create physical objects on the basis of digital data. Thanks to its rapid development the use enormously increased in medicine too. Its creations facilitate surgical planning processes, education and research in context of organ transplantation, individualization prostheses, breast forms, and others.Our article describes the wide range of applied 3D printing technology possibilities in ophthalmology. It is focusing on innovative implementation of eye tumors treatment planning in stereotactic radiosurgery irradiation.We analyze our first experience with 3D printing model of the eye in intraocular tumor planning stereotactic radiosurgery. 3D printing, model, Fused Deposition Modelling, stereotactic radiosurgery, prostheses, intraocular tumor.
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To introduce the topic of pediatric keratoconus, highlighting the importance of routine corneal topography and tomography in children and adolescents from predisposed groups. To attempt to ensure the early detection of keratoconus and its subclinical form, enabling early treatment, which brings better expected postoperative results.  Material and methods: Using the corneal tomograph Pentacam AXL we examined children and adolescents with astigmatism equal or greater than  2 diopters (in at least one eye) and patients with at least one risk factor such as eye rubbing in the case of allergic pathologies, positive family history of keratoconus or certain forms of retinal dystrophy. In total, we included 231 eyes (116 patients), of which 54 were girls and 62 were boys. The Belin-Ambrósio deviation index parameter was evaluated, in which we classified a total of 41 eyes as subclinical keratoconus and 12 eyes as clinical keratoconus. Next, the corneal maps were evaluated individually, in which we included a total of 15 eyes as subclinical keratoconus and 6 eyes as clinical keratoconus. In our group, compared to the control group, subclinical and clinical keratoconus occurred most often in the group of patients with astigmatism and in the group of so-called "eye rubbers". After individual evaluation, keratoconus occurred more frequently in boys than in girls in our cohort. Most patients with keratoconus are diagnosed when there is a deterioration of visual acuity and changes on the anterior surface of  the cornea. Corneal topography and tomography allows us to monitor the initial changes on the posterior surface of the cornea, and helps us to detect the subclinical form of keratoconus and the possibility of its early treatment. Therefore, it is important to determine which groups are at risk and groups in which corneal topography and tomography should be performed routinely.
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UV absorbers developed by us are covalently bound in hydrophilic contact lenses. This is great advantage because UV absorbers cannot be diluted from contact lenses. In laboratory investigations and "in vivo" experiments it was found that contact lenses containing UV absorbents prevent the eye against the damaging effect of UV irradiation (UVA, UVB, UVC rays). The second new approach (mentioned in this paper) is the use of Hindered Amine Light Stabilizer (4-methakryloylamino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine) covalently bound in the hydrophilic contact or therapeutic lenses--for the healing of the damaged eye. In laboratory measurements the cleavage of hydrogen peroxide (of various concentrations) by hindered amine light stabilizer was confirmed. In "in vivo" experiments it was examined histochemically and morphologically that Hindered Amines Light Stabilizer bound in contact lenses favourable influenced the healing of the damaged anterior eye segment of rabbits. The amount as well as enzyme activation (lysosomal hydrolases) of inflammatory cells was significantly reduced in the anterior eye segment. It is suggested that Hindered Amine Light Stabilizer reacts with reactive oxygen species (oxyradicals and hydrogen peroxide) present in the damaged anterior eye segment (e.g. released from inflammatory cells). During this reaction intermediate products appear and the resulting product is a nitroxide radical. All reaction products as well as resulting product are covalently bound in hydrophilic material. For the development and also evaluation of the efficacy of both new approaches perspective for the use in clinical ophthalmology, biochemical investigations and histochemical methods are employed. Enzyme histochemistry is very important for the evaluation of the efficacy of new therapeutic approaches "in vivo" and therefore the particular attention is devoted to it in this communication.
The author presents an account on the properties and initial own experience with a new long acting amide local anaesthetic levobupivacaine. Levobupivacaine supplied under the name Chirocaine is a laevorotatory enanciomere of racemic bupivacaine known this country under the name Marcaine. Contrary to racemic bupivacaine levobupivacaine has a lower cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity while it has the same anaesthetic and analgetic effect. The author tested the anaesthetic in 100 patients using the same dosage as in hitherto commonly used bupivacaine. Based on data in the literature and their own experience the authors consider levobupivacaine very suitable also for ophthalmosurgery, in particular in risk patients and in long operations where a larger amount of anaesthetic is necessary.
The authors present an account of diode lasers based on publications in the literature and their initial own experience. A brief physical characteristic of diode lasers is given.
The authors analyze their two years experience with 208 patients hospitalized at the Clinic of Pediatric Ophthalmology treated by the locally administered antiprostaglandin diclophenac, 0.1% eye drops. The spectrum of the disease was wide and comprised different conditions after intraocular surgery, in particular of cataract, glaucoma and perforation injuries, Yag laser capsulotomy, and conservatively treated conditions, in particular inflammatory processes, uveitis and keratoconjunctivitis. Diclophenac was not combined with other non-steroid antiphlogistics but frequently it was adjuvant treatment of corticosteroids, antibiotics and mydriatics. The authors did not observe any side-effects of the preparation, even after long-term administration or after short-term administration to neonates. As to the intensity of effect, diclophenac was comparable with other prostaglandin inhibitors and in pediatric ophthalmology it is an effective and safe antiphlogistic agent.
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Metamorphopsia is important symptom of macular disease. The most common simple detection method of metamorphopsia is Amsler grid. Usually it is used monocularly with best correction for near. Patient should evaluate grid deformation a describe position of the deformity. This method is based on qualitative principle. For quantitative evaluation we can use Software D Chart (Thomson Software Solution). This instrument enables evaluate degree and position of the metamorphopsia in central visual field. Our goal was to establish M-score values in group of young healthy subjects without correction (M-score natural), with cylindrical spectacle lens (M-score SL) and in group of patients with age related degeneration (M-score ARMD). We had 33 probands divided into 2 samples. The first sample contains 15 young probands with average age 23 years without any eye pathology. The second sample contains 18 patients with ARMD (7 with dry form and 11 with wet form). In our study we used software D Chart (Thomson Software Solution). This software was use in Acer PC with touchable screen. We note total M-score in right eye of all probands. Level for statistic evaluation was set on p = 0.05. Natural M-score values for young probands was: median 0, minimum 0, maximum 2.3. With cylindrical lens we got these values: median 25.2, minimum 3.6, maximum 41.6. In second sample with probands suffer from ARMD we got these values: median 0.8, minimum 0, maximum 29.4. Wilcoxon non-parametric test was used for statistical evaluation. We proved statistically significant difference between all variables. M-score natural vs. M-score SL showed p < 0.001, M-score natural vs. M-score ARMD showed p = 0.04 and M-score SL vs. M-score ARMD showed p < 0.001. Our study showed statistically significant differences between variable M-score natural, M-score SL and M-score ARMD. We found that printed Amsler grid as well as its digital modification D Chart are suitable for determining metamorphopsia in central visual field. The main advantage of D Chart is quantitative evaluation of the test with M-score and digital registration of retinal changes during patient´s follow up.
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