Though advertisers frequently use sex appeal to improve advertising effectiveness, its effects on recipients' attitudes are not fully understood. In fact, a recent meta-analysis by Wirtz et al. (2018) reports heterogeneous effect sizes and suggests that differences among sexual stimuli might contribute to this heterogeneity. We adopt this proposition and argue that while scholars mostly use nudity to manipulate sex appeal in advertising, these manipulations often confound nudity and sexism. We seek to disentangle unique and interactive effects of nudity and sexism on attitudes towards the ad and the brand. We conduct two preregistered experiments using 16 real and fictitious print ads of female models, respectively. Through an orthogonal manipulation of nudity and sexism, we provide a rigorous estimation of the independent effect sizes and show that effects of nudity are small, whereas sexism exerts medium to strong effects on attitudes. Therefore, sexism rather than nudity appears to drive consumers' negative responses.
Female breasts elicit sexual arousal in men, but there is much speculation about the underlying cause of this phenomenon. Some argue that breast size and shape are cues of a woman's age, sexual maturity, fecundity, fertility, and/or nutritional status, whereas others espouse a cultural rationale, such that social norms biding women to cover their upper bodies lead men to desire what is hidden. To address this issue, we asked 80 men from the Dani people (Papua, Indonesia) about their sex-related behaviors and attitudes regarding their partners' breasts. The older participants (N = 40; aged 40-70 years, M, 50.2) were raised in times when toplessness was a norm among Dani women, while the younger ones (N = 40; 17-32 years, M, 24.0) were raised when customs had changed such that Dani women covered their breasts in public. We found that the two groups of men did not differ in terms of (1) the sexual arousal they experience when seeing naked female breasts, (2) the frequency of touching their partners' breasts during sexual intercourse, and (3) the significance of a woman's breasts for her perceived attractiveness among men. These findings indicate that the degree of exposure to breasts did not influence men's responses about them, suggesting that attraction to breasts may be driven by deep-seated desires that are not overridden by cultural practices regarding exposure or covering up. Our study thus provides preliminary evidence that men's sexualization of female breasts might have cross-cultural, evolutionary grounds.
In the late twentieth century, a new view of children as potential sexual abusers emerged. Today, more research addresses children's "problematic sexual behavior" than their natural sexuality, and even young children are stigmatized and criminalized because of species-typical sexual behavior. Despite the importance of this new field of research and view of childhood sexuality, studies of this development, its origins, and consequences are extremely rare. This study analyzed the discourse and images related to childhood sexuality in a Danish education and care journal for childcare professionals, from 1970 to 2019, to examine the emergence of "the child perpetrator of sexual abuse" in Denmark in the late 1990s, and traced the travelling of these ideas back to the United States, where this figure originated in the mid-1980s. The study revealed a radical change in views of childhood sexuality in Denmark from 1970 to 2019: from an extreme liberalism in the early decades-illustrated by a rare collection of photos of children's nudity and sexuality, of which a selection is reprinted in this article-to a view that strongly associates children's sexuality with sexual abuse. The study showed that the significant attention to and fear of child sexual abuse influenced the new view of childhood sexuality, and that this progressively took root in Danish childcare institutions, creating a panic. This article examines the knowledge, narratives, and the question of proportion regarding the cross-cultural view of children as potential sexual abusers, and discusses its consequences, combining a historical study and a dissection of an important, current phenomenon.
This article presents the first Danish study of the acceptance of children's nudity and sexuality at Danish childcare institutions. The study revealed an important cultural shift in the attitude toward children's nudity and sexual games, the so-called doctor games. Although these were quite accepted at Danish childcare institutions until the beginning of this century, the study showed that new, pervasive regulations had been established to control the child's body and its sexuality. A new discourse revealed that fear of child sexual abuse, in particular, had influenced views of children's sexual games and nudity and that, at times, the child itself was viewed as a potential threat to other children. This marks a new development in Denmark, internationally known for its broadmindedness, and this article discusses the background to this cultural shift in the institutions, and possible implications for the children.
Situational factors likely play a role in date rape. The sexual inhibition hypothesis suggests that men are typically sexually inhibited by violence and non-consent, but that inhibition can also be disrupted. We attempted to determine if female nudity reduces inhibition of sexual arousal to non-consensual cues in sexually non-aggressive men. In two studies, heterosexual men (aged 18-25) were presented with six 2-min audiotaped narratives depicting consensual sexual interactions, non-consensual sexual interactions (rape), and non-sexual interactions (neutral) involving a man and a woman. In the first study, 20 participants saw pictures depicting nude or clothed women while listening to the stories. In the second study, 20 other participants saw videos depicting nude or clothed women exercising, also while listening to the stories. Genital responses and subjective sexual arousal were measured. Results suggested that nudity may have a disinhibitory effect on sexual arousal to non-consensual cues, but only when presented in the form of moving images.
Diffusion-based text-to-image (T2I) models such as Stable Diffusion (SD) and DALL $c.$ E 2 enable versatile image generation but raise significant safety concerns due to their ability to produce harmful or not-safe-for-work (NSFW) content (e.g., nudity). Existing safety strategies, including prompt filtering and machine unlearning, remain limited, as they are vulnerable to biased data, model openness, and adversarial prompt attacks. Achieving safe alignment during reinforcement learning (RL) fine-tuning is thus essential, yet faces two significant challenges: alignment fragility, where models easily lose control after optimization, and the safety-quality paradox, where improving safety often degrades visual quality. To address these issues, we propose S-TRPO, a Safety-constrained Trust-Region Policy Optimization framework that enables safe and reliable alignment of diffusion models (DMs) within the manifold policy space. S-TRPO introduces a dynamic safety-control mechanism that combines danger-region perception with trust-region constraints to maintain both safety and generation fidelity. Specifically, a KL-based safety region and a static risk model jointly evaluate harmful prompt risk and restrict unsafe deviations in policy updates. Furthermore, a Lagrangian dual-control scheme balances safety constraints with image-quality optimization. Extensive experiments on real-world adversarial benchmarks demonstrate that, under white-box UnlearnDiffAtk evaluation, S-TRPO with full malicious fine-tuning reduces the attack success rate by 51.7% relative to DPOK, while maintaining comparable image-text alignment quality. These results highlight the effectiveness of S-TRPO in mitigating risky behaviors and enhancing the reliability of T2I diffusion systems.
We aimed to understand obstetric violence during delivery in a southern Colombian city. This phenomenological hermeneutical study included eight women >18 years with uncomplicated vaginal deliveries >1 month prior. Data from phenomenological interviews were analyzed using the Van Manen method and organized via the Heise model. Five themes emerged across micro, exo, and macrosystems: delivery producing fear, feeling exposed through nudity, lack of information, scolding, and displeasure, normalizing violence, and silently enduring pain. Obstetric violence was present in the delivery experience.
Despite advancements in concept-erased diffusion models, the persistent risk of generating Not-Safe-For-Work (NSFW) content in text-to-image tasks remains a critical challenge. To expose vulnerabilities in these models, some existing works designs attack method from generation perspective, which attempts to constraint the similarity between generate images and specific inappropriate images. However, generating visually similar images does not necessarily imply that the NSFW content has been successfully reconstructed, so the effectiveness of existing attack methods remains limited. To address this limitation, we propose Adversarial Discriminant Attack (ADAtk), a novel method designed to expose vulnerabilities in concept-erased diffusion models. Unlike existing attacks that focus on generation, ADAtk adopts a more intuitive discriminative perspective, aiming to generate images that are classified as inappropriate. By optimizing the likelihood of producing NSFW content, ADAtk crafts adversarial perturbations in the model's latent space, thereby guiding the reconstruction of NSFW concepts (e.g., nudity) aligned with the target discriminant class. Experimental results show that ADAtk can achieve an over 90% success rate in bypassing current internal security mechanisms, exposing critical limitations in existing concept-erasure techniques. These findings provide essential insights for improving the safety and reliability of text-to-image generation systems, paving the way for more secure generative AI models. Warning: This paper includes model outputs that may be considered offensive.
Families establish both spoken and unspoken physical boundaries between family members. However, families may violate boundaries in a way that may constitute normative family practices but may also increase the risk of sibling sexual abuse (SSA). Drawing on previous work, we utilized the Family Practice Questionnaire, Version VII in a current sample of largely, Hispanic college students. One thousand and sixty-one (N = 1,061) students from a large Hispanic Serving Institute in the southeastern U.S. served as participants. Results found variation in the perceptions of family practices (e.g. hygiene, affection, and privacy behaviors), with participants endorsing some behaviors as inappropriate at any ages, particularly if the behavior revolved around nudity. Similar to previous research, some significant gender differences in behaviors were found where older sisters were often thought to be able to engage in certain behaviors with younger siblings (both male and female) longer than older brothers. Likewise, significant differences were found as a factor of participant gender and racial-ethnic identity for some behaviors, suggesting that these variables may influence perceptions on what behaviors are appropriate. These results have implications for family health discussions with physicians and other health professionals involved in child and family care in order to ensure that children are protected.
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Background: Torture, as a fundamental violation of human rights, is unequivocally condemned by all international organizations. Sexual torture is one of the most severe forms of torture, encompassing forced nudity, various forms of humiliation, and physical abuse, including rape. Despite testimonial evidence indicating the incidental use of sexual torture by Israeli authorities, there is a lack of epidemiological research providing a comprehensive understanding of this issue. This study aims to analyze the prevalence and characteristics of ill treatment and sexual torture among Palestinian male detainees and the subsequent impacts. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed a database of 517 former male detainees. The interview protocol included items related to psychological and physical methods of sexual torture, medical impacts, subjective psychological impacts, clinical medical and psychological measures, and psychosocial and community impacts. Results: The findings indicate that the majority of detainees experienced some form of sexual torture, with humiliation being the most common type. The impact of sexual torture are severe, affecting both clinical and social domains. The impacts of sexual torture persist over time and, in some cases, worsen, particularly regarding physical health outcomes. Socially, the consequences extend to the detainees' families and communities. Conclusions: The prevalence of such torture tactics calls for urgent responses from both the authorities and civil society. These findings highlight the need for proactive measures to address and mitigate the impacts of sexual torture, including independent investigations, robust monitoring, secure reporting mechanisms, the prosecution of perpetrators and comprehensive reparation for victims.
Sexual dysfunctions impair the intimate relationships of up to one-third of the population. Virtual reality (VR) offers innovative treatment options for both mental and sexual disorders, such as female orgasmic disorder and erectile disorder. Sexual aversion disorder (SAD)-the anxiety, disgust, and avoidance of sexual contexts-is a chronic condition commonly treated with anxiety-reducing strategies, such as exposure-based therapy. Despite exposure's efficacy in reducing SAD symptoms, VR exposure therapy's (VRET) effectiveness remains unexplored for this condition. This proof-of-concept study examines the acceptability, adequacy, and clinical effects of a VRET's simulation protocol for SAD. In the laboratory, 15 adults suffering from SAD (Mage = 35.00; SD = 11.36) viewed 15 virtual sexual scenarios of increasing intensity (eg, flirting, nudity, genital stimulation) adjusted to their sexual preferences and gender identities. Levels of anxiety, disgust, and catastrophizing beliefs were measured throughout the scenarios using standard self-report measures. Participants also completed validated questionnaires on sexual presence and simulation realism, as well as open-ended questions on scenarios' representativeness and adequacy immediately after immersion. Six months after the laboratory visit, participants completed a negative effects questionnaire and were screened for SAD symptoms again. Repeated-measures ANOVAs and descriptive analyses were performed. Levels of anxiety and disgust significantly increased with the intensity of sexual scenarios. Catastrophizing levels were high and tended to augment with increasing exposure levels. A significant reduction in symptoms of SAD was found from pre-simulation to the 6-month follow-up assessment. Sexual presence and realism scores were moderate. Qualitative assessment revealed that all participants reported the sexual scenarios were representative of real-life situations that tend to elicit SAD symptoms for them. Reported negative effects were generally mild. This proof-of-concept study suggests that VRET may have the potential to elicit self-reported emotional and cognitive manifestations of SAD (sex-related anxiety, disgust, and catastrophizing), while also hinting at its acceptability, adequacy, and benefits in alleviating SAD symptoms. While this study marks the first exploration of the clinical relevance of gender-inclusive virtual sexual scenarios for SAD, its design and sample composition may impact observed effects and the generalizability of findings. This study invites future clinical trials to assess VRET efficacy for SAD.
Since 7 October 2023, the number of Palestinians detained by Israeli authorities has increased dramatically. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted between December 2023 and November 2024 with 100 Palestinians who were detained by Israel. A mix of snowball and convenience sampling was adopted. Thematic analysis was based on a qualitative codebook, and findings were complemented by open-source material. Detention conditions were generally poor, including insufficient and poor-quality water and food, and substandard hygiene conditions. Access to healthcare was usually delayed, restricted or absent. All interviewees reported ill-treatment or torture. This included but was not limited to prolonged, tight mechanical restraint with blindfolding, positional torture, forced nudity, sexual violence, and being used as human shields in military operations. We found that the treatment of Palestinians from Gaza in Israeli custody constitutes torture. We found that the treatment of the interviewees fulfils two acts under the Genocide Convention and the Rome Statute, namely, causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of a group, and inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about their physical destruction.
Assessing pubertal stage can be challenging, particularly in large-scale settings, due to the sensitive nature of Tanner staging by healthcare providers (HCP) or self-reported Tanner stage through photographs or line drawings. The self-reported Pubertal Development Scale (PDS) avoids sensitive issues like genitalia or nudity, is adaptable to various settings, reduces time and cost burdens on researchers. This study aimed to explore the agreement between self-reported PDS and HCP-assessed Tanner staging. Papers for the meta review were retrieved from Pubmed, Embase, Fang Wan, CNKI, and Cochrane Library before January 15, 2025. Quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool. Pooled estimates and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using random-effects models. Five studies with 6024 participants met inclusion criteria. Among stage 1-5, substantial agreement was found among girls (Wk: 0.63 [0.62-0.65]) and overall participants (Wk: 0.68 [0.67-0.69]), while moderate agreement was observed in boys (Wk: 0.58 [0.56-0.61]). Broadening puberty criteria to stages I-III showed substantial agreement for girls (Wk: 0.66 [0.64-0.68]), boys (Wk: 0.64[0.61-0.67]), and overall participants (Wk: 0.69 [0.67-0.70]). For pubertal onset, using Tanner stage as the gold standard, girls showed that the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.86 (0.85-0.87), the sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of self-reported PDS were 0.85 and 84.2 % respectively. Similarly, among boys, the AUC was 0.89 (95 % CI: 0.87-0.92), the sensitivity and PPV were 0.91 and 97.8 % respectively. Our findings indicate moderate to substantial agreement between the two methods, with high sensitivity and PPV for self-reported PDS in assessing puberty onset, PDS may be a reliable and cost-effective method for large-scale epidemiological studies.
Although dating apps are the preferred means of meeting sexual and romantic partners, users frequently experience disappointment, highlighting the importance of understanding self-presentation strategies and selection processes to mitigate negative experiences. This study examines self-presentation strategies in Tinder profile pictures, aiming to identify typological patterns, characterize common profile-building strategies, and analyze differences by age, gender, and sexual orientation. We employed a mixed dimensional approach-both categorical and numerical-to characterize and categorize 1000 Tinder profile pictures. A descriptive category set was developed to analyze key picture elements, and a not-safe-for-work nudity index was computed using an open-source neural network. We then applied K-means clustering to identify patterns in the data. The main outcome measures included the clustering distribution of profile picture types and their associations with demographic variables (Standardized Pearson Residuals). Our analysis identified nine prototypical Tinder profile image categories, confirming the presence of stereotypical patterns in self-presentation. Additionally, we found statistically significant associations between profile clustering and user demographics, particularly age, gender, and sexual orientation. Stereotyped self-disclosure in dating apps may hinder partner selection by reinforcing social biases related to age, gender, and sexual orientation, with potential consequences for sexual and couple therapy. Key strengths include the use of a large and diverse dataset, robust cluster validation techniques, and a novel approach to analyzing self-presentation on dating apps. Limitations, however, include potential biases due to the categorical nature of the data, difficulties in capturing individual nuances in self-presentation, and the inability to account for Tinder algorithm influences on image use. Clustering techniques provide an empirical framework for identifying stereotypical self-presentation patterns and demographic differences, which could be extended to analyzing written descriptions and partner selection mechanisms.
This article examines the gendered dimensions of torture and ill-treatment perpetrated by Israeli Forces against Palestinians from Gaza following the escalation of hostilities after 7 October 2023. It investigates whether gender is a secondary feature of the violence or rather a central mechanism through which suffering, intentionality and purpose are inflicted. It probes into whether traditional legal analyses of torture and other ill-treatment often overlook how gender shapes both the method and impact of torture and other ill-treatment, leading to gaps in recognition, documentation, and accountability. The article adopts a legal-analytical methodology grounded in international criminal, human rights, and humanitarian law. It first evaluates the legal framework on torture through a gender-competent lens to surface how the legal elements of torture may be perpetrated and experienced along gendered identities and modes of power. It applies this gender-competent lens to factual findings from United Nations investigative bodies and human rights organisations detailing the types and modes of harm experienced by Palestinians in Gaza post-7 October 2023. This analysis focuses on three domains where gendered torture and ill-treatment have been most evident: arrest and detention, technology-facilitated abuse, and reproductive violence. Each domain is assessed for patterns of torture and ill-treatment that exploit culturally and socially defined gender roles. The findings demonstrate that Palestinian men and boys have been systematically emasculated through forced nudity, sexual violence, and digitally broadcast humiliation. Women and girls have been sexualized, exposed, and denied basic reproductive dignity through invasive searches, lack of menstrual hygiene, and the collapse of maternity care. These practices amount to torture and other ill-treatment under international law, not merely because of their physical or psychological severity, but because they are deliberately gendered in design and effect. A gender-competent application of torture law is essential to capture the full scope of harm experienced by Palestinians in Gaza. The article calls for legal frameworks and accountability mechanisms to incorporate gender not as a modifier, but as a core analytic of torture itself.
Sibling sexual behaviour, despite historical and cross-cultural incest taboos and biologically driven incest avoidance, poses a persistent problem. We tested factors theorized to be associated with sibling incest in a cross-sectional online survey of 1,863 respondents with siblings mainly from North America and Germany. We found that 13% of participants reported engaging in sexual contact with a sibling, typically starting at the age of 10, and that step-siblings and half-siblings were more likely to engage in sibling incest than full siblings. Curiosity and games were the primary motivators; being coerced was more prevalent among female and younger participants. The study underscores both individual (e.g., impulsivity, concurrent childhood sexual behaviour problems) and family level factors (e.g., presence of step-sibling, positive attitudes toward nudity, sexual abuse by parent) influencing liability to engage in sexual behaviours with a sibling. Findings were robust across English- and German-speaking participants, suggesting our results are generalizable. Professionals addressing problematic child sexual behaviour should assess for concurrent sibling incest, and evaluate positive family attitudes towards nudity, sexual abuse by parents, and reduced disgust to sibling incest as potential risk factors for sibling incest. The findings stress the need for comprehensive sexual education in blended households, where age gaps and diminished genetic relatedness contribute to sibling sexual behaviour.
Pornography can be used through multiple media and its associations with couples' relationship and sexual satisfaction are mixed. The aims of this study were to examine the proportion of use of different pornographic media (i.e., videos, pictures, audio material, and written material), including different contents (i.e., sexual activities and nudity), gender-based differences in the frequency of use of these media, and the associations between an individual's frequency of use of different pornographic media and their own and their partner's sexual and relationship satisfaction, considering potential gender differences. A sample of 706 adult couples (1368 participants; Mage = 32.19 years) completed online self-report questionnaires. Results of actor-partner interdependence models indicated that video use was associated with lower relationship and sexual satisfaction, and partners' lower sexual satisfaction. Picture use was associated with lower relationship satisfaction and partners' lower sexual satisfaction. Written material use was associated with lower sexual satisfaction. Cisgender women's audio use was associated with their own higher sexual satisfaction, whereas cisgender men's audio use was associated with their partner's lower sexual satisfaction. These findings suggest different associations with sexual and relationship satisfaction depending on the pornographic media.