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The COVID-19 pandemic, alongside the heightened racialized sociopolitical unrest following the murder of George Floyd, intensified longstanding structural racism, exacerbating racial stress, and trauma among Black youth. This scoping review synthesizes recent literature on culturally relevant interventions developed or implemented since the pandemic's onset to address these challenges. Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Academic Search Complete were searched for studies published from 2020 to 2024. Eligible interventions targeted Black youth from childhood through emerging adulthood, addressed racial stress or trauma, and included a therapeutic component or psychosocial skill-building component. Five studies met inclusion criteria, spanning family-based prevention programs, school-based counseling interventions, and culturally grounded arts-based and identity-focused approaches. Across studies that included empirical evaluation, reported outcomes included improved family communication about race, enhanced coping strategies, increased racial pride, strengthened ethnic-racial identity, and improved psychological functioning. Other studies contributed qualitative insights or programmatic frameworks relevant to culturally responsive practice. Interventions that supported caregiver-driven racial socialization, incorporated culturally grounded arts-based stress management, or intentionally fostered ethnic-racial identity development showed the most promise. Approaches involving caregivers or community engagement reinforced protective racial socialization messages and promoted resilience. Findings highlight the urgent need for scalable, sustainable, and culturally responsive interventions that address both the psychological and sociocultural dimensions of racial stress. An additional priority is evaluating these approaches with youth presenting more clinically severe or complex symptom profiles, as many studies do not assess severity in depth. Future research should rigorously evaluate these models longitudinally, refine culturally relevant strategies, and explore diverse socialization agents to optimize well-being among Black youth.

This poetic/critical piece offers an urgent reflection on nine criminal prosecutions for suspected 'illegal' abortion in England that occurred between 2012 and 2025. Drawing on published traces of the cases, including sentencing remarks, appeal decisions and media reports, this essay-meditation evokes the haunting, suffocation and cruelty imposed by the criminalisation of abortion. In paying attention to plot and the discursive violence of this particular legal framing, this piece applies creative writing methods to provoke a destabilising, denaturalising, twisting, deplotting, dismantling and undoing, in a project of reproductive justice, abolition and liberation. CONTENT WARNING: This piece contains distressing content taken directly from prosecutions and trials, including references to abortion, stillbirth, infant death, murder, domestic violence.

One of the promises of artificial intelligence (AI) is that it can automate many roles currently performed by humans. However, in the ethics of AI, increased attention is given to the vast amount of labour required for the development, processing, annotation, and implementation of AI. This hidden employment (or 'ghost work') is invisible because of the precarious nature of these jobs, poor working conditions, and the social and economic burdens on employees. For example, to ensure AI does not create undesirable content and that social media platforms do not host it, human data annotators and content moderators (violent content data workers-VCDWs) must read, watch, and listen to content containing torture, rape, bestiality, child sexual abuse, and murder. Through phenomenological analysis, this paper demonstrates that this work has deeply traumatic effects on the affectivity, embodiment, and intersubjectivity of VCDWs. While several other professions (e.g., law enforcement officers, war journalists, and medical professionals) must view violent content, the duration, velocity, and accumulation of exposure to violent images in VCDWs is unprecedented. The outcome of this is trauma from being unable to decipher the ontological status of the content, compassion fatigue due to helplessness to help those suffering, and a myriad of physical, psychological, and interrelation problems for VCDWs. This paper exposes a profession that is systematically concealed, buried under NDAs, outsourced to the Global South, and laundered through ethics-washing and 'responsible AI' branding.

Sally Clark's 1999 conviction for the murder of her two infant children represented one of the most conspicuous miscarriages of justice in modern English criminal law. A central component of the prosecution case was statistical evidence presented by Professor Sir Roy Meadow, which suggested that the probability of two sudden infant deaths occurring naturally within the same family was approximately one in 73 million. This paper examines three methodological limitations that affect the evidential value of that estimate. First, the family characteristics used to reduce the estimated probability of natural death were not considered in relation to the probability of the alternative explanation, thereby distorting comparative inference. Second, sudden infant death syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion; population frequency data derived from such a category cannot determine causation in an individual case and are contingent on the limits of postmortem investigation. Third, the probability estimate was presented without reference to the likelihood of competing explanations, limiting its interpretive value. The paper further argues that the significance of the Clark case lies not only in the arithmetical error in the one in 73 million figure but in the broader evidential process by which probabilistic evidence was admitted, framed and interpreted within a criminal trial. The paper also examines the empirical and unstructured approach of English criminal courts to expert evidence. It considers the extent to which subsequent developments, including the Criminal Practice Directions 2023, respond to these difficulties, and compares that position with the contrasting procedural framework associated with the Daubert standard in the United States. The analysis situates the Clark case within broader issues concerning the interpretation, contextualisation and scrutiny of expert evidence in legal proceedings.

Accidental death, suicide, and homicide have resulted from the intravenous injection of propofol. There have been at least 30 accidental victims of propofol self-administration; more than 75% were medical workers who chronically used it as a recreational drug. At least 13 of the 14 individuals who committed suicide by injecting themselves with propofol were either a physician or a nurse. A fatal injection of propofol was used to murder a minimum of 10 people; for many of these deceased persons, neither the drug nor homicide was initially suspected at the time of death. Therefore, the discovery of an intravenous needle mark wound, or additional clinical history, may lead to further evaluation of the death scene or the victim or both and result in the appropriate toxicology studies of the deceased person, which can establish that the cause of death was from propofol and the manner of death was homicide. A meticulous and thorough examination of the cutaneous and mucosal surfaces of a dead person may provide the essential forensic dermatology clue to either the cause of death (which is the specific illness, pathophysiologic aberration, or trauma that results in the individual's dying) or the manner of death (which is the situation of how the death occurred, such as the consequence to an accident, a suicide, a homicide or a natural sequela of disease, aging or bodily malfunctioning) or both. In summary, propofol intravenous injection can result in accidental death, suicide, or homicide; the number of needle mark wounds can be multiple or solitary. A thorough search of the death scene and a comprehensive forensic examination of the victim may be useful in establishing the manner of death when the cause of death has been attributed to propofol injection. The intent of this paper is to provide a comprehensive narrative forensic review of propofol deaths from accidents, suicides, and homicides.

Drawing on a 2-year ethnography at the New York Zen Center for Contemplative Care (NYZCCC, 2020-2022), this article examines the growth of online Dharma groups developing amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. At meetings, contemplative practices (eg, meditation and mindfulness) are made amenable to secular expectations of mental healthcare. Treating these as social productions, rather than biomedical reproductions, of mind, I describe Buddhist Therapeutics as the process in which experiences of moral injury resulting from systemic inequity are collectively authenticated as aspects of mental health. This article illustrates how Dharma sharing activates its participants to confront the status quo, including matters related to the #MeToo movement, the murder of George Floyd, the #BlackLivesMatter movement and the rise of anti-Asian American hate crimes. Ultimately, I position Buddhist Therapeutics in a genealogy of injury and repair beginning with the division between mind and body in European philosophy.

Assessment of vitality in railway run-over cases is crucial for accurately distinguishing deaths resulting from accidents, suicides, or other types of events from those caused by criminal activity. To determine vitality at the time of the run-over, autopsy evaluation relies on the presence of indicators of preserved circulation and respiratory function at the moment of the incident. The aim of the study is to determine the frequency of selected vitality indicators in railway run-over cases and to analyze their relationship with toxicological findings, the sex of the victims, and the manner of death. After reviewing autopsy reports and the photographic database (2011-2023), 71 deaths classified as caused by railway run-over were identified. Data were collected on the described indicators of vitality at the time of the incident and the frequency of their occurrence. Blood alcohol concentration, sex and age of the victims, as well as the circumstances of the event, were also recorded. The analysis demonstrated that in every railway run-over case, the presence of vitality indicators could be confirmed, with external bruising being observed in all instances. Internal hemorrhages were also frequent (38% of cases), as were pulmonary contusions (58%) and aspiration of blood into the airways (45%). The vast majority of the deceased were male (83.1%). At the time of the incident, a blood alcohol concentration exceeding 0.5‰ was found in 45.1% of individuals. More than half of the cases (56.3%) were classified as accidents, 36.6% as suicides, and in 7% the circumstances of death remained unclear. These findings demonstrate that even in cases involving extensive bodily trauma, including dismemberment, it is possible to determine whether the victim was alive at the moment of the railway run-over. Despite the severe destruction of the bodies, it remains feasible to establish whether death resulted from the run-over itself or whether an alternative cause should be considered, such as homicide followed by placement of the body on the tracks. Wprowadzenie: Ocena przyżyciowości w przypadkach przejechania przez pociąg jest kluczowa dla trafnego odróżnienia zgonów w wyniku wypadków, zamachów samobójczych lub zdarzeń o jeszcze innym charakterze od tych spowodowanych działalnością przestępczą. W celu ustalenia przyżyciowości przejechania wykorzystywane są widoczne w sekcji zwłok oznaki zachowanego krążenia oraz czynności układu oddechowego w momencie zdarzenia. Cel pracy: Badanie ma na celu sprawdzenie częstotliwości występowania wybranych wskaźników przyżyciowości w przypadkach najechania przez pociąg oraz analizę ich zależności od wyników badań toksykologicznych, płci ofiar i sposobu śmierci. Materiał i metody: Po przeanalizowaniu protokołów z sekcji zwłok i bazy fotograficznej (lata 2011-2023), zidentyfikowano 71 przypadków zgonów zaklasyfikowanych jako spowodowane przejechaniem przez pociąg. Zebrano dane dotyczące opisanych oznak zażyciowości w momencie zdarzenia oraz częstości ich występowania. Odnotowano również poziom alkoholu we krwi, płeć i wiek ofiar oraz okoliczności zdarzenia. Wyniki: Analiza wykazała, że w każdym przypadku przejechania udało się potwierdzić obecność wskaźników zażyciowości zdarzenia, a objawem obecnym we wszystkich przypadkach były zewnętrzne podbiegnięcia krwawe. Częstym występowaniem charakteryzowały się również wewnętrzne wylewy krwawe (38% przypadków), stłuczenie płuc (58%) i aspiracja krwi do dróg oddechowych (45%). Przeważającą większość zmarłych stanowili mężczyźni (83,1%). W chwili zdarzenia poziom alkoholu we krwi powyżej 0,5 ‰ stwierdzono u 45,1% osób. Ponad połowę, tj. 56,3% przypadków zaklasyfikowano jako wypadek, 36,6% jako samobójstwo, a w 7% okoliczności zgonu pozostawały niejasne. Wnioski: Dowodzi to, że nawet pomimo znacznych obrażeń ciała takich, jak rozfragmentowanie, możliwe jest określenie, czy ofiara była żywa w momencie przejechania przez pociąg. Pomimo znacznego uszkodzenia ciał możliwym jest określenie, czy zgon nastąpił w wyniku samego przejechania przez pociąg, czy należy szukać innej jego przyczyny takiej, jak zabicie ofiary z następującym podrzuceniem zwłok na tory.

Intent-based injury surveillance requires distinction between injury intent and mechanism, particularly when datasets include anatomical trauma and non-traumatic external-cause injuries such as drug intoxication. This study compared mechanisms, incidence, regional variation, transfer pathways, and short-term outcomes between intentional and unintentional severe external-cause injuries in South Korea. This retrospective nationwide study used the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency Community-Based Severe Trauma Survey (2016-2020). The source population comprised patients with severe trauma, non-traumatic severe injury, or mass casualty incidents transported to emergency departments by 119 Emergency Medical Services and confirmed through hospital record review. Intentional injury was defined as self-harm/suicide or violence/homicide, and unintentional injury as recorded unintentional injury. Drug intoxication was treated as a mechanism, not as intent. Descriptive analyses used the full cohort, whereas primary multivariable models used the prespecified non-intoxication cohort. Age-specific incidence and mortality were calculated as pooled 2016-2020 rates using summed annual population denominators. Logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for emergency department (ED) and post-admission survival. Among 230,302 transported cases, 55,513 were intentional and 174,789 were unintentional; 45,093 involved drug intoxication. Intentional injuries were more commonly associated with drug intoxication and hanging or strangulation, whereas unintentional injuries were mainly transportation- or fall-related. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was more frequent after intentional injuries (21.8% vs. 9.8%), as were ED death (19.6% vs. 9.8%) and documented ED or in-hospital mortality after ED presentation (23.3% vs. 13.7%). In the non-intoxication cohort, intentional injury was associated with lower ED survival (aOR, 0.215; 95% CI, 0.207-0.222) and lower post-admission survival (aOR, 0.561; 95% CI, 0.521-0.604). Age-specific incidence and mortality were generally higher for unintentional injuries, whereas transported-case fatality was higher for intentional injuries. Intentional and unintentional external-cause injuries differed in mechanism distribution, prehospital deterioration, age-specific burden, transfer pathways, and outcomes. Drug intoxication should be distinguished from injury intent and anatomical trauma. These findings support clear intent-mechanism classification and targeted prevention and emergency care strategies.

This study examined 260 cases of elderly caregiving-related homicides in Japan from 2005 to 2024, in which victims aged ≥ 60 years were killed by family caregivers or relatives. Multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis identified three types. Type 1 ("Early elderly offenders/family victims") showed that husband or wife offenders in their 60s who killed their spouses suffering with pessimism or stroke. In another type 1, daughters in their 60s who killed their mothers in their 90s corresponding to "rourou-kaigo" [elderly care by the elderly] in Japan). Type 2 ("Older elderly offenders/spouse victims") included unemployed offenders in their 70s-80s. Type 3 ("Middle-aged offenders/parent victims") involved employed son offenders in their 40s-50s. A co-occurrence network analysis of the offenders' statements also supported these findings. This study revealed the necessity of providing adequate support for each type (e.g. local community collaboration for Type 2 and workplace support for Type 3).

Estimation of the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin) based on forensic entomology is susceptible to interference from xenobiotics. This study explored the toxic impacts of Diphenidol and Diquat on the development of Chrysomya megacephala, a vital forensic fly species. Their effects were assessed on insect development, survival, and morphology to establish PMImin correction parameters for poisoning fatalities and improve the credibility of entomological evidence. Larvae were raised at 28 °C with diets containing Diphenidol (40, 80, and 160 mg/kg) and Diquat (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg), corresponding to 0.5×, 1×, and 2× the estimated human LD50. An AB subgroup design was adopted to eliminate sampling bias. The two compounds exhibited fundamentally distinct toxicological profiles with implications for forensic practice. Diphenidol induced a complex, non-linear disruption, causing significant developmental delays (up to 23.33 h) without reducing overall survival. This pattern risks a covert underestimation of PMImin if insect development appears normal but is temporally shifted. In stark contrast, Diquat produced a clear, dose-dependent toxicity, severely retarding growth, reducing pupation and emergence success by up to 40%, and inducing a 6.9% teratogenicity rate at the highest concentration. These overt effects (stunted growth, low population recovery, and morphological anomalies) serve as direct warning signs of potential toxicant presence and associated PMImin estimation errors. This study's findings differentiate between hidden temporal delays and overt inhibitory toxicity, underscoring the imperative for integrated toxicological and entomological analysis to prevent critical misinterpretations of the forensic timeline.

Black male educators are underrepresented in U.S. schools, comprising less than 2% of the teaching workforce. That leaves Black boys critically underserved despite their growing population and documented need for Black male role models and mentors. Black boys face disproportionate risks for both homicide and suicide, underscoring the urgency of identifying community-based supports that promote their wellbeing. This qualitative study employed semi-structured interviews with five Black male sports coaches serving youth across various regions of the United States. Intersectionality theory and the Phenomenological Variant of Ecological Systems Theory (PVEST) guided the study's design and analytical approach. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Five major themes emerged from the data: Community Pillars, No Limits to Coaching, Relationship Fundamentals, Societal Privilege and Power Dynamics, and Struggles. Findings demonstrate that Black male coaches leverage their intersectional social position and relationships with Black boys to promote positive youth development, identify mental health concerns, and provide emotional support. Coaches functioned as vital social capital within Black communities, serving in roles as social fathers, advocates, and informal mental health supports. This research advances understanding of how Black male coaches contribute to positive youth development and suicide prevention efforts among Black youth. Implications are discussed for Black psychology, educational policy, and the design of community-based interventions.

Homicide is a major form of violent injury in Latin America, yet post-pandemic increases may reflect not only changes in overall levels of lethal violence but also changes in how victimization is socially distributed. This repeated cross-sectional study examined homicide deaths in Peru from 2017 to 2025 across pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic periods. Victims were characterized by sex, age, education, marital status, and ethnicity, and concentration was assessed within each dimension and across intersecting victim profiles. The post-pandemic period showed a measurable narrowing in the social composition of homicide victims. Deaths became increasingly concentrated among men, adults aged 30-59 years, and single individuals, with more modest concentration among those with secondary education and those classified as Mestizo. These findings suggest that post-pandemic homicide dynamics may involve changes in concentration as well as magnitude, with implications for surveillance, prevention targeting, and understanding violent injury in low- and middle-income settings.

Firearm-related injury is a leading cause of death in the USA. In 2018, Florida enacted an extreme risk protection order (ERPO) law authorising temporary firearm removal from individuals judged at high risk of violence or self-harm. We evaluated whether ERPO implementation was associated with changes in population firearm-related mortality and hospitalisation rates. We conducted two population-level quasi-experimental analyses using CDC WONDER mortality data and the Florida State Inpatient Database. For mortality, Florida was compared with 21 non-ERPO states. For hospitalisations, quarterly firearm injury admissions were compared with a comparator outcome series using interrupted time-series analysis. The primary comparator was unintentional falls. Firearm-related death rates increased in Florida following ERPO implementation but rose less than projected by synthetic Florida (a weighted comparison of non-ERPO states estimating Florida's mortality without the law); differences were not statistically significant for all firearm deaths (RR=0.94), firearm-related homicide (RR=0.86) or firearm-related suicide (RR=0.95).For hospitalisations, no statistically significant changes were observed relative to unintentional falls. There was no evidence of an immediate change in hospitalisation rates in the first quarter after the transition year (+0.46 per 100 000; 95% CI -0.06 to +0.97; p=0.08) and no change in trend over time (+0.06 per 100 000; 95% CI -0.04 to +0.16; p=0.23). ERPO implementation in Florida was not associated with detectable population-level changes in firearm mortality or hospitalisation trajectories. Given the targeted nature and relatively low uptake of ERPOs, population-level analyses may be underpowered to detect modest effects.

There is a pressing need for more knowledge about the experiences of children bereaved by domestic homicide and how society responds to their needs. This scoping review explores what is currently known about these children's experiences and examines the broader social and professional responses that influence their recovery, including societal attitudes, professional interventions, and decision-making processes that shape their everyday lives. We identified 40 relevant publications via a systematic search of 4 databases and additional methods. We searched for all articles that tackled the consequences of intimate partner homicide for children, including societal responses, professional interventions, and decision-making processes. The scoping review revealed several areas that have been the focus of children bereaved by domestic violence: intrapersonal themes such as behavioral and mental health consequences; complex feelings of identity, and a series of societal responses and challenges were also discussed; challenges in placement and care; stigma and social reactions; and support and institutional barriers. This review underscores the complex interplay between children's exposure to parental intimate partner homicide, the caregiving relationships that follow, societal attitudes, and the role of professional systems. Despite important advances, substantial gaps remain in full understanding how these factors interact to shape bereaved children's coping and long-term outcomes. Addressing these gaps is crucial for developing evidence-based policies and interventions that better support children through their grief and beyond.

Living kidney donation prior to euthanasia has never previously been reported and is not incorporated into current clinical guidelines. This study aims to discuss the unique medical, procedural, psychological and ethical considerations of living donation prior to euthanasia based on 3 Dutch cases. Of the 3 candidates, 2 successfully donated without detrimental effects to physical or mental health; one was declined for medical reasons. In two cases, euthanasia has been performed; in one case donation was transformative and the request for euthanasia was withdrawn after donation. Medically, normal life-expectancy after donor nephrectomy should be presumed as euthanasia remains uncertain. Procedurally, timing can create tension between these two processes as postponing euthanasia could be harmful. Psychologically, potential exacerbation in psychopathology should be weighed against the impact of being declined for donation. Ethically, autonomy, capacity to consent and risk-benefit ratio must be rigorously assessed, especially given the degree of suffering in these cases. We conclude that living donation and euthanasia should be seen as independent processes and a euthanasia request should not be considered an absolute contra-indication for living donation. Our initial experiences underscore the need for international dialogue and policy development.

Sharp force trauma has been the leading cause of homicide in England and Wales for more than a decade. Experimental research on sharp force trauma frequently relies on animal bone as a substitute for human remains, yet their ethical acceptability and comparability to human bone remain contested. This study aims to identify non-animal proxy materials capable of replicating the morphological characteristics of cut marks typically observed in porcine bones. A total of 250 cuts were made on pig ribs and on several proxy materials (paraffin, restoration compound, plaster, and beeswax) using a serrated knife. Six morphological traits were then recorded following the analytical framework proposed by Steiger and Borrini (J Forensic Sci, 2024;69:1972). Chi-squared tests of independence and mixed-model analyses demonstrated that different proxy materials vary in their suitability for specific traits, and that among all tested materials, beeswax most closely replicated porcine bone in the context of cut marks produced with a serrated blade. Considering the ethical implications of using animal bone, this research proposes sustainable, cruelty-free alternatives for experimental and educational purposes. Their adoption reflects contemporary ethical awareness regarding animal use in science and promotes ecological and economic sustainability through reusability.

Gender-based violence (GBV) is a global concern impacting women irrespective of age, origin, or socioeconomic background. Globally, one in three women experiences physical and/or sexual violence during her life. Such experiences are postulated to increase the risk of developing psychiatric disorders and suicidal behavior. However, ecological multinational studies of this phenomenon remain scarce. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the association between the degree of reported GBV and female suicide rates within a comprehensive multinational study. The effect of GBV - operationalized by the Violence against Women Index (VAWI) - on national female suicide rates in 37 countries of the WHO European Region was examined in form of a multinational ecological analysis using cross-sectional national-level data with spline-based regression models correcting for multiple factors: male suicide rate, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, unemployment rate, percentage of population &#x2265;65&#x2009;years of age, number of mental health hospital beds per population and homicide and robbery rates. The analyses revealed a significant U-shaped association between VAWI and female suicide rates (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;.007). Whereas in the lower ranges of VAWI scores (0-0.16), a negative association with the female suicide rate was found, this relationship reversed after an inflection point (around 0.17), thereafter exhibiting a positive association. Significant associations with total VAWI scores were also found for the covariates male suicide rate (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;.001) and gross domestic product (GDP) (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;.04). This is the first multinational ecological study to investigate the association between GBV and female suicide rates, revealing a nonlinear relationship with a positive association from medium VAWI levels upwards. These results highlight the urgent need for more thorough data collection with respect to GBV and a reduction of barriers and stigma in reporting of GBV and help-seeking of affected women.

In the following, we attempt to map the narrative and psychological moments of suicide in the multifaceted document compiled by Michel Foucault. Pierre Rivi&#xe8;re murdered his mother, sister, and brother in 1835, and later, after writing his memoirs, committed suicide in prison. In the analysis, we examine the documents from the perspective of suicide: after an introduction, where we explain our method, we attempt to analyze Pierre Rivi&#xe8;re's memoirs from these perspectives and then summarize. Keywords: suicide; psychiatry; psychology; narrative; Pierre Rivi&#xe8;re.

Neonatal abandonment, concealment of birth, and unsafe surrender, which is defined as relinquishment of a newborn in unprotected, nonmedical settings such as public places, refuse sites, or private locations without supervision or care, remain persistent public health and medico-legal challenges in India. These events occur as the result of a combination of poverty, gender bias, social stigma, perinatal mental-health vulnerability, and gaps in accessible maternal support. For clinicians, immediate priorities include resuscitation, safeguarding the infant, ensuring systematic and accurate documentation, and in India, initiating mandatory reporting. In this review, we provide an overview of India's current legal framework and summarize evolving safe surrender initiatives, clinical and forensic challenges, and recommended strategies to reduce harm; comparison with approaches in other countries is also included. A rights-based approach, along with institutional protocols and perinatal mental-health services, may reduce preventable neonatal morbidity and mortality while supporting vulnerable mothers in India.