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Rare-earth mines worldwide urgently need sustainable, low-cost methods to restore soil quality and productivity. The application of remediation plants, such as Morus alba, combined with organic fertilisers (vermicompost), is promising for enhancing soil quality around rare-earth tailings and improving crop yields; however, the effects of phytoremediation combined with organic fertiliser are not fully understood. We conducted a 4-year study to assess the impact of four fertilisation regimes combined with M. alba on soil properties, enzyme activities, microbial diversity, and crop yield in rare-earth tailings. Organic amendments markedly improved soil quality. The treatment combining vermicompost and biogas slurry increased soil pH from 4.37 in the chemical fertiliser control to 6.67, soil organic matter from 4.87 to 30.58 g·kg-1, and available phosphorus from 8.31 to 264.52 mg·kg-1, while significantly enhancing soil enzyme activity. In soil bacterial communities, relative abundances of environmentally adapted taxa (e.g., Acidobacteria and Verrucomicrobia) increased, accompanied by a tendency toward greater stochastic assembly. The combination of earthworm casts and biogas slurry increased crop yield from 6.72 t·ha-1 in the control to 42.18 t·ha-1 in 2023. Functional prediction suggested enhanced microbial potential for carbon and nitrogen cycling. Random forest and structural equation modelling revealed that the dominant driver of crop yield shifted from available nitrogen in the early stage to organic matter in the later stage. Collectively, these results suggest that organic fertilisation combined with phytoremediation is a viable strategy for mine tailings, supporting global efforts toward sustainable ecological restoration and improved soil health.

Human biomonitoring (HBM) is crucial for evaluating exposure to diet-related contaminants, whose effects may pose substantial health risks. Saliva is recognized as a promising non-invasive biological matrix due to its ease of collection and potential to reflect external and systemic exposure. However, suitability for monitoring dietary hazardous compounds remains uncertain. To assess the potential of saliva as a biomonitoring matrix for diet-related contaminants, identify compounds with robust diet-related associations, and highlight knowledge gaps. A systematic literature review was conducted to screen over 500 diet-related contaminants analyzed in saliva. Detailed information was extracted only for contaminants quantitatively measured in saliva, including concentration ranges, sample sizes, and analytical methods. Evidence of correlations with systemic concentrations, exposure pathways, and individual or lifestyle factors was compiled into a FAIR database to provide an integrated evaluation of saliva's biomonitoring potential. Only a limited subset of contaminant groups, including nitrite/nitrate, heavy metals, bisphenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), biogenic amines, pesticides, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), perchlorate, microplastics (MPs), parabens and phthalates, have been quantitatively measured in saliva. Compounds such as nitrate, arsenic, AGEs, pesticides and perchlorate demonstrate moderate to strong correlations between salivary and systemic levels, supporting saliva's potential to estimate exposure. Conversely, substances like PAHs, MPs, phthalates and parabens generally show weak or no correlation, reflecting recent or localised exposures rather than cumulative burden. Salivary composition is influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including diet, oral microbiota, physiology, and sampling conditions, resulting in high interindividual variability. Despite challenges, low salivary concentrations and lack of standardized collection protocols, saliva offers advantages for biomonitoring vulnerable populations, such as children and pregnant women. Harmonized collection procedures, validated sensitive methods, predictive models accounting for variability and exposure context, could establish saliva as a reliable complementary or alternative matrix for assessing human exposure to dietary and environmental contaminants. This systematic review synthesizes findings from 104 studies, covering over 500 diet-related contaminants measured in saliva, and compiles them into a FAIR database, providing the most comprehensive resource to date for saliva-based biomonitoring. Compounds such as nitrate, arsenic, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), pesticides, and perchlorate show meaningful correlations with systemic levels, supporting saliva's potential as a non-invasive matrix for assessing human exposure. To fully realize saliva's potential, standardized collection protocols, validated analytical methods, and predictive models that account for interindividual variability and exposure context are urgently needed, enabling more accurate and ethical monitoring of vulnerable populations.

Gob-side entry driving is widely applied in deep coal mines, where rapid unloading of surrounding rock on the gob side induces stress redistribution, and the coal pillar is consequently regarded as a key load-bearing structure. The stability of the roadway is governed by the competition between elastic elastic strain energy and dissipated energy within the coal pillar. To address the difficulty of identifying stability state transition points in coal pillar width design under deep burial and weak rock conditions, this study analyzes the surrounding rock response from an energy perspective and establishes an energy analysis framework based on the coupling of elastic elastic strain energy and dissipated energy, with the dissipated energy ratio introduced as an evaluation index. Based on FLAC3D numerical simulations, the spatial distribution and evolution of elastic strain energy, dissipated energy, and dissipated energy ratio under different coal pillar widths are investigated. The results indicate that when the coal pillar width increases from 4 to 6 m, the bearing mechanism gradually shifts from plastic dissipation-dominated behavior to an elastoplastic coordinated state dominated by elastic elastic strain energy, with the dissipated energy ratio decreasing from 1 to approximately 0.67. When the width further increases to 8 ~ 14 m, elastic strain energy rapidly accumulates in the central region of the coal pillar, resulting in the formation of a pronounced energy concentration zone. Compared with traditional indicators based on stress, displacement, and plastic zone distribution, the dissipated energy ratio is more effective in characterizing. Considering energy evolution characteristics, bearing capacity, and engineering economy, a 6 m coal pillar is considered to achieve the most favorable balance under the conditions of the studied mine. Field monitoring results further verify the engineering applicability of the proposed energy-based criterion and coal pillar width optimization scheme.

To evaluate finerenone-associated adverse events (AEs) and to investigate the association between finerenone use and renal injury via data mining of the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). To minimize statistical bias, the data extraction period was set from database inception (2004) to provide a stable background for disproportionality analysis. Four disproportionality algorithms (ROR, PRR, BCPNN, and MGPS) and stricter case-screening methods were employed to improve analytical precision. Additionally, a clinical priority evaluation was conducted to rank clinical risks and surveillance levels for these AEs. Supplementary analysis was performed to assess the relationship between finerenone and renal injury, as well as associated risk factors. A total of 1316 finerenone-related reports were identified. 30 AEs were detected as significantly positive signals, with most being related to renal function (15 PTs, 50%), blood pressure (5 PTs, 16.67%), and blood potassium (4 PTs, 13.33%). Among them, blood glucose increased, blood creatine increased, and flank pain were new potential AEs. Acute kidney injury, hyperkalemia, renal impairment, glomerular filtration rate decreased, blood creatinineincreased, blood potassium increased, and hyponatremia exhibited moderate clinical priority levels and warrant further study. Signals reflecting renal injury were detected in patients regardless of baseline nephropathy. Male sex, taking more than 3 drugs, and using amlodipine may be risk factors for finerenone-related nephrotoxicity. These results highlight new finerenone-related AEs, provide ranked guidance for pharmacovigilance through clinical priority evaluation, and clarify factors that influence renal injury, providing guidance for individualized treatment and improved drug safety.

Allostatic load (AL) and sleep patterns are linked to severe mental illness (SMI), though their exact mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the impact of AL, sleep behavior, and genetic susceptibility on the incidence of SMI (schizophrenia and bipolar disorder). The study included 304,884 (schizophrenia) and 304,335 (bipolar disorder) participants from UK Biobank free of SMI at baseline. AL was measured using 10 biomarkers of metabolic, cardiovascular, and inflammatory system. Sleep patterns was derived from five sleep behaviors. Cox models were used to examine the independent and joint effects between AL, sleep patterns, genetic susceptibility, and SMI incidence. After a median 13.7-year follow-up, 220 schizophrenia and 460 bipolar disorder cases were identified. High AL was significantly increased SMI risk, while unhealthy sleep pattern significantly increased the risk of bipolar disorder. Participants with high AL and unhealthy sleep had the highest risk (schizophrenia: HR = 2.44, 95% CI: 1.01-5.88; bipolar disorder: HR = 6.94, 95% CI: 4.22-11.22). Genetic high-risk individuals with high AL (schizophrenia: HR = 5.11, 95% CI: 2.80-9.34; bipolar disorder: HR = 5.07, 95% CI: 3.20-8.02) or unhealthy sleep (schizophrenia: HR = 6.61, 95% CI: 2.60-16.84; bipolar disorder: HR = 11.19, 95% CI: 5.85-21.40) showed elevated susceptibility. AL and genetic risk had an additive interaction effect on the risk of schizophrenia. High AL and unhealthy sleep are associated with increased SMI risk and amplify genetic susceptibility. Addressing both factors may be crucial for prevention.

In this work, we have nanoengineered clean and nontoxic Cu@Cu2O core-shell nanoparticles by the pulsed-laser-ablation technique and systematically evaluated their antibacterial efficacy, biocompatibility, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) performance. The structural, optical, morphological, and elemental characterization studies were conducted using X-ray diffraction, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The TEM confirms the formation of Cu@Cu2O core-shell nanoparticles with an average particle size of 5.6 nm. The quantitative assessment of antibacterial efficacy, namely, two-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc test and analysis, reveals concentration-dependent activity of the nanocomposites against both Escherichia coli and Bacillus pumilus and indicates that inhibition of bacterial growth was strong even at a concentration as low as 5 μg mL-1. On the other hand, cell viability assays with a comprehensive 48 hour temporal study, suggest that the nanoparticles are biocompatible with human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells and safe for clinical applications with an appropriate dose. Furthermore, we also present SERS activity of Congo red dye molecules using the laser-synthesized Cu@Cu2O core-shell nanoparticle substrate, for the first time, improving the limit of detection by three orders of magnitude down to a concentration of 10-8 M. These results establish the Cu@Cu2O core-shell nanoparticles as ideal medicinal candidates with combined antibacterial efficacy, good cellular biocompatibility, and excellent SERS activity, which are beneficial for their applications in therapeutics, sensing, and environmental monitoring.

The coastal palaeoenvironmental conditions of Utica ancient gulf area during the Holocene were reconstructed after a multidisciplinary study to identify natural variations and the influence of anthropic processes in the environmental evolution of this coastal area. For this purpose, a ca. 15 m-deep sedimentary core formerly drilled in the surroundings were studied. Amino acid racemization in ostracode valves and previously published radiocarbon (14C) datings of plant debris and charcoal were used for constructing the chronological scale using a bayesian age-model. Based on the sedimentological characteristics, lipid biomarkers and trace elements quantification both natural and anthropogenic variations were identified. The results reveal a chronological period ranging between the present and 8200 cal yr BP, in which marine and continental inputs occurred marking variations in the palaeoenvironmental conditions, being able to differentiate 2 units each one with 3 subunits (A1-A3; B1-B3). The human influence since the Chalcolithic, being noticeable during Phoenician and Roman times was also observed in the geological record. Lead, copper, zinc and silver concentrations along the sedimentary record revealed that the influence of anthropogenic factors predominated over lithogenic processes in the last three millennia, particularly linked to mining activities in the area especially in Phoenician times, with an important decrease after the conquest by Romans. In addition, the presence of faecal stanols, such as coprostanol, revealed the presence of human populations in the area since ca. 4200 cal yr BP, before the city of Utica was founded.

Medicinal plants are widely used for applications in agriculture, food, medicine, and cosmetics due to their abundant bioactive secondary metabolites (SMs) such as terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and alkaloids. The biosynthesis and accumulation of SMs are highly associated with multiple environmental factors. Among these abiotic stresses, drought plays a pivotal role in regulating the quality of medicinal plants. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of medicinal plants in response to drought is beneficial for (i) cultivating high-quality traditional Chinese medicinal plants via targeted water management strategies; (ii) screening candidate marker genes to breed high-quality novel cultivars with enhanced bioactive compound accumulation under drought conditions, thereby addressing the adverse impacts of drought induced by global climate change; (iii) mining dual-functional genes that confer drought tolerance while maintaining high bioactive compound content, thus ensuring both the yield and quality of medicinal plants. To summarize the latest advances in the transcriptional regulation of SM biosynthesis with a focus on terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and alkaloids in medicinal plants under drought conditions. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in three electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using the search terms "regulatory mechanism", "secondary metabolites", "medicinal plants", "drought stress", "transcription factor", "bioactive compound", "synthetic biology", "smart irrigation", "terpenoid biosynthesis", "phenylpropanoid biosynthesis", "phenolic biosynthesis" and "alkaloid biosynthesis". All the retrieved data were then critically reviewed and summarized. Drought affects secondary metabolite biosynthesis via a complex molecular regulatory network, including shifts in microbial community composition, epigenetic remodeling, changes in global gene expression profiles, altered catalytic activity of core biosynthetic enzymes, as well as modifications of transcription factors. This review offers novel insights into unraveling the underlying transcriptional regulatory networks, and practical implications for researchers in the fields of medicinal plant biology, natural product chemistry, and crop stress physiology.

This study aims to reveal the influence mechanism of coal matrix structure on microbial desulfurization efficiency and clarify the regulatory effect of coal chemical structural characteristics on microbial desulfurization efficiency, providing theoretical support for the precise application of coal biodesulfurization technology. Pseudomonas putida was used as the functional strain for microbial desulfurization experiments on 092a and 100b coal samples with significant structural differences, and the characteristics of the desulfurized coal samples were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the organic sulfur removal rate of 100b coal reached 60.9%, which was much higher than the 17.6% of 092a coal; Pseudomonas putida could efficiently degrade various forms of organic sulfur such as thiophene, sulfide and sulfoxide in 100b coal, while only selectively removing sulfone-type sulfur in 092a coal, and FTIR characterization further confirmed that coal matrix characteristics are the core factor determining the desulfurization efficiency of this strain. The high aromaticity and high condensation degree of 092a coal resulted in significant steric hindrance of sulfur components, which limited the specific binding between enzymes and substrates, whereas the thiophene sulfur in 100b coal could be efficiently degraded through the 4S metabolic pathway, and this study clarifies the regulatory effect of coal chemical structural characteristics on microbial desulfurization efficiency, further supplementing the theoretical basis for the precise application of coal biodesulfurization technology.

Regarding the unclear influence of Fe-N modification sequences on biochar performance, this study systematically investigated the effects of Fe and N introduction sequences on biochar characteristics using lotus stalk as a precursor, urea as the nitrogen source, and FeCl3·6H2O as the iron source. The novelty of this work lies in revealing the synergistic mechanism of Fe-catalyzed carbon gasification coupled with N etching/cross-linking under simultaneous doping conditions, and establishing a clear structure-activity relationship correlating doping sequence with microstructure and adsorption performance. The optimal modified biochar was screened for AMOX adsorption from aqueous solution, and the adsorption mechanisms were elucidated through multi-scale characterization and batch adsorption experiments. The results show that simultaneous Fe-N doping combined with pyrolysis at 700°C for 4 hours (FeN-BC-4h) induced a synergistic effect of Fe-catalyzed carbon gasification and N etching, constructing a hierarchical pore structure with a specific surface area of 752.06 m2·g-1 and a total pore volume of 0.73 cm3·g-1. The equilibrium adsorption capacity for AMOX reached 130.92 mg·g-1, surpassing samples with single or sequential doping and representing a 2.55-fold enhancement compared to raw biochar. The surface of FeN-BC-4h was highly heterogeneous, with chemisorption dominating the adsorption process. Intraparticle diffusion served as the rate-controlling step, and the adsorption was an endothermic spontaneous reaction that increased system disorder. The adsorption mechanisms included pore filling, π-π electron donor-acceptor interactions, hydrogen bonding, Fe-O/Fe-N coordination complexation, and electrostatic interactions. FeN-BC-4h maintained stable and efficient adsorption within the pH range of 4-9, exhibited magnetic responsiveness, and retained approximately 67.03% of its adsorption capacity after three regeneration cycles via HCl washing. This research provides theoretical insights and technical references for the high-value utilization of lotus stalk-based biochar and the efficient removal of antibiotic pollutants.

The application of nanotechnology in gastroenterology represents a significant shift toward more precise, effective, and less invasive management of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. By engineering materials at the nanoscale, researchers have developed sophisticated systems capable of overcoming formidable biological barriers, enabling targeted drug delivery, and providing unprecedented insights into disease pathophysiology through advanced diagnostic imaging and sensing. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of nanoparticle-based approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of major GI conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Helicobacter pylori infection, colorectal cancer (CRC), and gastric ulcers. It synthesizes recent progress, critically evaluates persistent challenges related to manufacturing and safety, and explores the future directions essential for translating promising laboratory discoveries into routine clinical practice. The field is characterized by a dynamic interplay between rapid scientific innovation and the equally critical need to solve complex problems of scalability, standardization, and regulatory compliance.

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Catalysis was an effective method for uranium recovery and environmental remediation. However, the weak flexoelectric response, despite being universal in dielectric materials, greatly limited its appeal for research and catalytic applications. Here, we proposed a strategy to enhance the flexoelectric response by bridging inorganic chains with metal-organic chains within the structure. The resulting hybrid material, Co[C4H4N2]V2O6, demonstrated excellent uranyl removal performance, surpassing that of state-of-the-art piezocatalysts. Co[C4H4N2]V2O6 showed flexocatalytic uranyl activity across a broad pH range and under high-salinity conditions. Under a dynamic experimental setup, Co[C4H4N2]V2O6 showed strong potential for practical flexocatalytic applications. Co[C4H4N2]V2O6 could efficiently separate uranyl in contaminated potable water, reducing the uranium concentration (~2.0 ppm) to below the drinking water standard (30 ppb). It could also lower the uranium concentration (~5.6 ppm) in mining wastewater to below the discharge limit (300 ppb). Its intrinsic anisotropic mechanical properties and cantilever-like morphology endowed high deformability, which, together with a large dielectric constant, enhanced its flexoelectric polarization. The revealed flexocatalytic mechanism confirmed that uranyl was converted into insoluble (UO2)O2·2H2O by active species generated through dynamic polarization. This work provided a promising avenue for the design of advanced flexocatalysts and offered an effective strategy for uranium recovery and environmental remediation.

Accurate identification of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I-presented epitopes is essential for developing personalized vaccines and immunotherapies. Here, we present HLABrew, a unified deep learning framework for HLA class I epitope prediction and allele-specific mimotope design. By integrating the Transformer, variational autoencoder, and dual cross-attention, HLABrew achieves state-of-the-art performance with hierarchical and allele-aware representations. HLABrew accurately deconvolves multiallelic immunopeptidomics data to recover allele-specific binding motifs and expand epitope coverage. Leveraging its generative capacity, HLABrew further designs mimotopes guided by learned peptide-HLA binding preferences, with the potential to enhance antigen presentation and provide candidates for downstream immunogenicity evaluation.

The evolution toward the industry 5.0, with the applications such as the digital twins and the collaborative robotics, demands the wireless networks that jointly guarantee the ultra reliable connectivity, the fairness aware service, and the energy sustainability. The cognitive radio (CR) enabled high altitude platforms (HAPs) offer the wide area coverage and the flexible spectrum access; and their deployment is constrained by the stringent interference limits toward the terrestrial primary users (PUs), the limited onboard power, and the need for the uniform service among the secondary users (SUs). This paper proposes an energy efficient resource allocation framework for the rate splitting multiple access (RSMA) enabled cognitive HAP networks that addresses these challenges. We formulate a non convex energy efficiency (EE) maximization problem that explicitly couples the RSMA's common and private rate split with the beamforming design under the PU interference thresholds, the SU QoS requirements, and the fairness gap constraints. To solve this problem, we develop the two complementary algorithms: (i) the Dinkelbach SCA Joint Beamforming and Rate Allocation (D SCA JBRA), a high performance iterative scheme based on the fractional programming and the successive convex approximation; and (ii) the MRT NBS, a low complexity heuristic that integrates the maximum ratio transmission with the Nash bargaining based rate splitting to yield the closed form and the real time solutions. The extensive simulations against a comprehensive benchmark suite (including the OMA MRT, the RSMA EPA, the RSMA RBF, the NOMA FPA, and the RSMA WMMSE) show that the D SCA JBRA achieves up to 87 and 105% higher EE than the OMA MRT and the RSMA RBF, respectively, while maintaining the superior fairness. Meanwhile, the MRT NBS delivers the near optimal performance with over 90% lower computational complexity; and this validates its suitability for the real time HAP deployment. The proposed framework provides a scalable and sustainable solution for the interference resilient and the energy aware connectivity demands of the Industry 5.0 such as smart mining.

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Hirsutane-type sesquiterpenoids are a distinctive class of fungal natural products characterized by a compact linear triquinane (5/5/5) scaffold. First reported in 1947, this family has expanded to structurally diverse metabolites exhibiting cytotoxic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Recent advances in genome mining and enzymatic characterization have revealed that hirsutane diversification is governed by a coherent biosynthetic logic, in which a dual-domain sesquiterpene synthase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) synthase fusion enzyme constructs the core scaffold, followed by regioselective A-ring oxidation and late-stage tailoring reactions. In this review, we summarize 131 natural hirsutane derivatives reported up to early 2026 and reorganize them within a biosynthesis-guided classification framework. Based on A-ring modification patterns, these compounds are classified into three major biogenetic lineages (G1-G3) and further subdivided into 14 subclasses, providing a systematic view of their oxidative diversification pathways. This biosynthetic framework facilitates comparative analysis of biological activities and indicates that progressive A-ring oxidation generally correlates with enhanced bioactivity. Overall, this review integrates biosynthetic mechanisms with structural organization and offers a chemically intuitive basis for future discovery and engineering of hirsutane-based bioactive molecules.

Vaccines are widely used in both research and clinical settings. To facilitate FAIR data practices, we urgently need to standardize vaccine representation, integrate information across diverse vaccine types, and support computer-assisted reasoning. Accordingly, we have since 2007 developed the community-based Vaccine Ontology (VO), which aligns with the Basic Formal Ontology and adheres to OBO Foundry principles. VO ontologically models vaccines, vaccine components, vaccine immune responses, vaccine investigation studies and other vaccine-related topics. VO represents more than 10,000 vaccines targeting 289 infectious pathogens and cancers in humans and over 30 nonhuman animal species. VO provides mappings to external resources such as RxNorm, CVX, FDA, and USDA. VO facilitates vaccine standardization in resources such as the VIOLIN vaccine database, ImmPort, and the Vaccine Adjuvant Compendium (VAC). VO enables semantic queries on vaccine data. It has been shown to enhance the analysis of experimental and clinical vaccine datasets, as well as vaccine-related literature mining. Overall, VO standardizes vaccine modeling and representation and greatly supports vaccine AI research in the Semantic Web era.

Blockage during the pipeline transport of cemented paste backfill (CPB) causes significant economic losses to mining operations. Suspending agent (SA) addition has been proposed as an easily implementable and low-cost method to mitigate the risk of pipeline blockage caused by sedimentation during the transportation of CPB. However, the effects of SAs on the rheological and sedimentation properties of CPB are not yet fully understood. This study investigated the rheological and sedimentation characteristics of CPB with different types of SAs. CPB mixtures were prepared with three types of SAs (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), polyacrylamide (PAM), and xanthan gum (XG)) at concentrations of 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 g/L. The rheological properties (yield stress and viscosity) and sedimentation characteristics (bleeding and monitored via layered electrical conductivity) were measured over 0-2 h. Additionally, zeta potential and microstructural analyses were conducted. SA addition increased the yield stress and viscosity of CPB. Concurrently, the SAs inhibited bleeding and sedimentation. Furthermore, the SAs appeared to significantly inhibit the sedimentation of cement particles. The findings develop CPB technology utilizing SAs and provide important guidance for ensuring smooth pipeline transportation.