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The potential re-emergence of Mpox poses an increasing public health concern in the Horn of Africa, particularly in Ethiopia. This study examined perceptions of preparedness among surveyed surveillance professionals in Ethiopia regarding the disease surveillance system's ability to detect and respond to a potential Mpox outbreak. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was employed, utilizing a structured 58-item questionnaire that assessed preparedness across five domains: general awareness and understanding, surveillance infrastructure and resources, coordination and communication, preparedness and response, and policy, training, and equity. The survey was distributed to disease surveillance professionals at both federal and regional levels through purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U tests, Cramér's V, and content analysis. Among the 42 surveyed surveillance professionals, 45.3% believed that the surveillance system could effectively respond to an Mpox outbreak, while 54.7% disagreed, reflecting divided perceptions within the sample. Respondents identified several perceived gaps, including limited awareness of Mpox-specific protocols, insufficient training, inadequate diagnostic capacity, and fragmented coordination across sectors. A substantial proportion of respondents reported system-related challenges, with 83.3% perceiving laboratory facilities as inadequate and 78.6% noting the absence of contingency plans. In addition, 57.1% indicated that their organizations lacked staff trained on Mpox, and 59.5% reported no stockpiles of personal protective equipment. Overall, the surveyed professionals expressed mixed perceptions of preparedness, with notable concerns regarding resource allocation, infrastructure, and policy implementation. The study identifies perceived gaps among the 42 surveyed surveillance professionals regarding Mpox preparedness in Ethiopia, highlighting the need for enhanced training, strengthened infrastructure, improved coordination, and more equitable resource distribution. Addressing these gaps through targeted interventions may help strengthen disease surveillance capacity and improve the ability to detect, respond to, and manage emerging health threats such as Mpox.

Establishing a technical system for in vitro mutagenesis and salt tolerance screening of wheat microspores is crucial for accelerating the homozygous stabilization of mutant progeny, creating novel salt‑tolerant wheat germplasm, and enabling the effective utilization of saline‑alkali land. Due to technical limitations of in vitro microspore culture in wheat, studies combining wheat microspore culture with in vitro mutagenesis and salt stress screening have not been reported. Based on a previously established genotype‑dependent wheat microspore culture system, our laboratory developed a technical system integrating microspore‑based X‑ray mutagenesis and salt stress screening, thereby providing a new technical approach for accelerating the development of salt‑tolerant wheat germplasm. To determine the optimal X-ray irradiation dose, microspores from the cultivars Shi 4185 and HeNong 6425 were exposed to 0, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 Gy of X-ray radiation. The LD₅₀ values for Shi 4185 and HeNong 6425 were 3 Gy and 4 Gy, respectively. To determine the NaCl concentration for in vitro salt tolerance screening of microspores, callus induction and differentiation were carried out on media supplemented with a range of NaCl concentrations. Adding 51 mM NaCl to the induction medium reduced regenerated plants per anther by 62.95% (Shi 4185) and 42.76% (HeNong 6425) relative to controls, while adding 85 mM NaCl to the differentiation medium decreased the regenerated plants by 46.65% (Shi 4185) and 44.02% (HeNong 6425), respectively. Microspores of Shi 4185 and HeNong 6425 were irradiated with X‑rays (3 Gy) and then subjected to salt screening at the induction (51 mM NaCl) and differentiation (85 mM NaCl) stages. Under this dual salt-stress treatment, the regenerated plants per anther of Shi 4185 and HeNong 6425 was reduced by 84.82% and 81.60%, respectively, compared with untreated controls. Overall, 68 and 33 doubled haploid (DH) lines were obtained from Shi 4185 and HeNong 6425, respectively. Through salt tolerance evaluation at the germination, seedling, and 5 dS/m saline‑alkali field stages, 15 salt‑tolerant lines were obtained from Shi 4185 and two from HeNong 6425, with per‑plant yield increases of 56.54%-105.81% and 54.01%-56.07%, respectively, compared with the wild type. Exome sequencing of five salt‑tolerant Shi 4185 DH lines revealed higher numbers of SNP and InDel mutation sites than those in regenerated lines without mutagenesis and salt stress treatment; Under 342 mM NaCl stress, the expression levels of salt tolerance genes TaNHX, TaPDI, and TaMYB in these five lines were significantly higher than those in the wild type Shi 4185. The integrated technical system combining microspore culture, X‑ray irradiation, and in vitro salt stress screening established in this study provides technical support for the development of novel salt‑tolerant wheat germplasm.

Active animal disease surveillance is essential for detecting zoonotic emerging infectious diseases. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), limited infrastructure, economic instability, and armed conflict constrain surveillance capability. This ongoing work to characterize the prevalence of zoonoses like Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus implements an in-country One Health approach to disease surveillance and capacity building in a limited-resource setting. Veterinarians and technicians from the DRC's Central Veterinary Laboratory with technical support from national and international partners completed 135 site visits across 9 provinces between June 2023 and July 2024 collecting bovine, porcine, and human serum samples along with attached and grossly engorged ticks. At each site, community animal health workers and local veterinarians were invited to participate for training in clinical competencies and emerging zoonosis identification. Facility survey data revealed that, while more than half of sites report using antibiotics (63% of sites with cattle; 75% of sites with swine), only a quarter of sites vaccinate livestock (18% of sites with cattle; 28% of sites with swine)-a larger trend of curative care outpacing preventative action. This disparity demonstrates a need for veterinary capacity strengthening to realize long-term gains in disease prevention and economic stability.

Underutilised edible plants represent important but insufficiently characterised nutritional resources within plant-based food systems. Stenochlaena palustris is a wild edible fern widely consumed in Southeast Asia; however, its incorporation into formulated food matrices remains poorly documented. The objective of this study was to generate initial physicochemical and nutritional data for dates-based food formulations incorporating S. palustris powder at different inclusion levels, providing validated baseline compositional information on an underutilised edible fern within a contemporary plant-based food system. Dates-based energy bars were formulated with S. palustris powder at 2.5% and 5.0% (w/w), alongside a control formulation without fern inclusion. Proximate composition, sugar profile, mineral content, antioxidant activity, and selected physicochemical properties were determined using validated analytical methods by an accredited laboratory. Incorporation of S. palustris was associated with observed increases in dietary fibre, ash, and protein, with generally higher values of selected minerals, including calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc, in the fortified formulations compared to the control, while total energy values remained comparable across formulations. Water activity values for all formulations were below 0.48, and total flavonoid content increased with higher fern inclusion, while DPPH antioxidant activity was highest in the control formulation. As each formulation was analysed as a single composite sample, the data are presented as baseline compositional observations.

Small differences between females and males in cognitive abilities have been consistently reported, but the factors underlying these sex differences remain unclear. Social and cultural factors are thought to play a key role, but studies on this topic have been inconclusive. Examination of genetic factors may shed some light on the mechanisms underlying cognitive sex differences. Using data from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, a large, general population sample of individuals aged 8 to 21 years old (N = 4,694), we tested for sex differences in the genetic factors (i.e., Gene × Sex interactions) underlying cognitive ability. Participants completed the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery, which consists of 14 tests designed to capture accuracy and speed in five domains: 1) executive function (abstraction and mental flexibility, attention, working memory), 2) episodic memory (verbal, facial, spatial), 3) complex cognition (verbal reasoning, nonverbal reasoning, spatial processing), 4) social cognition (emotion identification, emotion differentiation, age differentiation), and 5) speed (motor, sensorimotor). Composite domain scores were derived using confirmatory factor analysis, and general accuracy (g) and speed (gs) using principal component analysis. Small sex differences were observed on most cognitive measures (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.061-0.182). Males showed significantly higher genetic variance and lower environmental variance in executive (female σ2g = 0.301 v. male σ2g = 0.598, p = 0.001, female σ2e = 0.243 v. male σ2e = 0.024, p = 0.007), and complex (female σ2g = 0.291 v. male σ2g = 0.610, p = 0.001, female σ2e = 0.259 v. male σ2e = 0.023, p = 0.006) accuracy. Females showed significantly higher genetic and lower environmental variance on complex (female σ2g = 0.575 v. male σ2g = 0.135, p = 0.009, female σ2e = 0.222 v. male σ2e = 0.641, p = 0.012) and social (female σ2g = 0.589 v. male σ2g = 0.129, p = 0.009, female σ2e = 0.236 v. male σ2e = 0.672, p = 0.012) speed. Genetic correlations between females and males were not significantly different from 1 on any cognitive measure. Altogether, our results suggest that while the same genetic factors influence cognition in females and males, the magnitude of effect of these genetic factors differs. We observed small differences between females and males on most cognitive measures, as well as sex differences in heritability on some measures. Future studies are needed to delineate how environmental, genetic, and other biological factors jointly influence cognition. Small differences in cognition between females and males have been consistently reported across abilities, cultures, and decades. However, the factors underlying these cognitive sex differences remain unclear. Social and cultural factors are thought to play a key role, but there has been less examination of potential genetic factors. We tested for sex differences in the genetic factors underlying a range of cognitive abilities in a large, general population sample of individuals aged 8 to 21 years old. Small sex differences were observed across most cognitive domains, with female advantages in memory and social cognition, and male advantages in executive and complex cognition. Moreover, differences between females and males in the magnitude of genetic factors underlying cognition were observed for executive, complex, and social cognition, suggesting that some cognitive sex differences are partly driven by sex differences in underlying genetic factors. Most research on the underlying causes of sex differences in cognitive abilities has focused on social and cultural factors, but our findings highlight the importance of considering genetic factors, as well as how these genetic factors act jointly with social and cultural factors to impact cognition. Given the impact of cognition on social, emotional, and health outcomes, further work is needed to delineate the interplay between environmental and genetic factors that underlie cognitive sex differences.

Rapid urbanization has heightened the need for evidence-based healthy city planning. To resolve the methodological limitations of parallel biometric data stacking, this study developed a synchronized cross-modal framework to evaluate the restorative potential of a 9-typology urban-to-natural landscape continuum. A laboratory experiment was conducted with 42 healthy undergraduate students (21 males, 21 females; mean age = 21.4 ± 1.8 years). Brain activity (EEG), visual attention (eye-tracking), and peripheral autonomic signals (EDA, HRV, respiration) were synchronously recorded alongside the Profile of Mood States (POMS) scale. To integrate these multi-scale data streams, we formulated the Cross-Modal Restorative Index (CMRI). The empirical findings reveal a distinct, non-linear hierarchy of environmental restoration. Pristine natural environments, especially Mountainous and Field landscapes, elicited complete "Integrated Restoration," characterized by significant systemic convergence: central cognitive relaxation via posterior α power activation (Field: 7.35; Water: 7.03), robust parasympathetic upregulation (Field HF: 12518.77), and profound down-regulations in subjective tension (Mountainous: 18.6 → 12.3) and fatigue. Conversely, built landscapes demonstrated "Fragmented Restoration." Notably, Road scenes exhibited a localized dissociation where physiological calming (sharp increase in posterior α wave SD from 15.11 to 20.54) was decoupled from visual and psychological domains, with over 74% of visual dwell time remaining locked on artificial elements and subjective fatigue rising (15.3 → 16.2). These findings provide quantitative, systems-level evidence for integrating ecologically authentic blue-green infrastructure into resilient urban design.

Activatable phototheranostic agents that integrate fluorescence imaging with photodynamic therapy (PDT) represent a promising strategy for cancer treatment. However, conventional agents often suffer from nonspecific activation and uncontrolled pharmacokinetics, which limit their ability to achieve precise theranostics. To address this, we present an ultra-specific in situ activatable platform for tumor phototheranostics that integrates controlled pretargeting via in situ self-assembly with bioorthogonal reaction-mediated activation. This platform consists of two key components: a cathepsin B and glutathione dual-responsive pretargeting agent, Val-Cit-Cys(StBu)-Lys(Tz)-CBT (CBT-Tz), which undergoes tumor microenvironment-triggered self-assembly into nanoaggregates, leading to localized accumulation of tetrazine (Tz) groups; and a vinyl ether-caged and PEGylated hemicyanine (PEG-hCy-VE) as an activatable theranostic agent, which can be uncaged via a bioorthogonal activation with the pre-accumulated Tz groups. This reaction restores near-infrared fluorescence and activates potent PDT activity selectively at the tumor site. The pretargeting strategy, coupled with the activation approach, provides superior spatiotemporal control, enabling simultaneous high-contrast fluorescence imaging and spatially precise PDT. Guided by real-time imaging, personalized PDT was implemented, leading to effective tumor suppression with minimal systemic toxicity. By synergizing in situ self-assembly and bioorthogonal activation, this work provides a robust, extensible, and highly specific platform for precise drug delivery and heterogeneous tumor theranostics.

Adverse social conditions across the life course influence brain aging and dementia, yet their compounded impact on clinical phenotypes remains underexplored, particularly in Latin America, where social inequality and dementia burden are high. We studied 3941 individuals from six Latin American countries, including cognitively unimpaired controls (CU), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). A life-course questionnaire captured eight domains of social vulnerability, used to derive a social vulnerability index and latent vulnerability profiles. Brain health was characterized across 37 cognitive, functional, mental health, and dementia severity indicators. Higher vulnerability was mostly associated with executive and memory deficits in CU, cognitive and functional impairment in AD, and social cognition and neuropsychiatric symptoms in FTLD. Multidimensional brain health was affected across groups. Compounded social vulnerability is a key determinant of clinical expression in aging and dementia, underscoring the need for life-course-informed and equity-oriented dementia models.

The search for multiferroicity in two-dimensional (2D) systems has predominantly focused on spin-driven mechanisms, leaving the distinct physics of coupled spin-orbital orders largely unexplored. Here, we propose a theoretical mechanism for orbital multiferroicity on 2D triangular lattices, arising from the intrinsic interplay between ferro-orbital and magnetic orders. Through symmetry analysis and effective model derivation, we reveal that the orbital order imposes a strong interaction on the magnetic sector, activating robust orbiton-magnon hybridization. Using density-functional theory calculations, we substantiate this mechanism in monolayer FeH_{2}, where cooperative orbital and spin interactions stabilize an antiferro-orbital antiferromagnetic ground state. Remarkably, mechanical strain efficiently tunes these interactions, enabling reversible phase transitions between the antiferro-orbital and ferro-orbital states. Crucially, the elementary excitation spectrum exhibits hybridization gaps, serving as a definitive fingerprint of the formed entangled magnon-orbiton modes. Our Letter thus establishes a novel paradigm for exploring orbital multiferroicity in 2D systems.

A quantitative understanding of the ability of nucleophilic fluoroalkylating reagents to donate fluoroalkyl anions (-CnF2n+1 or -CF2H) remains elusive, limiting predictive reaction design. Here, we report a systematic investigation of fluoroalkyl anion donor ability based on computed X-Rf bond heterolytic dissociation enthalpies via density functional theory (DFT). Across a diverse set of reagents, the intrinsic thermodynamic cost of fluoroalkyl anion release spans a wide range (21.5-221.8 kcal mol- 1), but is dramatically reduced in the presence of activators, with effective donor abilities varying from strongly endergonic to exergonic regimes (-20.1-34.8 kcal mol- 1). This work establishes a quantitative fluoroalkyl anion donor ability scale that correlates well with experimental observations and offers an in-depth mechanistic understanding of the factors regulating fluoroalkyl transfer. The quantitative scale developed herein enables direct comparison across reagent classes and offers a predictive basis for the rational design of nucleophilic fluoroalkylation reactions.

The WW-FINGERS network has demonstrated the efficacy of multidomain non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) but left their real-world implementation largely unexplored, prompting this study in Changxing County to identify key determinants and develop actionable strategies for community-based delivery. An embedded mixed-methods retrospective evaluation using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) was conducted. Data from 42 stakeholders across six communities were analyzed via a hybrid deductive-inductive approach and coincidence analysis (CNA). Strategies were matched using the ERIC compendium and refined by a stakeholder panel. We identified 202 determinants, revealing six core facilitator themes (e.g., policy-academia-community synergy) and six barrier themes(e.g., unsustainable funding). CNA delineated potential pathways. Three strategy bundles were finalized: Capacity Building, Collaborative Network Building, and an AI-enabled digital platform. This study provides a practical, theory-informed framework for implementing complex NPIs, bridging the science-to-practice gap in dementia prevention. The AI-enabled platform offers a forward-looking approach for sustained delivery.

The neutrophil CD64 (nCD64) index is a potent biomarker for infectious diseases; however, the lack of standardized reference intervals (RIs) limits its clinical utility. This study aimed to establish and validate reference intervals (RIs) for the nCD64 index specifically for the Guangxi population using flow cytometry. Cross-sectional study. Conducted in Guangxi, China. A total of 494 healthy adults (aged 18-83 years) were enrolled. Peripheral blood nCD64 expression was measured via flow cytometry. Reference intervals were determined using the non-parametric 95th percentile method (2.5th-97.5th) per CLSI EP28-A3c guidelines. Validation was performed in an independent cohort (n=30). The primary outcome was the 95% reference interval for the nCD64 index. Secondary outcomes included correlations between nCD64 index and sex, age, BMI, and primary hematological parameters. 494 healthy adults for establishment, plus 30 independent subjects for validation. No clinically significant differences in the nCD64 index were found between sexes or across age groups, and partitioning was not required. The nCD64 index exhibited a skewed distribution. Although sex showed a weak positive correlation with nCD64 expression (r=.115, P=.011), the standard normal deviation test (z<z*) indicated no requirement for sex-specific partitioning. No significant correlations were observed between nCD64 and age, BMI, or primary hematological parameters. The established 95% RI was .08-0.94, with the 90% confidence intervals (CI) for the lower and upper limits were .08-.09 and .92-1.04. Validation confirmed the RI's reliability, with 97% (29/30) of results falling within the range. We established a robust RI (.08-.94) for the nCD64 index in the Guangxi population, which remained consistent across age and sex groups. This provides a standardized baseline for the diagnosis of inflammatory and infectious conditions in Southern China. The study was limited to a single regional population (Guangxi) and did not include pediatric or pregnant populations. Additionally, potential confounding from subclinical inflammation or undiagnosed chronic infections cannot be completely excluded despite strict enrollment criteria.

While scandium-doped aluminum nitride (AlScN) exhibits robust ferroelectricity and excellent thermal stability, its utility is limited by an exceptionally high coercive field (E_{c}) for polarization switching. Unraveling the atomistic switching dynamics is therefore critical for tailoring E_{c}. Here, we combine density functional theory and machine-learning molecular dynamics to elucidate the polarization switching mechanisms in AlScN over various Sc concentrations and applied electric fields. We find that excessive lattice strain strictly prohibits collective polarization switching, but the preexisting domain walls relieve strain and lead to a distinct switching dynamics-dictating a field-dependent switching mechanism. At low electric fields, switching occurs via gradual domain-wall propagation consistent with the Kolmogorov-Avrami-Ishibashi model. In contrast, high fields stimulate additional nucleation, driving a rapid, homogeneous reversal process described by the simultaneous nonlinear nucleation and growth model. These findings highlight the critical role of domain-wall dynamics and suggest domain engineering as a viable strategy to tailor coercive fields in AlScN and related ferroelectrics.

The extent to which non-pathological aging influences plasma biomarkers remains unclear. Here, we investigate factors influencing plasma p-tau217 levels in cognitively unimpaired (CU), amyloid-beta-negative (A&#x3b2;-) individuals. Plasma p-tau217 was measured in CU A&#x3b2;- positron emission tomography-negative (PET-) participants using two immunoassays (ALZpath n&#xa0;=&#xa0;360 and LUMIPULSE G1200 n&#xa0;=&#xa0;73). Associations between p-tau217 and age groups (60-69, 70-79, and 80+ years), apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, and gender were evaluated. ALZpath plasma p-tau217 showed a non-pathological age-related increase (p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001), and increased percentage within the intermediate zone with age. Lumipulse p-tau217 showed an increase in the percentage of subjects with positive results with age, however, this trend was not significant (p&#xa0;>&#xa0;0.05). Men had higher levels of p-tau217 only with the ALZpath assay (p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.02; Lumipulse: p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.81). No significant associations were found between p-tau217 and APOE genotype. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating age and sex into the interpretation of plasma p-tau217 particularly in preclinical stages.

Imaging-based cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) summary scores quantify CSVD burden. This study characterized CSVD scores and assessed their cognitive associations in older adults with various neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive profiles. Baseline data from 958 Comprehensive Assessment of Neurodegeneration and Dementia (COMPASS-ND) study participants were analyzed (19.4% cognitively normal, 14.9% subjective cognitive decline, 40.3% mild cognitive impairment, 25.4% dementia). MRI markers of cerebral vascular injury (lacunes, microbleeds, white matter hyperintensities [WMHs], and enlarged perivascular spaces) were visually rated, and a cumulative CSVD score was generated. Cognition was measured using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB), and a composite neuropsychological battery test z-score. Higher CSVD scores were associated with greater Hachinski ischemic scores, poorer MoCA performance, worse CDR-SB, and lower composite z-scores. Associations were strongest for cognitive domains of executive function, attention, and learning. CSVD burden may further contribute to poorer cognition across neurodegenerative conditions and cognitive profiles.

Female reproductive aging is a fundamental biological process characterized by a progressive decline in ovarian function, oocyte quality, and endocrine homeostasis, ultimately leading to reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to age-related diseases. Accumulating evidence indicates that reproductive aging is not merely a passive consequence of time but rather a tightly regulated process governed by complex genetic, epigenetic, and metabolic mechanisms. However, mechanistic dissection and translational exploration of female reproductive aging remain constrained by the limited availability of suitable animal models that faithfully recapitulate the human reproductive trajectory. In this review, we synthesize the current advances in understanding the molecular regulatory networks underlying female reproductive aging, with particular emphasis on key signaling pathways, cellular senescence, epigenetic regulation, hormonal control, and mitochondrial dysfunction coupled with oxidative stress. We highlight how the dysregulation of these interconnected mechanisms contributes to ovarian reserve depletion, follicular atresia, and declining oocyte competence across species. We propose that laying hens are a powerful and underutilized model for studying female reproductive aging. Laying hens exhibit a well-defined and highly reproducible reproductive lifespan characterized by distinct phases of peak and declining reproductive output, closely paralleling the age-related fertility decline in women. At the molecular level, hens share conserved regulatory features with humans, including hormonal signaling via the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, age-associated oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and epigenetic modulation of reproductive tissues. The daily ovulation cycle, measurable reproductive output, and responsiveness to metabolic and environmental interventions in hens further facilitate high-resolution and high-throughput investigations into aging-related mechanisms. By integrating evidence from human studies, mammalian models, and avian systems, this review highlights the translational value of laying hens in elucidating conserved genetic and epigenetic drivers of female reproductive aging. We discuss the current limitations and future perspectives for cross-species validation and multi-omics integration, aiming to facilitate the identification of actionable targets for delaying reproductive aging and improving female reproductive health.

We explore the role of interfacial Rashba spin-orbit coupling (SOC) for the Josephson diode effect in all-metal diffusive Josephson junctions. Devices with Fe/Pt and Cu/Pt weak links between Nb leads reveal a Josephson diode effect in an in-plane magnetic field with magnetochiral anisotropy according to the point symmetry of Rashba SOC. The Rashba SOC originates from inversion symmetry breaking at the metal-metal interfaces. A control sample with a plain Cu layer as weak link, in contrast, exhibits an axis-symmetric diode effect. The Fraunhofer patterns display an apparent inverted hysteresis that can be traced back to stray fields resulting from the conventional hysteretic vortex pinning in the Nb contacts.

Two-dimensional (2D) magnetism, particularly 2D altermagnetism (AM), has attracted considerable interest due to its exceptional physical properties and broad application potential. However, the classification of AM undergoes a fundamental paradigm shift when transitioning from three-dimensional (3D) to 2D symmetry-enforced fully compensated collinear magnetism-a shift that has remained largely overlooked. Here, by extending unconventional magnetism to 2D collinear systems, we identify the symmetry conditions and electronic band characteristics of a distinct magnetic phase: type-IV magnetism. This new class lies beyond the established descriptions of ferromagnetism, conventional antiferromagnetism, and AM. Type-IV magnetism supports the successive emergence of both nonrelativistic spin-degenerate and relativistic spin-splitting phenomena, belonging strictly to neither conventional antiferromagnetism nor standard AM. We further establish a universal symmetry classification framework for 2D type-IV magnets via a mapping from the collinear spin layer group to the magnetic layer group. Monolayer MgCr_{2}O_{4} and monolayer BaMn_{2}Ch_{3} (Ch=Se, Te) are showcased as representative materials, exhibiting gate-tunable reversible spin textures and the quantum electric Hall effect, respectively. Our Letter underscores the rich functional prospects of type-IV magnets, offering a new route toward spin manipulation and anomalous transport that promises innovative designs for high-performance spintronic devices.

Raman optical activity (ROA), the dependence of Raman intensity on the circular polarization of incident and scattered light, has traditionally been observed in chiral molecules and magnetic materials, where inversion or time-reversal symmetry is broken. Here we demonstrate that ROA can also arise in a centrosymmetric and nonmagnetic ferroaxial crystal. Using circularly polarized Raman spectroscopy on single-crystalline NiTiO_{3}, we observed a pronounced ROA signal in the cross-circular polarization configurations, which correlates with the ferroaxial domain structure. Our symmetry analysis, first-principles calculations of phonons, and tight-binding model calculations reveal that the natural ROA originates from the ferroaxial order and persists even within the electric dipole approximation. These results establish ROA as a powerful probe of ferroaxial order in centrosymmetric systems.