The breakthrough discovery of superconductivity in infinite-layer nickelates, and subsequently in several superconducting nickelates with more complex layered structures, capped a search spanning more than two decades and opened an entirely new field of research. Significant efforts aim to increase the critical temperature, to determine the electronic structure of the system, the underlying pairing mechanism, and the similarities between this system and cuprates  - Ni1+ in infinite-layer nickelates being isoelectronic to Cu2+ in high-Tc cuprates. Here, we explore the unique role of magnetic rare earth ions in superconducting Eu-doped NdNiO2. We show that the field-induced re-entrant superconductivity which we evidence in this compound is the result of a delicate balance between the competing effects of the Eu2+ and Nd3+ ions. Our analyses of the extraordinary Hall effect and modeling of the superconducting critical fields demonstrate that the influence of these ions on magneto-transport is only felt when they are polarized by a magnetic field.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is the standard procedure for axillary staging in clinically node-negative breast cancer. Traditionally, SLNB is performed using technetium-labelled (99mTc) nanocolloid, with or without blue dye. However, both tracers have important limitations. Blue dye poses safety risks, while 99mTc-nanocolloid introduces additional hospital visits, radiation exposure, logistical complexity and high costs. Indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence is a non-radioactive alternative, offering real-time visualisation while addressing many limitations of traditional tracers. Yet, adoption of ICG-guided SLNB remains limited. This trial aims to guide the implementation of ICG-guided SLNB via axillary incision, evaluate its real-world effectiveness and inform conditions for nationwide scale-up. The INFINITE trial is a multicentre, hybrid effectiveness-implementation study employing a stepped-wedge cluster design across seven Dutch hospitals. Clusters sequentially transition from SLNB using 99mTc-nanocolloid alone (Phase I) to ICG as the primary tracer and 99mTc-nanocolloid as a within-patient control (Phase II), and finally to ICG alone (Phase III). The hybrid design enables evaluation of implementation outcomes (penetration, adoption, fidelity, appropriateness, feasibility, acceptability), intervention outcomes (effectiveness, safety, costs) and patient-reported experience (patient satisfaction). The primary outcome is penetration, the proportion of Phase III SLNB procedures performed with ICG alone. An integrated implementation approach combines the Grol and Wensing model (process model), the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (determinant framework) and Proctor's outcomes framework (evaluation framework). Outcomes are assessed quantitatively, supplemented by an embedded mixed-methods component to explain variation in implementation across centres. Ethical approval was obtained from the Medical Research Ethics Committees United (6 November 2024; NL87551.100.24). Results will be submitted to open-access, peer-reviewed journals and presented at conferences focused on oncological or image-guided surgery. Implementation tools, including a clinical protocol, implementation guide, educational materials and patient information, will be developed to support national adoption. NCT07146295.
暂无摘要（点击查看详情）
Predicting diffusion coefficients in mixtures is crucial for many applications, as experimental data remain scarce, and machine learning (ML) offers promising alternatives to established semi-empirical models. Among ML models, matrix completion methods (MCMs) have proven effective in predicting thermophysical properties, including diffusion coefficients in binary mixtures. However, MCMs are restricted to single-temperature predictions, and their accuracy depends strongly on the availability of high-quality experimental data for each temperature of interest. In this work, we address this challenge by presenting a hybrid tensor completion method (TCM) for predicting temperature-dependent diffusion coefficients at infinite dilution in binary mixtures. The TCM employs a Tucker decomposition and is jointly trained on experimental data for diffusion coefficients at infinite dilution in binary systems at 298 K, 313 K, and 333 K. Predictions from the semi-empirical SEGWE model serve as prior knowledge within a Bayesian training framework. The TCM then extrapolates linearly to any temperature between 268 K and 378 K, achieving markedly improved prediction accuracy compared to established models across all studied temperatures. To further enhance predictive performance, the experimental database was expanded using active learning (AL) strategies for targeted acquisition of new diffusion data by pulsed-field gradient (PFG) NMR measurements. Diffusion coefficients at infinite dilution in 19 solute + solvent systems were measured at 298 K, 313 K, and 333 K. Incorporating these results yields a substantial improvement in the TCM's predictive accuracy. These findings highlight the potential of combining data-efficient ML methods with adaptive experimentation to advance predictive modeling of transport properties.
The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) achieves monotonically improving performance with circuit depth p, yet the study of the high-depth regime has been obstructed by the exponential in p cost of existing exact evaluation techniques. In this Letter, we prove that, in the infinite-size limit, the depth-p QAOA state for the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick (SK) model converges to the state of a spin coupled to p bosonic modes. We simulate the spi-boson system using matrix product states and provide numerical evidence that QAOA obtains a (1-ε) approximation to the optimal energy of the SK model with circuit depth O(n/ε^{1.13}) in the average case. The modest computational cost of our approach allows us to optimize QAOA parameters and observe that QAOA achieves ϵ≲2.2% at p=160 in the infinite-size limit, extending far beyond p≤20 accessible to prior exact methods. Our mapping provides a many-body route to study and optimize high-depth QAOA in regimes previously inaccessible to exact evaluation.
The limited nature of resources is widespread in ecological systems. Subject to resource constraints, natural species drive ecosystem complexity and stability through their interactions, including predation, competition, and mutualism. To investigate the effect of resource constraints on ecosystem stability, we take the interspecific density-dependence among species arising from limited resources as the governing constraint to study the dynamics of a three-dimensional Lotka-Volterra differential system. This approach differs from existing studies, in which a specific type of interaction (e.g., competition) is typically assumed prior to dynamical analysis. Through rigorous mathematical analysis of this model, the intrinsic growth rates of populations are identified as critical parameters affecting the stability of the ecological system. By taking an intrinsic growth rate as a bifurcation parameter, a non-classical bifurcation phenomenon is observed: infinitely many positive equilibrium points bifurcating from a positive equilibrium. When the model has infinitely many positive equilibria, a second bifurcation parameter emerges. By developing novel mathematical methods, we prove the existence of a threshold for this second bifurcation parameter. As the parameter crosses this threshold, the model undergoes a non-classical cusp bifurcation. To the best of our knowledge, such rich dynamical phenomena are observed for the first time in a three-dimensional Lotka-Volterra differential system, profoundly revealing the inherent fragility and complexity of ecosystem stability.
Bound states in the continuum (BICs) within open acoustic cavities provide a promising way for achieving high-quality factor resonances which can be exploited in numerous acoustic devices. One particularly intriguing mechanism for the formation of BICs is the Friedrich-Wintgen (FW) mechanism, in which a BIC emerges due to destructive interference between two resonant modes that coexist within the same cavity. Here, we investigate FW-BICs in a simple acoustic T-shaped cavity based on slender tubes. The T-shaped cavity consists of two horizontal arms of lengths d2 and d3 coupled to a vertical stub of length d1. The whole cavity is inserted between two semi-infinite waveguides. We show that the FW-BICs can be obtained when the two horizontal guides d2 and d3 are taken commensurate. These BICs are independent of d1 and the two semi-infinite waveguides. We demonstrate that the FW-BIC appears as the result of the interaction of two eigenmodes of the isolated cavity, the width of one mode vanishes giving rise to a FW-BIC, while the width of the other mode becomes maximal. By breaking the BIC condition, the latter turns into quasi-BICs in the shape of acoustic induced transparency or acoustic induced reflection resonances. The quasi-BICs are characterized by narrow width and high-quality factors which makes them suitable for filtering and sensing applications as well as tuning the far-field radiation of a source inside the cavity. The analytical results are obtained by means of the Green's function method and confirmed by finite element simulation in comsol.
The discovery of superconductivity in square-planar nickelates has offered a rich materials platform to explore the origins of high-temperature superconductivity. However, experimental investigations have largely been limited to the infinite-layer RNiO2 (R, rare earth) nickelates. We constructed a phase diagram of multilayer square-planar Ndn+1NinO2n+2 compounds and found signatures of superconductivity for dimensionality n = 4 to 8. Upon decreasing n, the superconducting anisotropy evolves owing to 4f electron effects, and electronic structure characteristics approach cuprate-like behavior. Magnetic fluctuations persist from within the superconducting regime and into the overdoped, nonsuperconducting regime. The superconducting regime overlaps with that of chemically doped infinite-layer nickelates, demonstrating underlying commonalities as well as differences across varying structural realizations of square-planar nickelates. Our work establishes this layered template for creating new nickel-based superconductors.
We prove that round, strictly mean convex toroids of revolution contain infinitely many (geometrically distinct) embedded free boundary minimal Möbius bands as well as infinitely many embedded free boundary minimal annuli. The surfaces in both families are constructed by means of equivariant variational methods and their areas grow linearly with the order of their symmetry groups.
Plasmodium vivax malaria is a mosquito-borne disease of significant public health importance. A defining feature of the within-host biology of P. vivax is the accrual of a hypnozoite reservoir, comprising a bank of quiescent parasites in the liver that are capable of causing relapsing blood-stage infections upon activation. Superinfection, characterised by composite blood-stage infections with parasites derived from multiple mosquito inoculation or hypnozoite activation events, is another important attribute. We have previously developed a stochastic epidemic model of P. vivax malaria, formulated as a Markov population process with countably infinitely-many types, that is adjusted for both hypnozoite accrual and blood-stage superinfection. Here, we construct a Markovian branching process with countably infinitely-many types to approximate the early stages of this epidemic model. With P M denoting the mosquito population size, we consider the limit P M → ∞ with the ratio of the mosquito and human populations held fixed. With κ < 1 / 2 an arbitrary constant, we use a classical coupling argument to obtain a total variation bound of order O ( P M 2 κ - 1 ) that is valid until o ( P M κ ) human-to-mosquito and mosquito-to-human transmission events have occurred. We characterise the probability of global disease extinction under the branching process to approximate the probability of elimination, as opposed to sustained endemic transmission, when the epidemic model is initialised with low-level human and/or mosquito infection. We apply our model to two scenarios of epidemiological interest, namely the re-introduction of P. vivax malaria in a region where elimination has previously been achieved; and a mass drug administration campaign with population-wide depletion of the hypnozoite reservoir.
Surface energy analysis of red benzoin (RB) and white benzoin (WB), and the separation power of their isomers, was performed using inverse gas chromatography (IGC). The selectivity coefficients ([Formula: see text]) of the structural isomers of RB and WB at infinite dilution were determined to be between 373.2 and 398.2 K for butyl acetate, butyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, and xylene isomers. IGC measurements were performed at infinite dilution to determine the specific adsorption enthalpies of the probe molecules. Based on the IGC measurements, the acidity constants ([Formula: see text]) and basicity constants ([Formula: see text]) of RB and WB were determined using both the classical Gutmann approach and the Hamieh model. Benzoin gums were found to exhibit acidic characteristics.
We provide a complete characterization of the solvability/impossibility of deterministic stabilizing consensus in virtually any computing model with benign process and communication faults using point-set topology. Relying on the topologies for infinite executions introduced by Nowak, Schmid and Winkler (JACM, 2024) for terminating consensus, we show that semi-open decision sets and semi-continuous decision functions as introduced by Levin (AMM, 1963) are the appropriate means for this characterization: Unlike the continuous decision functions for terminating consensus, semi-continuous functions do not require the inverse image of an open set to be open and hence allow to map a connected space to a disconnected one. We also show that multi-valued stabilizing consensus with weak and strong validity are equivalent, as is the case for terminating consensus. By applying our results to (variants of) all the known possibilities/impossibilities for stabilizing consensus, we easily provide a topological explanation of these results.
The development of rapid, on-site analytical methods and test strips for alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) is crucial for addressing drinking water safety crises, as it enables eutrophication assessment and algal bloom warnings under phosphorus-limited conditions. In this study, we incorporate aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgen) guest TPE-4PA into bimetallic lanthanide-based infinite coordination polymers (Tb/Eu-GMP ICPs). TPE-4PA exhibits unprecedented binding preference for Tb3+ over Eu3+, triggering coordination-induced emission (CIE) at 450 nm and modulating the antenna effect (AE) and the tandem energy transfer (TER) from Tb3+ to Eu3+. Subsequently, acetylacetone (acac) was further introduced to yield TPE-4PA@Tb/Eu-GMP-acac ICPs with an appropriate full-color fluoresce response capability. The addition of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) hydrolyzes GMP and TPE-4PA dual substrates, resulting in reduced characteristic emission of the bimetallic Ln-ICP host at 493, 548, 593, 619 and 703 nm, increased monomer emission of TPE-4PA at 392 nm, as well as the solvent-driven AIE of the enzymatic product TPE-4OH at 430 nm, which constitutes a novel ratiometric ALP sensing mechanism with pale-purple to blue fluorescence color shifts. Featuring high sensitivity, doubly assured selectivity, and operational simplicity, this "all-in-one" probe enables real-time APA monitoring via dual-substrate kinetics and is suitable for on-site ALP test strip development. Moreover, the unique color transition point of the dual-substrate-based TPE-4PA@Tb/Eu-GMP-acac ICPs probe can be designed to signal an APA surge prior to algal bloom onset, which holds significant potential for the development of microalgae pollution early-warning systems, thereby safeguarding drinking water safety.
Using ab initio calculations, we investigate the magnetic ground states of quasi-one-dimensional insulating CrSbX3(X=S, Se) with infinite double-rutile chains. Within conventional band theory, without explicit Coulomb correlations (U), we obtain band gaps in close agreement with experiment. Remarkably, we find that the magnetic order is highly sensitive to the Cr-Cr bond length dCr-Cr: increasing the bond length induces a transition from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic order at a critical distance dcCr-Cr≈3.53(±0.05) Å. Accordingly, CrSbS3lies near the transition boundary, whereas CrSbSe3is robustly ferromagnetic, in good agreement with experiment. Analysis of the exchange interactions reveals that the first-order phase transition is dominated by a sign reversal of the intrachain nearest-neighbor superexchangeJ1mediated by chalcogen ions, while the intrachain direct exchangeJ2remains ferromagnetic and changes only gradually. This behavior reflects an emergent Bethe-Slater-like behavior driven by competing exchange pathways in a quasi-1D transition-metal system, where the competition betweenJ1andJ2dictates the magnetic ground state. Besides, the electronic structures of the ground states of each compound are investigated.
We classify tight contact structures on various surgeries on the Whitehead link, which provides the first classification result on an infinite family of hyperbolic L-spaces. We also determine which of the tight contact structures are Stein fillable and which are virtually overtwisted.
In this research, based on Adomian decomposition method (ADM), we construct true fractional-order differential equations. Due to the boosting function brought by the sine function, the system can output infinite coexistence attractors on y-z planes. In particular, this grid effect becomes increasingly obvious as the fractional order increases. Based on this boosting grid idea, in combination with the fractal dynamics, we construct some fractal patterns, e.g., Koch snows. These fractal diagrams all present grid fractal shapes. And then, we design a grid image encryption algorithm. This algorithm is proven to have higher security. The combination of chaos and fractals explores a new research direction. It provides new ideas for research in related fields.
The title compound, C4H4N6S5, consists of two 1,3,4-thia-diazol-2-amine moieties bridged by a tris-ulfanediyl group [S-S-S = 107.98 (6)°]. The conformation is supported by an intra-molecular π-π stacking inter-action. In the crystal, N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules, enclosing R 2 2(8) and R 5 5(31) ring motifs, into infinite channels/tubes propagating along the b-axis direction. Hirshfeld surface analysis revealed that the most important contributions for the crystal packing are from S⋯S (33.6%) and H⋯N/N⋯H (32.8%) inter-actions.
A generalized model of the 1-dimensional radiative transfer equation of the light radiance in a turbid slab is detailed, under the P-3 approximation, including the possibility to model a continuous plane-wave source located at any depth within the scattering slab. This analytical model, which requires significant evolution of the P3-1D model, is extensively described and validated by comparison with Monte-Carlo numerical experiments. A series of numerical simulations illustrates some of the modeling possibilities offered by this extended model, which makes it possible to continuously model the transition between a classical slab geometry and a semi-infinite geometry.
In this review paper, we present a framework for the characterization of optimal decision rules in M-ary hypothesis-testing problems where the performance metric is defined as a function of pairwise error probabilities. This framework is based on the approaches developed in several recent studies in the literature, which are unified and presented in a tutorial fashion in this paper. A pairwise error probability represents the probability of selecting a specific hypothesis when a different hypothesis is true, and can be stacked into a pairwise probability vector for a given problem. In the considered framework, instead of optimizing the performance metric of interest over the infinite-dimensional set of all possible decision rules, the optimization is performed directly over the compact and convex set of all achievable pairwise probability vectors. We demonstrate that any pairwise probability vector within this feasible set can be realized via a randomization of at most two likelihood ratio quantizers (LRQs) with different sets of parameters. While one of these LRQs can always be selected as a deterministic LRQ, the other one is possibly a randomized LRQ, which can be written as a randomization of at most M(M-1) deterministic LRQs, with M denoting the number of hypotheses. The main advantage of this framework is that it allows for the attainment of pairwise probability vectors that do not reside on the boundary of the feasible set and that are fundamentally inaccessible via LRQs, which are optimal for classical performance metrics such as the Bayes risk or the Neyman-Pearson criterion. Furthermore, we show that the characterization of decision rules with the presented framework is particularly advantageous for performance metrics based on prospect theory (PT), such as behavioral utility. Specifically, it is demonstrated that the optimal pairwise probability vector for a PT-based metric is not guaranteed to lie on the boundary of the feasible set of pairwise probability vectors. This results in suboptimal performance achieved by LRQs for such performance metrics. On the other hand, the randomized decision rules characterized in this paper can achieve pairwise probability vectors located in the interior of the feasible set, thereby yielding optimal performance. Numerical results corroborate these findings, demonstrating that the decision rules characterized within our framework yield optimal behavioral utility-based performance scores.
A methodology for determining two parameters was proposed: the effective depth of heat penetration, and the thickness of the surface layer accumulating a given amount of heat. Explicit formulas allowing estimation of the values of these parameters for a semi-infinite body heated by heat flux with a variable time profile of intensity were obtained. Ten time profiles corresponding to different types of braking were analysed. The obtained results can be used at the design stage to determine the temperature mode and then to select materials for the friction elements of a disc braking system.