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This study presents the most comprehensive and updated checklist of fish species in Bolivia, integrating nearly two centuries of systematic literature (1855-2025) with physical records from the UMSS-Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d'Orbigny Fish Collection. The study identifies a total richness of 1,095 taxa, comprising 1,079 native and 16 introduced species, marking a significant advancement in the documentation of South American ichthyofauna. Taxonomically, the fauna spans 17 orders, 57 families, and 379 genera. The diversity is dominated by the orders Characiformes (431 spp.) and Siluriformes (407 spp.), with Loricariidae and Acestrorhamphidae emerging as the most species-rich families. Hydrographically, the Amazon basin exhibits the highest diversity with 943 species (including 15 introduced), followed by the De La Plata basin with 363 species (five introduced) and the endorheic Altiplano basin with 31 species (two introduced). A significant finding is the high degree of native faunal exclusivity in the Amazon, which contains 690 species recorded only in that basin; a number notably higher than the 120 recorded only for De La Plata. Conversely, the Altiplano, while lower in total richness, is characterized by an important number of restricted-range species corresponding to the genera Orestias and Trichomycterus. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) validates these findings, confirming three well-defined primary clusters that mirror Bolivia's major hydrological systems and their historical biogeographic isolation. The study also tracks 16 established non-native species introduced for aquaculture, fisheries, and the aquarium trade. Conservation assessments highlight that 43 species are currently listed in the Bolivian Red Book and 52 in the IUCN Red List. This synthesis addresses critical knowledge gaps and provides a vital baseline for ecological research, biogeographic modeling, and the sustainable management of Bolivia's megadiverse but increasingly threatened aquatic ecosystems.

This study presents the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis to date of the high-Andean fish genus Orestias, a diverse and largely endemic group, using Genotype-by-Sequencing (GBS) and extensive sampling across the full range of the genus, from northern Peru to northern Chile. In particular, the evolutionary relationships and population structure within the O. agassii species complex were reconstructed. Phylogenetic analyses consistently recovered three major clades: a newly identified Northern clade, the Lake Titicaca radiation, and the O. agassii species complex. The genus originated around 4 Ma, with a deep divergence between clades (4-3 Ma) and more recent diversification within each clade (0.3-1.15 Ma). This pattern suggests historical extinctions linked to climatic shifts and the survival of lineages in large Andean lakes acting as refuges. The O. agassii species complex is the most widespread clade, with a dispersal route from north (Mantaro basin) to south (Chilean Altiplano). Population genomic analyses revealed strong geographic structuring within the O. agassii species complex, with nine distinct lineages, corresponding to major basins such as Chillon, Coastal Arequipa, Mantaro, Apurímac, Urubamba and Titicaca. The O. agassii populations show an isolation-by-distance pattern attributed to ecological preference and low vagility. Our results provide a robust phylogenetic framework and emphasize the need for further taxonomic and conservation efforts, as Orestias species are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures such as pollution, habitat loss, climate-driven lake shrinkage, and predation by introduced trout.

The guanaco (Lama guanicoe), the largest wild artiodactyl in South America, shows contrasting population trends across its distribution. While more than two million individuals persist in continental Patagonia, only two relict populations remain in the Gran Chaco region. Although gastrointestinal parasites have been documented in some guanaco populations, substantial knowledge gaps persist across their range. This study characterizes the diversity and composition of gastrointestinal parasites in two contrasting populations, one critically endangered and isolated in the Chaco region (Córdoba Province) and another abundant and expanding in southern Patagonia (Santa Cruz Province). Using three coproparasitological techniques and molecular analyses, we observed lower parasite richness in the Chacoan population, with only a few coccidian oocysts detected. In contrast, the Patagonian population exhibited a more diverse assemblage of parasites, including taxa from the phyla Apicomplexa and Nematoda. Molecular analyses supported the detection of Cystoisospora sp. in the analysed samples. These differences provide a basis for further investigation into the ecological and environmental factors associated with parasite assemblages. Overall, our findings highlight the value of continued parasitological monitoring to improve understanding of host-parasite dynamics and their relevance for the conservation of wild camelids under changing environmental conditions.

Capacocha was a key Inca state rite that intertwined pilgrimage, sacrifice, and imperial incorporation across the Andes. We present a multianalytical investigation into two Capacocha cases from the western slope of the Andes: Cerro Esmeralda, located in the coastal Atacama Desert of northern Chile, and Cerro El Plomo, in the high mountains of central Chile. Stable isotope analysis reveals commensality practices during the pilgrimage, integrating local communities into the imperial order. Furthermore, computed tomography, dermatoscopy, and skin histology provide new evidence regarding the causes and mechanisms of death, identifying violent acts associated with sacrifice. Last, we present a pair of radiocarbon dates to discuss the chronology of both Capacocha contexts. In sum, these practices specify the materialization of Inca statecraft and contribute to characterizing the complexity and diversity of Capacocha ritual as an extension of the Inca biopolitical conquest.

This study seeks to evaluate morphological changes in a skeleton recovered from San Marcial de Rubicón, the earliest permanent European settlement in the Canary Islands. The individual derives from a primary inhumation dated to the early fifteenth century. Macroscopic observation was combined with conventional radiography, computed tomography, and mitochondrial DNA analysis. A systematic differential diagnosis considered metabolic, infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic, and degenerative conditions. The individual under investigation is an adult male with evidence of diffuse cortical thickening, periosteal new bone formation, heterogeneous radiodensity, cranial diploic expansion, long-bone bowing, severe degenerative joint disease, sacroiliac ankylosis, and elongated thoracic vertebral defects. Mitochondrial DNA analysis identified haplogroup X2c1, consistent with European maternal ancestry. The overall pattern is most consistent with polyostotic Paget disease of bone, although coexisting axial ankylosis and vertebral defects complicate the interpretation. These additional lesions are insufficient to support an alternative primary diagnosis. This case provides an early extra-European archaeological example of Paget disease in the context of Atlantic colonial expansion. Rather than simply extending the geographic record of the disease, it shows how chronic skeletal conditions with strong European clinical and archaeological associations may be identified in frontier populations formed through mobility, settlement and colonial interaction. The diagnosis is based on a single individual, and nuclear DNA data were insufficient to assess genetic susceptibility. Further radiological, genomic, and isotopic analyses of early colonial skeletal assemblages are needed to evaluate chronic disease, mobility, and biological diversity in Atlantic frontier populations.

Model organisms have long occupied a central place in the life sciences, driving major discoveries and stabilizing knowledge about biological mechanisms conserved across taxa. However, their dominance has often eclipsed experimental model organisms-specimens chosen for their capacity to illuminate local hypotheses, usually associated with organism-specific features. This paper advances a twofold argument. First, I contend that overreliance on model organisms constrains the generation of novel hypotheses and narrows the conceptual landscape of biological inquiry. Using epigenetic inheritance as a case study, I show how this focus has systematically marginalized forms of inheritance that depart from conventional assumptions (i.e., germline/material overlap and transgenerational stability). Here, I concentrate on external intergenerational epigenetic inheritance. Second, I argue that merely vindicating the use of experimental model organisms is insufficient without examining the philosophical assumptions that structure their epistemic function. Specifically, I demonstrate that the representationalist conception-models as surrogates for target systems-permeates the conceptualization of experimental model organisms through the idea of representational function, thereby reinforcing framed trajectory-dependent inquiry. This representationalist conceptualization undermines the capacity of experimental model organisms to support framing exploratory inquiry oriented to test conceptually disruptive ideas, such as external intergenerational epigenetic inheritance. To overcome this limitation, I develop a Pragmatist-Artifactualist framework that reconceptualizes the epistemic role of experimental model organisms and restores their potential to expand the boundaries of biological understanding.

The Western health system has primarily focused on a biomedical approach, prioritizing pharmaceutical and clinical treatments while overlooking the social, economic, psychological, and environmental dimensions of health. As a result, biomedical solutions have received disproportionate attention, while non-pharmacological, community-based interventions remain underutilized. The CAIR project seeks to address this imbalance by co-creating community-driven health initiatives in Municipal District 2 of Elche, Spain. This protocol describes the methodology for two population-based surveys conducted before and after the co-creation process to assess changes in key health and wellbeing indicators at the community level. A community-based participatory process will be implemented to engage residents in co-creating initiatives to promote health and wellbeing over a 3-year period (2026-2028). To evaluate population-level changes related to this co-creation process, a representative survey of 600 adult residents (≥18 years) in Municipal District 2 of Elche (Spain) will be conducted using stratified random sampling, administered both before and after the co-creation process. The survey will assess a set of selected indicators: health-related quality of life, critical health literacy, community capital, social capital and cohesion, and knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to antibiotic use. Sociodemographic data will also be collected to enable equity-focused analyses, including both relative and absolute differences between population groups. Findings from the baseline survey will inform the design and implementation of the co-created initiatives, particularly by highlighting equity considerations across population groups, while a before-after comparisons of survey indicators will be used to explore the effect of the co-created initiatives. Overall, this study will generate population-level evidence on the effect of co-created initiatives in a low-income, culturally diverse urban setting in Spain. By documenting the contribution of co-creation to improve key health and wellbeing indicators, it will provide the evidence needed to further advance participatory approaches in public health. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT07237971, Research Registry Unique Identifying Number: NCT07237971.

Habitat configuration governs the movement of organisms across landscapes, thereby shaping both population structure and community assembly. While theoretical and empirical studies have assessed how habitat connectivity simultaneously influences intra- and interspecific diversity, direct comparisons across contrasting biogeographic regions remain limited. Here, we investigate patterns of genetic and species β-diversity in tropical reef fishes across two ocean basins with distinct spatial configurations: the Caribbean Sea and the Western Indian Ocean. Using a comparative framework based on species occurrence data from five fish families and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from 19 species, we detected significant isolation by distance at both population and community levels in the Western Indian Ocean, but only at the community level in the Caribbean Sea. Additionally, genetic and species β-diversity were positively correlated among species in the Western Indian Ocean, but not in the Caribbean Sea. Together, these results suggest that the shorter inter-reef distances of the Caribbean Sea promote higher connectivity, leading to a decoupling of intra- and interspecific β-diversity patterns.

Therion Curtis currently includes 26 valid species, but only three species are known from South America, with no species known from Peru. The genus is reported for the first time from Peru and two new species are described: T. bifidus sp. nov. and T. blancasi sp. nov.. Illustrations and diagnoses for all South American species is presented together with a key for the Neotropical species.

Traditionally, saber-toothed cats, particularly species of the genus Smilodon, were considered unable to bite through bones due to the apparent fragility of their teeth. We analyze here megafauna fossil remains of Salto de Piedra palaeontological site (Humid Pampas), one of the few extensively radiometrically dated Pleistocene sites in Argentina and systematically excavated. Salto de Piedra is located near contemporary human occupation sites that have yielded megafauna remains. This spatial and chronological proximity provides an exceptional scenario to compare the prey ranges hunted by humans and by Smilodon. Here we provide Smilodon populator tooth mark patterning on their megaherbivore preys. Mark morphology demonstrates that Smilodon canines penetrated and processed cortical bone, refuting interpretations that considered them functionally fragile. These tooth marks have been compared with other carnivores and saber-toothed felid fossil sites. This spatial and chronological control provides direct evidence of predatory activity and constrains its temporal span, enabling evaluation of the ecological role of this hypercarnivore. This extraordinary discovery provides direct evidence of Smilodon 's predation, and confirms that it was an apex predator, focused almost exclusively on megafauna. These tooth marks can be identified and extrapolated to other fossil sites. Furthermore, this diagnostic tooth-mark pattern enables reconstruction of prey preferences. Our results indicate that Smilodon exerted sustained predatory pressure across a broad range of megaherbivores. Despite the spatial proximity and temporal overlap between Smilodon predation (22.2-13.3 ka BP) at Salto de Piedra and human arrival to this area (~ 14 ka BP), no interactions between these two predators has been observed indicating certain avoidance between them. The complex predator-prey trophic interactions during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene transition in the Pampas region of South America, support multicausal models, integrating ecological and anthropogenic drivers. Evidence from the iconic saber-toothed cat, Smilodon, reveals that megafauna was shared by them and human hunting. The Salto de Piedra site, located in the Humid Pampas of Argentina, has yielded an exceptional find: a key contribution, as no study of this kind had ever been carried out on Smilodon before. In this paper, we describe and characterise the diagnostic pattern of bite marks attributable to Smilodon populator (saber-toothed) on the bones of its prey. Until now, no bite marks on their prey bones had ever been described for this iconic predator, which was thought to have particularly fragile canines for marking bone. Our study shows that Smilodon fed on a wide range of megaherbivores, far greater than that found in contemporary human settlements near Salto de Piedra.

Carex sect. Fecundae is a diverse group of sedges comprising 39 species, notable as a fully tropical lineage within a genus otherwise dominated by boreotemperate elements. Its distribution spans montane regions from Central Mexico to northern Chile and Argentina, where it occupies a variety of habitats. Despite its diversity and ecological importance, the section has remained understudied. This study aims to generate the first nearly complete phylogeny of sect. Fecundae to clarify evolutionary relationships, reconstruct its biogeographic history, and identify the drivers underlying its diversification. We conducted phylogenetic analyses including 37 of the 39 known taxa of the section. Historical biogeographic reconstructions were used to infer dispersal pathways and colonization events. Climatic and ecological data were integrated to assess bioclimatic niche evolution, while morphological traits were evaluated for their potential role in diversification. Analyses strongly support the monophyly of sect. Fecundae, with the exception of C. hebetata. The phylogeny reveals evidence of rapid diversification associated with complex geological and climatic processes, particularly the uplift of mountain ranges in Mexico, Central America, and the Andes. Biogeographic results suggest that the ancestor of the section dispersed long-distance from North America to the Central Andes, followed by a progressive northward expansion into Central America and Mexico. Diversification coincided with Miocene global cooling and mountain uplifting, promoting adaptation to montane grasslands, shrublands, and tropical moist broadleaf forests. Temperature and precipitation emerged as key variables shaping bioclimatic niches, with marked ecological differentiation between South American and Mexican lineages. Morphological features such as stigma number and nutlet invaginations appear to have influenced lineage divergence. The evolutionary history of sect. Fecundae reflects an interplay of long-distance dispersal, niche conservatism, and local adaptation, enabling successful colonization of tropical montane environments. These findings contribute to a broader understanding of Neotropical montane biodiversity and highlight the dynamic processes shaping the evolution of tropical sedges.

Sexual violence in armed conflict contexts constitutes a serious violation of human rights and a persistent challenge for global public health. This article analyzes the differentiated impacts on the physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health of women and girls, from a public health perspective with a gender approach. Through a narrative review of academic literature, institutional reports, and international legal frameworks, two main mechanisms of harm were identified: 1) the use of gender-based violence as a war tactic, and 2) the disruption of essential health and social protection services. The analysis reveals long-term psychosocial consequences, increased maternal morbidity and mortality, neglect of menstrual health, and the structural impact of forced displacement and the feminization of poverty. Institutional barriers are examined, such as the lack of disaggregated data, legal impunity, and the exclusion of women from decision-making spaces. Positive experiences in transitional justice mechanisms and women-led initiatives are also highlighted, offering effective pathways for prevention, care, and reparation. The article offers public policy recommendations for humanitarian actors and health systems: comprehensive implementation of sexual and reproductive health services in emergencies, gender-sensitive mental health support, information systems with an intersectional perspective, and active participation of women in all phases of post-conflict response and reconstruction.

To examine whether Indigenous Peoples' and Local Communities' (IPLC) ontologies are associated with knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) related to wildlife cohabitation and zoonotic disease transmission in biodiversity-rich areas of Latin America. Cross-sectional household survey using a standardised KAP questionnaire. Ontologies were classified using latent class analysis. Associations between ontology classes and outcomes were assessed using multivariable logistic regression models. Urban, rural and protected areas in biodiversity-rich regions of Bolivia, Brazil, Chile and Guatemala. A total of 2903 individuals aged ≥10 years were recruited through random household sampling (response rate 85%). Primary outcomes were defined according to the KAP framework. Knowledge outcomes comprised combined knowledge of zoonotic disease transmission from wildlife to humans and knowledge of zoonotic risks associated with wildlife trade. Perceived training needs related to zoonotic disease prevention were analysed as a secondary knowledge outcome measure. Attitudes were measured through risk perception, operationalised as concern about zoonotic disease transmission. Practices included self-reported hunting and slaughtering of wildlife. The analysis identified three distinct ontology classes: Relational environmentalism (52% of the population), characterised by strong spiritual connections to animals and a tendency to protect wildlife; Dualistic environmentalism (28%), with a weaker spiritual connection to animals but a commitment to wildlife conservation; and Neutral (20%), demonstrating little spiritual connection to animals and a neutral attitude towards wildlife conservation. In the logistic regression analyses, both environmentalism groups exhibited greater knowledge of zoonotic transmission and concern about outbreaks, with members of the Relational class demonstrating higher levels of these attributes. Furthermore, members of the Dualistic environmentalism class were less likely to have close contact with animals. In Latin America's biodiversity-rich regions, individuals whose ontology aligns with environmentalism appear to demonstrate a heightened awareness of zoonoses, particularly those who adhere to a Relational environmentalism perspective. Consequently, the integration of IPLC cultural knowledge holds potential to enhance wildlife conservation measures and contribute to the mitigation of disease transmission. Further research is needed to explore causal pathways and the integration of culturally grounded approaches into public health interventions.

The Early Pliocene maar deposits of Camp dels Ninots (Catalonia, NE Iberia) have produced an exceptionally well-preserved fossil assemblage. Among the large mammals, a large bovid stands out, represented by 14 individuals, including 8 nearly complete and partially articulated skeletons. Here we provide a comprehensive description and systematic evaluation of this material, previously referred to Alephis tigneresi, including an in-depth comparison with specimens assigned to Parabos, Alephis, and other large Late Miocene and Early Pliocene Eurasian and African bovids. We revise the genera Alephis and Parabos, recognizing five valid species across both groups, and refer the Camp dels Ninots bovid to Parabos tigneresi. We further explore the possible relationships of Parabos and Alephis within Bovinae, finding that they could either be the earliest European representatives of stem Bovini or among the last surviving members of the Miocene Tragoportacini radiation. Additionally, the exceptionally preserved skeletons of P. tigneresi provide paleoecological evidence of adaptation to humid, vegetated environments, confirming reconstruction of the paleoenvironment of the Camp dels Ninots maar lake, while also showing traits associated with mixed to open habitats, suggesting potentially broad habitat preferences for P. tigneresi.

The genus Morpheis Hübner, [1820] (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) represents a taxonomically challenging group within Zeuzerinae, characterised by uniform, simply structured genitalia and significant intraspecific variability in external morphology, specifically in wing pattern, body colouration, and size. The taxonomic status and phylogenetic placement of many Morpheis taxa remain uncertain. Our study provides the first comprehensive taxonomic revision of Morpheis, based on detailed morphological analysis, examination of type specimens, assessment of distribution records, and molecular data. As a result, here we provide the first complete taxonomic list with updated diagnoses and distribution maps, based on 1247 specimen records and 191 publicly available observations. We describe the female genitalia of Morpheis for the first time and provide illustrations of imagoes for all currently recognised species, as well as of available type specimens. Additionally, we describe the immature stages and summarise the trophic associations of known Morpheis species. Based on morphological and molecular data, we recognise 11 valid Morpheis species. We applied molecular-based species delimitation methods, which uncovered far more candidate species within the genus than are recognised by traditional taxonomy, suggesting overlooked cryptic diversity that morphology alone cannot detect. We conclude that the integrative approach used here provides a powerful tool, especially valuable for understudied Zeuzerinae groups with high intraspecific variability in traditional characters.

Homaeotarsus forcepssp. nov. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae) from the Brazilian Amazon is described and illustrated. The new species is uniquely diagnosed by the male tergum IX, which is modified into a prominent forceps-like structure, a feature absent in all other known Homaeotarsus species. Specimens were collected via canopy fogging on Eschweilera atropetiolata (Lecythidaceae), a noteworthy record as most Homaeotarsus species are typically associated with leaf litter. Discovered in the Urucu petroleum province (Amazonas State), H. forcepssp. nov. brings the total number of species recorded from Brazil to three and becomes the third known representative of the genus in the Amazon Forest. Additionally, the first identification key to the Brazilian species and a distribution map for South America are provided.

Brain metabolic dysregulation and insulin-related signaling are increasingly recognized as contributing factors in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, disrupting amyloid-beta (Aβ) proteostasis and exacerbating neuroinflammation, and synaptic failure. However, current therapies yield inconsistent results due to a singular focus on specific targets, bioavailability and safety risks. D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is a natural compound with insulin-mimetic properties that has previously shown promising anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective results. This study investigated the neuroprotective efficacy of DCI using a tripartite approach: physiologically relevant primary neurons derived from AppNL-G-F knock-in mice, human hAPPswe SH-SY5Y cells, and the aggressive 5xFAD mouse model of AD. Toxicity, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiling established DCI's safety and its ability to acutely improve systemic glucose handling. In vitro, DCI enhanced basal AKT and insulin receptor activation and modulated glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) activation, a kinase linked to amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing. This modulation was accompanied by reduced secretion of toxic Aβ42 species, preservation of neuronal integrity as determined by MAP2 immunostaining, and decreased overall APP protein levels. In vivo, chronic oral DCI administration significantly reduced hippocampal amyloid burden and promoted a shift in microglia from a reactive to a surveilling phenotype, with stronger effects in females. Notably, while DCI resolved microglial reactivity, astrogliosis remained largely unaffected, suggesting a cell-specific immunometabolic mechanism. These improvements translated into rescued recognition memory and normalized disinhibited risk-assessment behavior, indicative of restored hippocampal function. Collectively, DCI acts as a multi-modal agent by modulating insulin-related signaling, downregulating amyloid burden and attenuating neuroinflammation, making it an orally bioavailable candidate for AD therapy.

The Mediterranean Basin, characterised by temperate rainy winters and hot dry summers, represents a notable hotspot for bee species richness. However, research on the bee fauna across this region remains uneven, with significant knowledge gaps in countries like Portugal. As human-driven climate change continues to cause a dramatic decline on insect species, museum records become indispensable for assessing changes in species distributions over time and to preserve material evidence about species for future generations. We provide data on 5,295 bee records with Palaearctic distribution, collected from the 1920s to the year 2025. The collection, hosted in the Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência (MNHNC), Universidade de Lisboa (UL), encompasses 425 species and 49 genera. The majority of the records originate from Portugal, including a newly-documented species for the country, Nomada chrysopyga Morawitz, 1871, bringing the total number of bee species in mainland Portugal to 737. Type material held in the collection is documented and photographed here, alongside a record of bee types destroyed in the 1978 fire.

The presence of Autolyca herculeana Conle & Hennemann, 2002 is here documented from Honduras with precise locality data. Although Honduras had previously been included in global checklists of the genus, no published material with specific localities was available. This study also provides the first morphological descriptions of the female and eggs of the species, as well as notes on the species' natural history, contributing to the current knowledge of the genus in Central America.