While flocking together, living organisms follow their neighbors. The Vicsek model [T. Vicsek et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 1226 (1995)] for living systems, where individuals follow their neighbors within a spherically symmetric neighborhood with local velocity alignment rule in the presence of noise, provides a minimal framework to explore their collective dynamics. Associating limited vision angle to an individual provides a minimal description for cognitive perception. This breaks the spherical symmetry of its neighborhood and implements non-reciprocity within the interaction among themselves. Here, we show that in the low noise regime, with decreasing vision angle, the polar order parameter decreases from ≈1 to a much lower value, indicating a transition from a state with global coherent motion of large clusters to a state with small, locally ordered, fragmented clusters. These clusters can spontaneously merge and split among themselves hindering any significant large scale coherent motion in this state. However, we show that at small vision angles, even though the fragmentation restricts formation of larger sized clusters, particles exhibit strong short-range correlations within the small local clusters. In the high-noise regime, as the vision angle decreases, the local ordering observed for full vision angle (spherically symmetric neighborhood) gradually disappears, producing a homogeneous, disordered, steady state. Here, we probe the steady-state properties by analyzing the distributions and spatial correlations of velocities as well as their related fluctuations and also calculate the cluster size distributions for various sets of vision angle and noise strengths. The time evolution of these quantities helps in characterizing the emergence of the corresponding steady states.
We study the local spectral rigidity of the synchronization (sync) manifold induced by the Justh-Krishnaprasad models under emergent dynamics. For each point on the sync manifold, all perturbative eigensets whose existence is guaranteed by the implicit function theorem remain to be confined within the manifold. More precisely, for a finite-particle system, we establish that under mono-cluster flocking dynamics, the sync manifold retains its local spectral rigidity. Furthermore, for an infinite system, we also show that the sync manifold retains its local spectral rigidity, when a mono-cluster flocking emerges with a central particle. In particular, we provide a sufficient framework to guarantee the mono-cluster flocking with a central particle. Our results imply that in mono-cluster regimes, the alternative solution branches of the nonlinear Laplacian spectral problem will not occur in the neighborhood of the sync manifold except at the origin in both finite and infinite systems.
High-resolution imaging provides dense trajectories of migrating cells, flocking animals, and synthetic active particles, from which interaction laws can be determined with a wide variety of methods. Yet, distinguishing whether front-back or lateral biases seen in such data reflect intrinsic anisotropy in the interaction kernel or emergent correlations that are nevertheless produced by isotropic pairwise interaction forces remains an open challenge. We resolve this ambiguity by deriving a linear partial differential equation that connects measurable two-point velocity correlations to an unknown, distance- and angle-dependent interaction kernel. Turing-like instabilities can occur which allows for dipolar or quadrupolar patterns to arise even when agents interact according to an underlying attraction-repulsion law that is angle-independent. We then show that incorporating a weak velocity-alignment force can interfere with anisotropic pattern formation by suppressing dipolar patterns. We validate these predictions with agent-based simulations and provide design guidance for experiments that seek to discriminate intrinsic anisotropy from emergent effects.
Real-time cooperative control of quadrotor swarms in cluttered environments requires balancing formation maintenance, obstacle avoidance, inter-UAV safety, and per-step computational cost. This paper proposes a multilayer perceptron (MLP) surrogate for high-level objective-weight selection in a modified multi-objective pigeon-inspired optimization (modified MPIO) distributed controller. The proposed MLP surrogate learns the state-to-weight mapping of the online search and directly predicts the two-dimensional objective-weight vector, while the original flocking, gap-based obstacle-avoidance, and command generation rules are retained unchanged. The surrogate is trained from teacher-generated weight labels using randomized scenes, DAgger-based state aggregation, and risk-weighted supervision. On a fixed closed-loop benchmark, the proposed controller increases the true collision free rate from 48.00% to 86.89% and the safe success rate from 38.67% to 74.22% relative to modified MPIO, while reducing the mean per-step decision latency for the whole swarm from 8494.70 ms to 0.92 ms. The improvement is most pronounced in safety-related and runtime metrics, while the formation-related gain is comparatively modest. Ablation results show that the final benchmark performance is not explained by DAgger or risk weighting alone, and that the medium-sized surrogate provides the best safety-latency tradeoff among the tested network architectures. A qualitative AirSim case study further indicates that the same high-level surrogate controller can be executed in a higher-fidelity asynchronous multirotor simulator.
Avian reovirus (ARV) infection causes viral arthritis in broiler chickens, leading to lameness and substantial economic loss in poultry production. Current conventional diagnostic methods detect infection only after clinical signs appear, limiting the ability to prevent disease progression. Hence, this study utilized serum metabolomics to identify early biomarkers of ARV infection prior to tissue damage. A total of 150 serum samples were collected from ARV-challenged broilers at 24, 48, and 72 h post-infection, along with uninfected controls. The samples underwent liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/ MS) profiling, followed by preprocessing through standardization, log2 transformation, and batch correction. Differential metabolite expressions were assessed using limma, and pathway enrichment was performed by using hypergeometric testing. Logistic regression (LR) and receiver operating characteristic (AUC) analyses identified metabolites that were consistently altered across all timepoints. Among 587 metabolites detected, 371, 96, and 402 were differentially expressed at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Our findings have shown that lipid biomarkers like lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) a C14:0, LysoPC a C20:4, and phosphatidylcholine (PC) aa C38:5 were consistently decreased and demonstrated strong single-analyte discrimination, with LysoPC a C14:0 showing nearperfect specificity at 24/72 h (AUC ≈ 1.00). Conversely, the levels of non-lipids like N-acetylputrescine (NAP) and 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) were elevated, exhibiting high AUC (≈0.97-1.00) as sensitive early-screening markers. The pathway analysis revealed significant alterations in arginine-proline, branched-chain amino acid, glycine/serine/threonine, and one-carbon/folate metabolism. These findings demonstrated that ARV infection induced early metabolic reprogramming within 24 h, with lipid remodeling and polyamine catabolism identified as key early biomarkers. Serum metabolomics thus provides a rapid, non-invasive tool for the early detection and surveillance of ARV infection in poultry flocks.
The largest highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreak to date in the United States (US) began in early 2022 and is ongoing. The analysis presented here investigates the temporal association observed between reported confirmed detections of H5N1 (cases) in commercial and non-commercial flocks at different spatial and temporal scales. Cross-correlation analysis was performed at the national level and in five states (Minnesota, South Dakota, California, Ohio, and Pennsylvania) representing approximately 60% of commercial cases at daily, weekly, and monthly frequencies. The cross-correlation results provide no support for non-commercial cases serving as a leading indicator (i.e., early warning signal) for commercial cases. In 79 counties with both commercial and non-commercial cases, approximately 65% of the first cases were in commercial flocks. Across the counties, the median arrival time of commercial cases (41 days) preceded the median arrival time of non-commercial cases (199 days). While official reported cases do not completely describe HPAI outbreak dynamics, they represent an authoritative source of information available to firms in the poultry and egg products supply chain. Based on the analysis and results presented here, non-commercial cases did not serve as a leading indicator for commercial cases in the ongoing H5N1 outbreak in the United States.
Surveillance for influenza A virus infections in vaccinated poultry flocks remains challenging due to animal welfare, logistical and financial constraints, particularly under current EU regulations governing high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) vaccination. In this field study, we evaluated two environmental sampling (ES) methods - bedding boot swabs and drinker wipes - as alternatives to legally mandated individual bird testing, which involved monthly swabbing of 60 healthy birds (active surveillance, AS) and weekly swabbing of dead or sick birds (passive surveillance, PS). A total of 56 turkey flocks from 23 holdings in Lower Saxony, Germany, were monitored throughout the fattening period following single H9N2 vaccination at hatch. Semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) revealed that, despite vaccination, H9N2 virus incursions occurred at least once in 76.8% (43/56) of flocks during the subsequent fattening period. Influenza A virus detection rate on the basis of individual samples was significantly higher by ES (24.1%) than through AS (10.65%; P<0.0001) or PS (15.6%, P=0.001). Overall, ES demonstrated superior performance in identifying 42/43 infected flocks (99.67%) compared with 30/43 (69.97%) by AS and 38/43 (88.37%) by PS. Heatmap and event-time analyses confirmed that ES reliably identified infection events very early and remained positive longer after initial detection. Non-invasive, animal-friendly ES was easy to implement and well accepted by farmers. Costs for ES surveillance were reduced by 73.5% compared to AS and PS. ES was found to be a sensitive, cost-effective and very practical alternative to conventional surveillance in influenza-vaccinated poultry, with direct relevance for future surveillance strategies in HPAI vaccination programmes.
Listeria (L.) ivanovii is a Gram-positive, facultatively intracellular rod-shaped bacterium. It is predominantly associated with animal infections, particularly in ruminants. Unlike L. monocytogenes, which is widely recognised as a major zoonotic and foodborne pathogen, L. ivanovii is often overlooked, despite documented cases of abortion, stillbirth, and neonatal septicemia in sheep, goats, and cattle. This review provides an overview of L. ivanovii taxonomy, microbiological characteristics, virulence determinants, host adaptation, epidemiology, transmission routes, diagnostic challenges, antimicrobial susceptibility, and preventive measures in animal husbandry. Available evidence suggests that infections with L. ivanovii tend to be sporadic, with occasional outbreaks of abortions in small ruminant flocks. Large-scale epizootics and sustained interregional spread have not been documented. Human infections are rare and predominantly occur in immunocompromised individuals, which supports the assumption that the zoonotic potential is limited under normal conditions. Underdiagnosing and missing awareness likely contribute to the perception of rarity, as routine laboratory workflows often do not differentiate Listeria species beyond the genus level. The increasing use of molecular confirmation and whole-genome sequencing may improve species-level detection and clarify epidemiological patterns. Overall, L. ivanovii should be regarded as a specialised pathogen predominantly associated with ruminants and of veterinary relevance. Improved diagnostics and integration into existing surveillance frameworks could enhance our understanding of its true epidemiological role and prevent it from being endemic.
Molecular channelling has long since been proposed as an amenable solution to efficiently drive sequential enzymatic reactions in the cell. Nonetheless, metabolic channelling in central pathways such as glycolysis is still a matter of debate and plausible underlying mechanisms are not known. Here we use correlation spectroscopy and proximity labelling methods to uncover extremely dynamic interactions among enzymes of the glycolysis pathway in yeast and human cells. The resulting transient protein assemblies, tentatively named as protein flocks, form in the cytoplasm with a lifetime shorter than 10 ms. Compared to other metabolic pathways, glycolytic enzymes display a greater similarity in the electrochemical properties of surface atoms, pointing to quinary structural features as molecular determinants of protein flocks. We observe a remarkable negative correlation between the spatiotemporal coincidence by correlation spectroscopy and the Euclidean distance in surface atom configuration within multiple protein pairs, including a collection of surface variants generated from a de novo designed protein framework. By underlying protein flock formation from yeast to human, quinary determinants would provide enzymes with higher efficiency and specificity in glycolysis but, perhaps more important to human cells, would limit intermediate concentrations and prevent their inherent toxic effects.
Campylobacter jejuni is a leading zoonotic pathogen, with broiler chickens as a primary reservoir and source of human campylobacteriosis. This study investigated prevalence, phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance, and virulence genes in C jejuni from broiler chicken samples at Egyptian slaughterhouses. 100 samples were randomly taken from slaughterhouses, comprising drippings (n = 50), neck skin (25), and cecal swabs (25). Campylobacter isolates were identified by 23S rRNA and mapA gene. C jejuni was isolated from 18 of 100 samples (18%). The C jejuni isolates exhibited resistance against tetracycline (TE; 100%), amoxicillin (AMX; 83.3%), sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT; 72.2%), and erythromycin (E; 66.7%). Meanwhile, the recovered isolates were found to be sensitive to meropenem (100%). There were 5 phenotypic resistance profiles: AMX, SXT, E, and TE (44.4%); AMX, E, and TE (22.2%); AMX, TE, and SXT (16.7%); TE and SXT (11.1%); and TE (5.6%). C jejuni strains harbored the tet(O) (100%) and blaOXA-61 (83.3%) genes. There were 2 genotypic resistance profiles, blaOXA-61 and tet(O) (83.3%) and tetO (16.7%). C jejuni harbored cadF, dnaJ, flaA, and cdtB virulence genes with a prevalence of 100%, 100%, 44.4%, and 22.2%, respectively. There were 3 virulence profiles: cadF+, dnaJ+, flaA+, and cdtB+ (22.2%); cadF+, dnaJ+, flaA+, and cdtB- (27.8%); and cadF+, dnaJ+, flaA-, and cdtB- (50%). Our findings demonstrate that multidrug-resistant C jejuni harboring key virulence/resistance genes in broilers is a significant concern for both public health and poultry production. The detection of multidrug-resistant, virulent C jejuni underscores a substantial risk of carcass contamination and foodborne campylobacteriosis in humans.
Turkey production faces significant challenges in maintaining breeder flock fertility, due in part to increased inflammation and accelerated reproductive aging in the distal reproductive tract. These conditions are associated with chronic oxidative stress and compromised cellular function. Activation of the antioxidant nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and inhibition of the pro-inflammatory nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) may ameliorate these conditions. This approach remains unexplored in avian reproductive tissues, which possess distinct metabolic and physiological profiles from mammals. This study was designed to investigate the effects of Nrf2/NF-κB modulation in turkey reproductive cells using the Nrf2 activator, bardoxolone methyl (BM), in vitro and further evaluate the effects of this antioxidant in vivo. Turkey uterovaginal junction (UVJ) organoids were treated with BM and exposed to oxidant hydrogen peroxide. Treatment with 0.5 μM BM increased viability, reduced reactive oxygen species production, and inhibited nuclear translocation of NF-𝜅B. Furthermore, BM promoted Nrf2 nuclear accumulation and upregulated antioxidant markers, including heme oxygenase 1 and thioredoxin reductase 1. Short-term treatment with BM in breeder hens did not adversely affect body weight, egg production, or reproductive immune cell localization. Transcriptomic analysis of vaginal tissues revealed downregulation of oxidative phosphorylation and inflammatory markers, including secreted phosphoprotein 1. In the UVJ, reduced redox-sensitive transcripts suggested lowered baseline physiological stress. Direct exposure of turkey spermatozoa to BM did not impair viability, morphology, or motility. These findings suggest that targeting the turkey antioxidant response via the Nrf2/NF-κB axis may serve as a safe potential strategy for enhancing reproductive longevity.
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Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious transboundary viral disease affecting small ruminants, with significant socio-economic consequences in areas such as Borana Zone, Southern Ethiopia. This sero-monitoring study was conducted in Yabello, Taltale, and Elwaya districts of Borana zone to evaluate the Post-vaccination immunity status of local sheep and goats against PPR. Three stage sampling methods were used to select peasant associations (PA), villages and individual animals. A total of 901 sera samples were collected from 578 to 323 vaccinated goats and sheep, respectively. Competitive ELISA was employed as a tool of diagnosis. An overall sero-conversion rate of 93.23% (95% CI: 91.40%-94.69%) was recorded. Statistically significant differences in sero-conversion were observed across age groups (higher in small ruminants > 2 years; P = 0.001; odds ratio = 3.35) and history of movement (higher in those having no history of migration; P = 0.04; odds ratio = 2.15). However, no significant differences were observed among species (P = 0.95; odds ratio = 1.02), sex groups (P = 0.16; odds ratio = 2), districts (P = 0.23; odds ratio = 1.66), and timing between vaccination and sampling for sero-monitoring (P = 0.06; odds ratio = 2.18). The findings suggest the effectiveness of the vaccination program. The development of protective immunity in substantial proportion of goats and sheep after vaccination confirmed successful induction of flock immunity. Developing a strategy to track and manage the movement of small ruminants to minimize the introduction of unvaccinated animal is suggested.
Duck viral enteritis, caused by duck plague virus, is a highly lethal infectious disease that continuously causes substantial economic losses to the global duck industry. In this study, a duck plague virus strain designated HNSQ0920 was isolated and purified from a vaccinated duck farm in Henan Province, China. Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that HNSQ0920 clusters within the predominant virulent duck plague virus lineage currently circulating in China. Amino acid variation analysis identified mutations in four key virulence-associated proteins, including UL22 (F119L), UL41 (G44E), UL47 (A36V), and US7 (I168N). Further pathogenicity assays demonstrated that this isolate could infect and kill ducklings younger than 30 days of age, with a 100% mortality rate in contact-infected ducks. Collectively, these results suggested that HNSQ0920 is a potentially highly transmissible and virulent field variant strain. The present findings provide critical insights for duck plague virus vaccine development and disease prevention and control, and highlight an urgent need to strengthen biosecurity measures in duck production systems on farms within endemic regions.
Variable resistance to Haemonchus contortus infection and the associated immune mechanisms have been investigated and characterized in different sheep breeds adapted to tropical climates. In a recent study, we compared the local immune responses of the resistant Santa Inês with those of the susceptible White Dorper and Texel sheep breeds under chronic haemonchosis, and evaluated the correlations of immune-related transcripts and different parasitic stages and sexes. The aim of present study was to further elucidate the immune mechanisms among these sheep breeds by comparing local responses, microscopic lesions in the abomasum and hematological parameters in lambs raised under varying levels of parasitic challenge. The naturally resistant Santa Inês breed maintained similar phenotypic characteristics across different levels of parasitic infection loads, whereas White Dorper and Texel breeds exhibited increased susceptibility under moderate to high challenge. Texel lambs showed altered mean corpuscular volume, indicative of macrocytic anemia, and also displayed the lowest resistance under low challenge conditions. Significantly higher levels of eosinophils, lymphocytes and monocytes in peripheral blood, along with increased expression of Galectin-11 gene in the abomasum, were observed in Santa Inês sheep compared to the other breeds. These responses may represent key host mechanisms contributing to improved control of infection. Overall, our findings demonstrate that resistance to H. contortus infection is breed-dependent and modulated by environmental parasite challenge, providing insights that may forward to the targeted strategies for sheep flock management.
Since the broiler industry moved primarily to solid sidewall houses nearly twenty years ago, the goal of providing uniform light intensities by artificial bulbs has been the norm. However, increasing consumer demand for improved bird welfare has led to the provision of natural light via windows in some broiler houses and, consequently, to a more varied lighting environment. The effects of varying window configurations and seasonality on in-house light intensities have not been characterized for windowed houses. This study characterized light intensity using multiple sensor orientations in two Global Animal Partnership (GAP)-certified commercial broiler houses (18.3 × 183.9 m) with different window configurations: one-sided windows (1SW) and two-sided windows (2SW), across summer, winter, and fall flocks. The 1SW configuration included 23 translucent windows on the north sidewall, while the 2SW configuration included windows on both north and south sidewalls, along with two additional west end-wall windows. Two data acquisition units per house measured light intensity at one-minute intervals near bird height in five directions. Data were analyzed across three production phases: brooding (d 1-8), growout1 (d 9-20), and growout2 (d 20-42). Mean light intensity was significantly higher in the 2SW configuration (39.9 lx) compared to the 1SW configuration (27.2 lx) across all seasons and phases. Solar altitude strongly influenced indoor light intensity; mean indoor light intensity in summer (44.4 lx) was only 4% higher than in fall (42.7 lx), despite ambient sunlight being 56% greater in summer. Ceiling-facing sensors captured less than 17% of maximum light ingress, while north- and south-facing sensors captured 60% to 99% suggesting a rotational sweep with a single sensor may better represent the light environment experienced by birds. Relative light uniformity (coefficient of variation) did not statistically differ between window configurations but was better at lower artificial light levels. Overall, these findings demonstrate that window configuration and solar geometry strongly influence the indoor light environment in broiler houses, highlighting the need for improved measurement approaches and more refined design guidelines to ensure consistent and welfare-appropriate lighting conditions.
Pegiviruses are generally regarded as non-pathogenic viruses with controversial clinical significance. Here, we describe an avian pegivirus (partridge pegivirus, ParPgV) associated with field outbreaks of encephalitis in red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa). Next-generation sequencing identified ParPgV in brain tissues, revealing two distinct avian-origin pegiviruses. Histopathology and electron microscopy revealed encephalitic lesions, neuronal degeneration, and viral particles within neurons. Field surveillance demonstrated widespread vertical transmission across multiple partridge flocks. Experimental inoculation of red-legged partridges, grey partridges, and specific-pathogen-free chickens demonstrated viral neurotropism and systemic distribution with differences in humoral immune response. Infected red-legged partridges developed cerebellar atrophy detectable by MRI. Detection of negative-strand RNA replication intermediates confirmed active viral replication across different experimental hosts, and RNAscope in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry further confirmed viral RNA and antigen in neural and lymphoid tissues. Here, we show experimental evidence supporting an association between a pegivirus and encephalitis, and suggest underappreciated neuropathogenic potential.
We used long-term data from 13 Morada Nova sheep flocks monitored between 1999 and 2015 in the Brazilian semi-arid region to evaluate how prolificacy and seasonality shape maternal reproductive output and progeny survival. For each ewe lambing event, we quantified total progeny weight at birth (PWB) and weaning (PWW), as well as survival rates at birth (PSRB) and weaning (PSRW), and classified births as occurring in the dry or rainy season. Ewes with single births showed lower PWB and PWW, but higher PSRB and PSRW, than ewes with multiple births (p < 0.0001). When the number of lambs at birth was included as a covariate, each additional lamb was associated with an increase of 1.74 kg in PWB and 3.51 kg in PWW (p < 0.0001), but also with an absolute reduction of 6% points in PSRB and 17% points in PSRW, findings that are consistent with a trade-off between litter size and offspring survival. Ewes with multiple births were more productive in terms of total kilograms of lamb weaned, despite lower survival rates per offspring. No significant association was found between type of birth and progeny across seasons (χ² test: p > 0.05). However, the number of lambs weaned differed slightly between seasons (p = 0.014), with marginally higher values in the dry period (1.65) than in the rainy period (1.60), although the magnitude of this difference was small. In Morada Nova ewes, multiple births increased total weaned lamb biomass but were associated with reduced progeny survival, indicating a trade-off between prolificacy and lamb viability. Intermediate prolificacy provided a more balanced compromise between productivity and survival under semiarid conditions.
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum-Pullorum is a prevalent poultry-borne pathogen that could facilitate the zoonotic transmission of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains to humans, significantly contributing to the global burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). A total of 200 samples were collected from chickens of various flocks suspected of salmonellosis based on clinical diagnosis and isolation via standard bacteriological protocols, of which 138 tested positive for serovar Gallinarum-Pullorum by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Each PCR-positive sample's isolates were sent for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and each PCR-positive sample's DNA samples were sent for PCR-based resistance gene detection to evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobials, MDR, and AMR status. Isolates were sensitive to gentamicin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and cephalexin at rates of 84.78%, 83.33%, and 81.78%, respectively. Conversely, amoxicillin (71.01% resistant) and tetracycline (73.91% resistant) showed the highest rates of resistance. The MDR group accounted for 123 isolates, translating to a commanding combined prevalence of 89.13%, and resistance peaked at four resistant agents, with an incidence of 31.16% (43). Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) Index levels varied from 0.1 to 0.7. AML-SXT-TE-NOR and AML-SXT-TE-NOR-ENR were the most commonly seen patterns, each occurring in five isolates (3.62%). The tetA (74.64%) and the sul1 (73.19%) were the most prevalent resistance genes, with the presence of blaCMY (71.01%), blaTEM (9.42%), blaCTX (7.97%), sul2 (55.80%), dfrA1 (37.68%), aph(3')-IIa (42.03%), aac(3)-VIa (5.80%), aadB (3.62%), floR (35.51%), gyrA (60.87%), and parC (47.83%) genes. This study reveals that S. enterica exhibits high levels of AMR, manifesting in MDR phenotypes supported by a robust presence of resistance-conferring genes.
Systematic assessments of climate change adaptation are critical for monitoring progress and planning effectively, but current approaches are limited in their scope, accuracy, and relevance to local contexts. Here, we present an improved approach using coproduction to quantitively assess adaptation based on local knowledge and priorities. This is applied to locally led adaptation (LLA) to flood risk in Tamale, Ghana, to provide the first quantitative assessments of this increasingly common adaptation practice. Through a multi-year process, including community marble distribution, focus groups, and household surveys, 11 LLA solutions were assessed. Assessments were based on adaptation success criteria that mattered most to local communities and included important considerations that are commonly missing from technical assessments, including multiple risk-reduction mechanisms, equity, sustainability, and co-impacts. Community-based and behavioural LLA solutions, such as collective action and tree planting, were deemed most effective, whilst structural and technical solutions were ranked lower. By integrating these assessments into a flood risk model, we show that LLA approaches significantly reduced flood risk overall but did not address existing inequalities. Our results showcase the potential of coproduction to increase the scope and robustness of adaptation assessments and highlight practical challenges of delivering on the LLA principles in real-world settings.