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A flag of a finite set $S$ is a set $f$ of non-empty, proper subsets of $S$, such that $X\subseteq Y$ or $Y\subseteq X$ for all $X,Y\in f$. Two flags $f_1$ and $f_2$ of $S$ are opposite if $X_1\cap X_2=\emptyset$, or $X_1\cup X_2=S$ for all $X_1\in f_1$ and $X_2\in f_2$. The set $\{|X| \mid X\in f \}$ is the type of a flag $f$. A set of pairwise non-opposite flags is an Erdős-Ko-Rado set. In 2022 Metsch posed the problem of determining the maximum size of all Erdős-Ko-Rado sets of flags of type $T$ with $|T|=2$. We contribute towards this by determining the maximum size for flags of type $\{ 1,n-3\}$ for finite sets with $n$ elements. Furthermore we answer an open questions of Metsch regarding a small case.
In recent years, sustainability in software systems has gained significant attention, especially with the rise of cloud computing and the shift towards cloud-based architectures. This shift has intensified the need to identify sustainability in architectural discussions to take informed architectural decisions. One source to see these decisions is in online Q&A forums among practitioners' discussions. However, recognizing sustainability concepts within software practitioners' discussions remains challenging due to the lack of clear and distinct guidelines for this task. To address this issue, we introduce the notion of sustainability flags as pointers in relevant discussions, developed through thematic analysis of multiple sustainability best practices from cloud providers. This study further evaluates the effectiveness of these flags in identifying sustainability within cloud architecture posts, using a controlled experiment. Preliminary results suggest that the use of flags results in classifying fewer posts as sustainability-related compared to a control group, with moderately higher certainty and significantly improved performance. Moreover, sustainability flags are perceiv
Ind-varieties of generalized flags have been studied for two decades. However, a precise statement of when two such ind-varieties, one or both being possibly ind-varieties of isotropic generalized flags, are isomorphic, has been missing in the literature. Using some recent results on the structure of ind-varieties of generalized flags, we establish a criterion for the existence of an isomorphism as above. Our result claims that, with only two exceptions, isomorphisms of ind-varieties of generalized flags are induced by isomorphisms of respective generalized flags. The exceptional isomorphisms correlate with a well-known result of A. Onishchik from 1963.
A flag $C_0 \subsetneq C_1 \cdots \subsetneq C_s \subsetneq {\mathbb F}_q^n $ of linear codes is said to be self-orthogonal if the duals of the codes in the flag satisfy $C_{i}^\perp=C_{s-i}$, and it is said to satisfy the isometry-dual property with respect to an isometry vector ${\bf x}$ if $C_i^\perp={\bf x} C_{s-i}$ for $i=1, \dots, s$. We characterize complete (i.e. $s=n$) flags with the isometry-dual property by means of the existence of a word with non-zero coordinates in a certain linear subspace of ${\mathbb F}_q^n$. For flags of algebraic geometry (AG) codes we prove a so-called translation property of isometry-dual flags and give a construction of complete self-orthogonal flags, providing examples of self-orthogonal flags over some maximal function fields. At the end we characterize the divisors giving the isometry-dual property and the related isometry vectors showing that for each function field there is only a finite number of isometry vectors and that they are related by cyclic repetitions.
We prove that any triple of complete flags in $\mathbb R^d$ admits a common generating set of size $\lfloor 5d/3\rfloor$ and that this bound is sharp. This result extends the classical linear-algebraic fact -- a consequence of the Bruhat decomposition of $\text{GL}_d(\mathbb R)$ -- that any pair of complete flags in $\mathbb R^d$ admits a common generating set of size $d$. We also deduce an analogue for $m$-tuples of flags with $m>3$.
In this manuscript we study the subdivisions of the permutahedron $Π_n$ into two subpolytopes corresponding to flags of positroids, which are in particular flags of lattice path matroids (LPFMs). A subpolytope $P_{[u,v]}$ of $Π_n$ is a Bruhat Interval Polytope (BIP) if $P_{[u,v]}$ is the convex hull of all the permutations (viewed as points in $\RR^n$) in the interval $[u,v]$ in the Bruhat order of $§_n$. We show that the coarsest subdivisions we obtain into LPFMs are the only subdivisions of $Π_n$ via hyperplane splits, into subpolytopes corresponding to BIPs. More specifically, we describe the hyperplanes whose intersection with $Π_n$ give rise to BIPs. Hence, these subdivisions are polytopes coming from points in the complete nonnegative flag variety.
In this work, we study inequalities and enumerative formulas for flags of Pfaff systems on $\mathbb{P}^n_{\mathbb{C}}$. More specifically, we find the number of independent Pfaff systems that leave invariant a one-dimensional holomorphic foliation and deduce inequalities relating the degrees in the flags, which can be interpreted as the Poincaré problem for flags. Moreover, restricting to a flag of specific holomorphic foliations/distributions, we obtain inequalities involving the degrees. As a consequence, we prove stability results for the tangent sheaf of some rank two holomorphic foliations/distributions.
We prove the existence of quasi-projective coarse moduli spaces parametrising certain complete flags of subschemes of a fixed projective space $\mathbb{P}(V)$ up to projective automorphisms. The flags of subschemes being parametrised are obtained by intersecting non-degenerate subvarieties of $\mathbb{P}(V)$ of dimension $n$ by flags of linear subspaces of $\mathbb{P}(V)$ of length $n$, with each positive dimension component of the flags being required to be non-singular and non-degenerate, and with the dimension $0$ components being required to satisfy a Chow stability condition. These moduli spaces are constructed using non-reductive Geometric Invariant Theory for actions of groups whose unipotent radical is graded, making use of a non-reductive analogue of quotienting-in-stages developed by Hoskins and Jackson.
In this paper, the association scheme defined on the flags of a finite generalized quadrangle is considered. All possible fusions of this scheme are listed, and a full description for those of classes 2 and 3 is given. Furthermore, it is showed that an association scheme with appropriate parameters must arise from the flags of a generalized quadrangle. The same is done for one of its 4-class symmetric fusion.
The interactions and synchronization of two parallel and slender flags in a uniform axial flow are studied in the present paper by generalizing Lighthill's Elongated Body Theory (EBT) and Lighthill's Large Amplitude Elongated Body Theory (LAEBT) to account for the hydrodynamic coupling between flags. The proposed method consists in two successive steps, namely the reconstruction of the flow created by a flapping flag within the LAEBT framework and the computation of the fluid force generated by this nonuniform flow on the second flag. In the limit of slender flags in close proximity, we show that the effect of the wakes have little influence on the long time coupled-dynamics and can be neglected in the modeling. This provides a simplified framework extending LAEBT to the coupled dynamics of two flags. Using this simplified model, both linear and large amplitude results are reported to explore the selection of the flapping regime as well as the dynamical properties of two side-by-side slender flags. Hydrodynamic coupling of the two flags is observed to destabilize the flags for most parameters, and to induce a long-term synchronization of the flags, either in-phase or out-of-phase.
A basic property in a modular lattice is that any two flags generate a distributive sublattice. It is shown (Abels 1991, Herscovic 1998) that two flags in a semimodular lattice no longer generate such a good sublattice, whereas shortest galleries connecting them form a relatively good join-sublattice. In this note, we sharpen this investigation to establish an analogue of the two-flag generation theorem for a semimodular lattice. We consider the notion of a modular convex subset, which is a subset closed under the join and meet only for modular pairs, and show that the modular convex hull of two flags in a semimodular lattice of rank $n$ is isomorphic to a union-closed family on $[n]$. This family uniquely determines an antimatroid, which coincides with the join-sublattice of shortest galleries of the two flags.
Hydrodynamic coupling of flexible flags in axial flows may profoundly influence their flapping dynamics, in particular driving their synchronization. This work investigates the effect of such coupling on the harvesting efficiency of coupled piezoelectric flags, that convert their periodic deformation into an electrical current. Considering two flags connected to a single output circuit, we investigate using numerical simulations the relative importance of hydrodynamic coupling to electrodynamic coupling of the flags through the output circuit due to the inverse piezoelectric effect. It is shown that electrodynamic coupling is dominant beyond a critical distance, and induces a synchronization of the flags' motion resulting in enhanced energy harvesting performance. We further show that this electrodynamic coupling can be strengthened using resonant harvesting circuits.
In this paper we show that certain relative flags cannot have full exceptional collections. We also prove that some of these flags are categorical representable in dimension zero if and only if they admit a full exceptional collection. As a consequence, these flags are categorical representable in dimension zero if and only if they have $k$-rational points if and only if they are $k$-rational. Moreover, we calculate the categorical representability dimension for the flags under consideration.
We study the totally nonnegative part of the complete flag variety and of its tropicalization. We show that Lusztig's notion of nonnegative complete flag variety coincides with the flags in the complete flag variety which have nonnegative Pl{ü}cker coordinates. This mirrors the characterization of the totally nonnegative Grassmannian as those points in the Grassmannian whose Pl{ü}cker coordinates are all nonnegative. We then study the tropical complete flag variety and complete flag Dressian, which are two tropical versions of the complete flag variety, capturing realizable and abstract flags of tropical linear spaces, respectively. In general, the complete flag Dressian properly contains the tropical complete flag variety. However, we show that the totally nonnegative parts of these spaces coincide.
Different models of social influence have explored the dynamics of social contagion, imitation, and diffusion of different types of traits, opinions, and conducts. However, few behavioral data indicating social influence dynamics have been obtained from direct observation in `natural' social contexts. The present research provides that kind of evidence in the case of the public expression of political preferences in the city of Barcelona, where thousands of citizens supporting the secession of Catalonia from Spain have placed a Catalan flag in their balconies. We present two different studies. 1) In July 2013 we registered the number of flags in 26% of the the city. We find that there is a large dispersion in the density of flags in districts with similar density of pro-independence voters. However, we find that the density of flags tends to be fostered in those electoral district where there is a clear majority of pro-independence vote, while it is inhibited in the opposite cases. 2) During 17 days around Catalonia's 2013 National Holiday we observed the position at balcony resolution of the flags displayed in the facades of 82 blocks. We compare the clustering of flags on the fac
In this paper we first generalize to the case of partial flags a result proved both by Spaltenstein and by Steinberg that relates the relative position of two complete flags and the irreducible components of the flag variety in which they lie, using the Robinson-Schensted-Knuth correspondence. Then we use this result to generalize the mirabolic Robinson-Schensted-Knuth correspondence defined by Travkin, to the case of two partial flags and a line.
Flag manifolds are generalizations of projective spaces and other Grassmannians: they parametrize flags, which are nested sequences of subspaces in a given vector space. These are important objects in algebraic and differential geometry, but are also increasingly being used in data science, where many types of data are properly understood as subspaces rather than vectors. In this paper we discuss partially oriented flag manifolds, which parametrize flags in which some of the subspaces may be endowed with an orientation. We compute the expected distance between random points on some low-dimensional examples, which we view as a statistical baseline against which to compare the distances between particular partially oriented flags coming from geometry or data.
This is a review of results on the structure of the homogeneous ind-varieties $G/P$ of the ind-groups $G=\mathrm{GL}_{\infty}(\mathbb{C})$, $\mathrm{SL}_{\infty}(\mathbb{C})$, $\mathrm{SO}_{\infty}(\mathbb{C})$, $\mathrm{Sp}_{\infty}(\mathbb{C})$, subject to the condition that $G/P$ is a inductive limit of compact homogeneous spaces $G_n/P_n$. In this case the subgroup $P\subset G$ is a splitting parabolic subgroup of $G$, and the ind-variety $G/P$ admits a "flag realization". Instead of ordinary flags, one considers generalized flags which are, generally infinite, chains $\mathcal{C}$ of subspaces in the natural representation $V$ of $G$ which satisfy a certain condition: roughly speaking, for each nonzero vector $v$ of $V$ there must be a largest space in $\mathcal{C}$ which does not contain $v$, and a smallest space in $\mathcal{C}$ which contains $v$. We start with a review of the construction of the ind-varieties of generalized flags, and then show that these ind-varieties are homogeneous ind-spaces of the form $G/P$ for splitting parabolic ind-subgroups $P\subset G$. We also briefly review the characterization of more general, i.e. non-splitting, parabolic ind-subgroups in te
The purpose of the present paper is twofold: to introduce the notion of a generalized flag in an infinite dimensional vector space $V$ (extending the notion of a flag of subspaces in a vector space), and to give a geometric realization of homogeneous spaces of the ind--groups $SL(\infty)$, $SO(\infty)$ and $Sp(\infty)$ in terms of generalized flags. Generalized flags in $V$ are chains of subspaces which in general cannot be enumerated by integers. Given a basis $E$ of $V$, we define a notion of $E$--commensurability for generalized flags, and prove that the set $\cFl (\cF, E)$ of generalized flags E$--commensurable with a fixed generalized flag $\cF$ in $V$ has a natural structure of an ind--variety. In the case when $V$ is the standard representation of $G = SL(\infty)$, all homogeneous ind--spaces $G/P$ for parabolic subgroups $P$ containing a fixed splitting Cartan subgroup of $G$, are of the form $\cFl (\cF, E)$. We also consider isotropic generalized flags. The corresponding ind--spaces are homogeneous spaces for $SO(\infty)$ and $Sp(\infty)$. As an application of the construction, we compute the Picard group of $\cFl (\cF, E)$ (and of its isotropic analogs) and show that $\cF
We study the connection between $\mathrm{SU}(n)$ spin chains and one-dimensional sigma models on flag manifolds. Using this connection, we calculate the spectrum of the Laplace-Beltrami operator and geodesics for a particular class of metrics on $\mathbb{CP}^1$ and $\mathcal{F}_3$, which is a manifold of complete flags in $\mathbb{C}^3$.