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Fathers are often underrepresented in research, especially studies examining the impacts of maltreatment on parenting. Emotion socialization of children is one identified parenting behavior potentially influenced by childhood maltreatment and emotion dysregulation, but this link is less frequently examined in fathers. The present study examined whether paternal childhood maltreatment history was associated with paternal emotion socialization responses, and further, if the presence of childhood maltreatment moderated the relation between paternal emotion dysregulation and emotion socialization. Participants were 337 fathers of children aged 6-10, recruited through Amazon's Mechanical Turk and the social media site Reddit. Fathers completed self-report questionnaires about demographics, trauma history, emotion regulation difficulties, and emotion socialization. Linear regressions were conducted to determine if maltreatment history was related to emotion socialization, and maltreatment history was examined as a moderator between emotion regulation and emotion socialization in fathers. Childhood maltreatment history was not associated with either supportive or unsupportive emotion socialization, though greater lifetime cumulative trauma was related to less unsupportive emotion socialization. Maltreatment history moderated the association between emotion regulation and unsupportive emotion socialization, such that emotion dysregulation was more strongly associated with more unsupportive emotion socialization among fathers who experienced maltreatment. The presence of a maltreatment history may be important to consider when determining how emotion dysregulation influences parenting behaviors, particularly the more unsupportive emotion socialization behaviors. Other areas implicated in trauma sequela, such as interpersonal effectiveness, could be fruitful avenues for further elucidating how trauma impacts paternal emotion socialization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

This study examined gender-specific, process-oriented associations between parent-adolescent closeness and adolescent depressive symptoms using three-wave data from the China Family Panel Study (2018: pre-pandemic; 2020: pandemic outbreak; 2022: post-pandemic). Participants included 841 girls (Mage = 14.99 years in 2018, SD = 2.04, 87.2% Han ethnicity) and 939 boys (Mage = 14.89 years, SD = 1.99, 87.1% Han ethnicity). Bivariate latent change score models revealed that lower closeness consistently predicted subsequent greater increases in depression, regardless of the gender of parent or adolescent. However, prior higher adolescent depression predicted greater decreases in closeness only in the father-son relationship. Some of these effects were moderated by developmental age. These findings highlight the enduring protective effect of closeness and suggest a unique vulnerability in father-son relationships when boys experience depression across the pandemic period. This study examined how parent–adolescent closeness and adolescents' depressive symptoms relate to each other's changes before and after the COVID-19 pandemic (2018–2022) in China. We found that adolescents who felt less close to their parents became more depressed over time. When boys felt more depressed, they later felt less close to their fathers, but not their mothers. When girls felt more depressed, they later felt closer to their mothers, but not their fathers. These findings suggest that fathers may pull away from sons when they are struggling emotionally, whereas mothers often move closer to daughters. Overall, the study shows that parent–child relationships are crucial for adolescents' emotional well-being, especially during stressful times such as the pandemic.

Research suggests that increased paternal involvement in childrearing has a positive effect on child development. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the role of fathers in their children's language development. The current study aimed to analyze the impact of parental involvement on language development of preschool children. It used a cross-sectional, correlational design to investigate the associations between parental involvement, particularly in language-promoting activities, and young children's language development, while also considering the role of parental gender ideologies and sociodemographic factors. Data were collected from 150 parents (fathers and mothers) and 80 children (average age of 47.35 ± 6.85 months), and two-family arrangements were compared. Parents completed extensive questionnaires, and children's linguistic skills were assessed using the European-Portuguese Preschool Language Assessment. The findings show that parental involvement, namely, reading to preschool children by both fathers and mothers, contributes significantly to their linguistic development, although in different ways. Parents with higher egalitarian gender ideologies tended to participate more actively in language stimulation activities. In addition, children from families with a more egalitarian division of parental tasks performed better in language development. Paternal and maternal involvement play a differentiating role in the language development of preschool children. These results reinforce the importance of promoting balanced parenting practices and programs that encourage the active participation of both parents from the early years of life, as well as the training of education and health care professionals, in order to value the role of the father in child development, contributing to richer contexts for child development.

Families could benefit from remote parent training programs. However, the comparative effectiveness of online self-directed versus facilitator-delivered telehealth for families with varying characteristics remains unclear. This study examined whether baseline child mental health symptoms moderate parental response to two remote delivery formats of a parenting intervention for military families. A sample of 149 families with a 4- to 12-year-old child and at least one parent deployed post-9/11 participated in a 14-week After Deployment, Adaptive Parenting Tools parenting intervention. The intervention was delivered postdeployment and focused on strengthening parenting to support child adjustment. Families were randomly assigned to one of two remote formats. Both fathers and mothers were invited to participate and independently reported their child's externalizing and internalizing symptoms at baseline. Observed parenting practices were assessed at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. Separate moderation models were conducted for fathers and mothers. For mothers and fathers, baseline child externalizing behavior moderated the effect of delivery format on parenting practices at 1 year. At high symptom levels, telehealth had a greater impact on parenting practices than the online self-directed format. At low symptom levels, both formats produced similar improvements in parenting practices for fathers, while online self-directed delivery had a greater impact than telehealth format for mothers reporting low child externalizing symptoms. Parents reporting higher child symptoms benefit most from a facilitator-delivered telehealth parent training, whereas online self-directed training appears adequate for lower child symptoms. These findings suggest that tailoring delivery format based on family needs may optimize the effectiveness of parent programs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are more likely to exhibit subclinical autistic characteristics, commonly described as the Broad Autism Phenotype (BAP). This study examines whether the WAIS-R verbal-performance discrepancy and total range scores are associated with social skill deficits in parents of children with ASD, considering sex differences. This case-control study included 24 parents of children with ASD without psychopathology and 28 healthy controls. Participants underwent a structured diagnostic interview (SCID-5-CV) and completed the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Verbal, performance and total range scores were calculated based on the difference between the highest and lowest subtest scores. Parents of children with ASD exhibited significantly higher AQ social skills subscale and total scores than controls. Fathers had significantly higher verbal range scores than controls, whereas no significant differences were found in mothers. Logistic regression revealed that each 1-point increase in verbal range was associated with a 55.7% higher likelihood (p = 0.032) of belonging to the ASD-parent group among fathers. An optimal cut-off score of 7.5 was identified, with 58.3% sensitivity and 71.4% specificity for distinguishing fathers in the ASD-parent group from controls. Verbal IQ range may represent a potential cognitive marker associated with BAP traits, particularly social skill difficulties, in fathers of children with ASD. However, larger studies are needed to further clarify its clinical significance.

Although the family stress model has received extensive empirical attention, little is known about how these processes might occur at the daily level and when considering both mother-child and father-child dyads. Data included 136 mothers' and 59 fathers' daily reports of their perceptions of daily financial stress, negative marital interactions, and oppositional parent-child conflict during early middle childhood. Reports were collected through online surveys for 7 consecutive days. Multilevel structural equation modeling indicated that at the within-person level, mother-reported financial stress was positively related to mother-child oppositional conflict qualities through mother-reported negative marital interactions. Father-reported financial stress was related to their same-day negative marital interactions. At the between-person level, mother-reported negative marital interactions were positively related to mother-child oppositional conflict characteristics. These findings contribute innovative information regarding the spillover effect from parental stressful experiences to their interactions with other family members in daily context and reveal unique processes in different family dyads' daily lives. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

This study contributes to research on the patterns of change in, and parent-child relationship correlates of, sibling relationships in Latino/a children in middle childhood and early adolescence. Specifically, the study goals were to (a) chart age-related trajectories of sibling intimacy and conflict between 6 and 12 years of age using a cohort-sequential accelerated longitudinal design and (b) examine between-person and within-person associations with parent-child warmth and conflict. Data were collected from a three-cohort study of 285 Latino sibling pairs and their caregivers, who participated at three time points over an 18-month period in a randomized clinical trial. Results of multilevel longitudinal growth models revealed a quadratic effect of sibling intimacy, with moderation by child sex, and a linear effect of sibling conflict, moderated by mother nativity. Findings of multilevel models further revealed that mother-child (but not father-child) warmth was linked to sibling intimacy, suggesting that higher maternal warmth was related to greater sibling intimacy, on average, across time (between-person effect). Regarding conflict, there was a significant between-person effect of father-child conflict on sibling conflict, with higher average father-child conflict associated with higher sibling conflict over time. A within-person effect of mother-child conflict on sibling conflict revealed that on occasions when mothers reported greater conflict with their children than usual, children reported more sibling conflict. The discussion considers age-related changes in sibling relationships and the interplay of family dynamics in Latino families during middle childhood and the transition to adolescence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Physical activity is a modifiable behavior that may contribute to youth mental health, yet evidence from ethnic minority school populations in Southwest China remains limited. This school-based cross-sectional study analyzed questionnaire data from 671 Yi students aged 10-18 years. Physical activity was assessed using an 8-item PAQ-like measure. Mental health was operationalized through three adverse domains: anxiety, loneliness, and social anxiety. Age, sex, and school stage were included as covariates. Psychometric performance was examined using Cronbach's alpha, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin statistic, and Bartlett's test of sphericity. Primary associations were estimated with ordinary least squares regression using HC3 robust standard errors, followed by sex- and stage-stratified models, PAQ tertile analyses, linear trend tests, strict complete-item sensitivity analyses, and exploratory parenting extension models. The final sample included 379 girls and 292 boys with a mean age of 13.87 years. Reliability was acceptable to excellent across the four core scales (alpha = 0.709-0.938), and factorability indices supported the use of scores in this sample. Physical activity was inversely correlated with loneliness (r = -0.114, p = 0.003), but not with anxiety or social anxiety. After adjustment, higher physical activity remained associated with lower loneliness (B = -2.13, 95% CI -3.40 to -0.85, p = 0.001), whereas associations with anxiety and social anxiety were not significant. Follow-up analyses showed that the inverse PAQ-loneliness association was more evident among boys and among upper primary and junior secondary students, and the loneliness gradient across PAQ tertiles was statistically significant. In exploratory contextual models, the PAQ coefficient attenuated after father- and mother-related parenting composites were added, while father support and father harsh control showed clear associations with loneliness. In this minority school sample, the mental health pattern associated with physical activity was selective rather than global. Higher physical activity was most consistently linked to lower loneliness, while its associations with anxiety and social anxiety were not robust. These findings support a more contextualized public health interpretation of youth physical activity, in which relational connectedness and family climate may shape psychological benefits.

Derrick is a 17-year-old young man who presents to the DBP clinic with a several year concern that he is "neurodivergent." He presents with his father, who states that he has been worried as well since Derrick was about 3 years old. He was a late talker, and he had no friends in middle school. He often was teased by his classmates. Derrick's father felt that his primary care clinician did not recognize his concerns, particularly as middle school was at the start of COVID and school shutdowns. Derrick was much happier with virtual learning. When he went back in person at the start of high school, he mostly kept to himself and academically did exceptionally well. He is now in 11th grade and starting the college admissions process, and he has been feeling immobilized about the future. He has started refusing to attend school and he told his pediatric clinician at the last primary care visit in an off-hand manner, that he is "better off dead." He typically goes to sleep around 2 am. He is very groggy for wakeup at 6 am , so his family has been letting him miss school. He is "too sleepy to pay attention." This academic year he has had 30 absences and the school is threatening action, even though he is getting A's to B's on tests. He states he does not enjoy going to school, feels he has no friends, and eats lunch alone. He has not joined any extracurricular activities. Nevertheless, his strongest interests lie in academics, and he scrolls on college websites in the middle of the night, reading course options and intrigued by the possibilities. His primary care clinician referred to a pediatric specialty program. How would you approach his care to support him and his family?

Prior research by Temple et al. has shown that opposite-sex parent-child dyads demonstrate superior weight outcomes compared to same-sex dyads, but the analyses for all dyads were underpowered. This study replicates and extends those findings in a larger dataset of families provided with Family-Based Behavioural Treatment (FBT), examining whether dyad sex composition predicts change in zBMI and clinically meaningful weight outcomes at two-year follow-up. Mega-analysis of individual participant data pooled from 9 randomised FBT trials conducted between 1981 and 2013, with weight outcomes assessed at 6, 12 and 24 months. Clinically meaningful change was defined as ≥ 0.25 reduction in child zBMI and ≥ 5% parent weight loss. Children, but not parents, in opposite-sex dyads showed larger reductions in zBMI and greater odds of achieving clinically meaningful change across 2 years. When examining the four dyad combinations separately, daughters in mother-daughter dyads had the lowest odds of achieving clinically meaningful reductions, whereas daughters in father-daughter dyads had the highest. Parent-child sex composition meaningfully influences children's long-term response to FBT. Opposite-sex dyads, particularly father-daughter pairs, show more sustained benefits. These findings suggest that dyad composition should be considered when administering FBT and may help inform strategies to enhance treatment effectiveness for families.

Oral health-related quality of life (OHQoL) refers to an individual's perception of their oral condition and its impact on various aspects of life. Due to lack of comprehensive data that address the anxiety and stress among pre-university students with high tensions of admission exam, this study aimed to assess the mental health, anxiety and stress impact on OHQoL in high school students in Iran before university entrance exam. This is a cross-sectional study conducted on 622 high school students in Qom. Students were recruited through multi-stage sampling. The data required for the study were collected with three questionnaires, including a demographic questionnaire, 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) questionnaire, and general health questionnaire (GHQ-28). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 software, by Pearson correlation tests, as well as stepwise multivariate linear regression. The mean age of the students participating in the study was 19.69 ± 0.871 years, of which 55.3% were female and 9.8% were non-Iranian. The mean overall general health and OHQoL scores in the studied students were 29.71 ± 10.96 and 16.43 ± 9.37 respectively. There is a direct and significant correlation between the general health score and its dimensions and the OHQoL score and its dimensions in students. The results of linear regression showed that a higher general health score, male gender, poor general health score, male gender, non-Iranian nationality, and higher father's education level are predictors of OHQoL. According to the results of the present study, as the general health score is impaired, the quality-of-life score and its various dimensions are impaired, and in students with impaired general health, the OHQoL will lose. In addition, the OHQoL is not suitable in male students, non-Iranians who have poor general health score and fathers with low literacy. Therefore, comprehensive and community-based interventions in students.

In the context of pervasive digital media, this study examined the associations between parenting stress and preschool children's problematic media use, with parental phubbing as a mediator. A two-wave design was employed with 506 preschool children aged 3-6 years (Mage = 55.03 months, SD = 4.31; 45.50% boys) and their parents (father Mage = 36.93 years, SD = 4.80; mother Mage = 35.22 years, SD = 3.84) recruited from seven kindergartens in Shanghai. At Wave 1, both mothers and fathers reported their own parenting stress and phubbing, and at Wave 2, mothers reported children's problematic media use. Structural equation modeling within the common fate framework showed that, at the individual level, maternal and paternal parenting stress were significantly positively associated with their own phubbing but were not significantly associated with children's problematic media use. At the family level, parenting stress was significantly positively associated with both parental phubbing and children's problematic media use. Moreover, parental phubbing played a role in the association between parenting stress and children's problematic media use. These findings suggest that the associations between parenting stress and parental phubbing are primarily systemic, rather than stemming from individual parents, and that family-wide parenting stress and parental phubbing during parent-child interactions may represent important factors in relation to preschoolers' problematic media use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Previous research on the impacts of acculturation gaps among immigrant family members has produced inconsistent findings, likely due to the limitations of variable-centered approaches, focus on parent-child dyads, and a deficit-based perspective. This study addressed these limitations by using a person-centered approach to identify triadic family (mother-father-adolescent) acculturation profiles and examining how these profiles are related to family functioning (i.e., family conflicts, parent-child relational congruence) and individual well-being (i.e., depressive symptoms, self-esteem). With a sample of 161 Chinese Canadian immigrant families (i.e., 483 participants), we used latent profile analyses to generate mother-father-adolescent acculturation profiles based on each family member's reports of heritage and host identities. Five distinct profiles emerged. The most prevalent was the undifferentiated family profile (62.73%), characterized by average endorsements of both heritage and host identities, which has been overlooked in past variable-centered studies. In addition to the commonly theorized and expected acculturation gaps, we identified prevalent reversed acculturation gaps (where parents are more acculturated to the host culture and/or the child more acculturated to the heritage culture; 25.47%) and spousal gaps (37.27%), revealing complexity in acculturation processes that has not been fully captured in previous research. Importantly, our findings suggest that not all acculturation gaps are harmful; in some cases, they may even support resilience. This research underscores the value of a person-centered perspective in understanding family acculturation and calls for more nuanced, context-sensitive approaches in supporting immigrant families. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Schools support families not only through education but also by facilitating daily routines, childcare, and social supports. Disruptions to schooling may therefore have broader effects on family well-being, including parental mental health. We study how school closures affected parental initiation of antidepressant use, as a proxy for mental healthcare needs, using national commercial claims data and a difference-in-differences design that exploits geographic variation in physical school access during the COVID-19 pandemic. Even though antidepressant use declined during the pandemic overall, we find that in zip codes with a high level of school closures, the decline in antidepressant use was approximately 3.8% smaller for both mothers and fathers relative to zip codes that remained largely open during the early months of the pandemic. These effects persisted through 2021, even after in-person instruction resumed. Mothers across most racial groups are affected by specific school-level closures (elementary, middle, and high), while for fathers, there are only small detectable increases with respect to elementary schools. These findings highlight the role of schools in buffering household stress and supporting mental health, and contribute to a broader economics literature that leverages the pandemic as a natural experiment to better understand how institutional disruptions impact health outcomes.