Carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission cathodes have attracted considerable attention as electron sources owing to their low turn-on fields and high current extraction capability. Nevertheless, practical application is hampered by intrinsic limitations, including current instability and rapid performance degradation, which stem from the structural state of the CNT film during emission and the strong dependence on the tunneling barrier. Herein, we report a post-annealing deposited CNT (a-d CNT) cold cathode emitter, fabricated via a two-step electrophoretic method, featuring a multilevel NiOx structure with coupled CNT defects and a Ni-C-Cu sandwich-like elemental distribution within the film. This emitter exhibits an ultralow current fluctuation rate of only 2.89% at 1.6 mA. The multilevel architecture effectively compresses the tunneling barrier (φ = 4.74 eV) and superposes with the CNT field enhancement factor (overall β = 5444), enabling a low turn-on field (1.25 V/µm). In addition, the high-efficiency emission sites formed by defect bonding and the cross-linked interface with the substrate establish highly efficient electrical and thermal transport channels. Consequently, the emitter demonstrates an 800% enhancement in current decay resistance relative to the pristine non-annealed and non-deposited CNT emitter (na-nd CNT). This work provides a novel strategy for fabricating high-performance CNT electron sources.
The design of a cost-effective, sustainable bifunctional electrocatalyst from earth-abundant materials for the advancement of water splitting is urgently needed. Herein, we report an interphase-engineered Fe-doped α-Mo15Se19/CoSeO3 nanosheet array on carbon fabric (CF) through an in situ oxidation-selenization strategy, employed as a self-supported bifunctional electrode for overall water splitting. Quantitative X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis reveals that Fe incorporation induces distinct electronic modulation and interfacial charge redistribution. This bidirectional electronic interaction optimizes the adsorption energetics of reaction intermediates and significantly promotes charge-transfer kinetics. Consequently, the optimized heterostructure exhibits exceptional bifunctional activity, requiring overpotentials of only 207 mV at 20 mA cm-2 for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and 98 mV at 10 mA cm-2 for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). When integrated into an alkaline water electrolyzer, the system delivers a benchmark cell voltage of 1.52 V at 10 mA cm-2 and maintains stable operation for 100 h at 50 mA cm-2 with a minor voltage increase of only 9.6%. The results show that interfacial engineering and electronic modulation are effective tools for regulating catalytic activity and stability. This work offers a viable foundation for developing high-performance, noble-metal-free bifunctional electrocatalysts for alkaline water splitting.
The rapid pace of industrialization and population growth has led to a dramatic increase in the discharge of industrial, dye-laden, and heavy metal-contaminated wastewater, intensifying a global crisis of water pollution and freshwater scarcity. Solar-driven interfacial evaporation has emerged as a promising and sustainable technology for clean water production. However, its practical application is hindered by factors such as salt accumulation and heavy metal buildup. To overcome these limitations, this study presents an environmentally friendly evaporator constructed from lightweight balsa wood. Through a delignification process, we converted the natural wood into delignified wood (DW) featuring a highly hydratable cellulose network with unobstructed vertical channels. Subsequently, a cost-effective and biodegradable photothermal layer was formed on this DW framework via the copolymerization of cuttlefish ink powder (CM) with polydopamine hydrochloride (PDA), yielding the final CPW evaporator. Under 1 sun, the CPW evaporator achieves a high evaporation rate of 2.40 kg m-2 h-1 with an efficiency of 95.8% in a 10 wt % NaCl solution, demonstrating exceptional desalination capability. Moreover, it exhibits outstanding performance in wastewater remediation, efficiently purifying dye-contaminated water, as well as acidic and alkaline solutions, with the collected condensate showing a neutral pH. By integrating green photothermal materials with a rationally designed wood-based structure, this work offers a highly efficient strategy for addressing complex industrial organic wastewater pollution, highlighting its significant potential for practical water treatment applications.
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Cellulose acetate (CA) membranes were prepared by phase inversion using three fixed solvent compositions (30/53, 31/52 and 35/48 wt% of formamide/acetone) while varying the air exposure time prior to immersion (0, 10, and 30 s). The influence of the percentage of formamide and evaporation time on the membrane structure and performance was investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterization, pure water permeation, and molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) measurements. Results demonstrated that evaporation time was a key factor in controlling the membrane morphology. Short evaporation times favored fast demixing and the formation of macrovoids, while longer evaporation times (30 s) suppressed these defects and produced smoother selective layers. The CA(35)-30 membrane exhibited the most favorable properties, including a water permeability of 36.0 L/h/m2/bar, an MWCO of 35.0 kDa, low surface roughness (RMS = 1.81 nm), and an asymmetric structure free of macrovoids and surface stripes.
The nanocomposite catalyst containing silver-doped cerium dioxide (Ag-CeO2) nanoparticles decorated by Pd nanoparticles and supported within a polyaniline (PANI) matrix, Pd@Ag-CeO2/PANI, was synthesized and extensively characterized by Fourier-transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high-resolution tunneling electron microscopy (HR-TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), elemental mapping, and optical analyses. The nanocomposite exhibited remarkable catalytic efficiency and selectivity toward the synthesis of two classes of biologically important heterocyclic compounds, namely, 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones and tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans, under mild, green reaction conditions. Furthermore, the nanocomposite displayed significant antibacterial activity, highlighting its potential multifunctional applications. The catalyst retained excellent recyclability and activity over multiple cycles, aligning with principles of sustainable green chemistry. The detailed density functional theory (DFT) study of the nanocomposite model, namely, charge and spin distributions, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), and global reactivity parameters (GRPs), showed potential activity of the nanocomposite as a catalyst. The DFT study of non-covalent interactions within the nanocomposite model showed the presence of various interactions between the components of the nanocomposite responsible for its stabilization. This integrated experimental and computational study demonstrates Pd@Ag-CeO2/PANI to be an efficient, versatile, and sustainable nanocatalyst platform for organic synthesis and antimicrobial applications.
Oxygen is indispensable for sustaining tissue and cell physiological functions, yet a hypoxic microenvironment often arises in tissue injury and regeneration, impairing graft scaffold performance and hindering repair processes. Thus, oxygen-releasing scaffolds have become a pivotal research frontier in tissue engineering. Via elaborate spatial constructions (e.g. electrospun fibers, hydrogels, microspheres) and diverse modification strategies, these scaffolds enable sustained, spatiotemporally controllable oxygen release at injury sites, alleviating local hypoxia and boosting tissue regeneration. They show great application potential in repairing skin, bone, nerve and cardiovascular tissues, as well as in tumor therapy, though comprehensive systematic summaries of their tissue engineering applications remain scarce. This review aims to delineate domain advances systematically: it first gives a holistic overview of core aspects, including oxygen carrier categories and delivery mechanisms, scaffold material modification and functionalization, intelligent responsiveness optimization and reactive oxygen species scavenging paradigms, then comprehensively recapitulates their application status and therapeutic efficacy across diverse scenarios (skin wound repair, bone defect regeneration, nerve injury remediation, tumor therapy, cardiovascular tissue reconstruction); finally, dissects practical application challenges and proposes future development trends, expecting to provide valuable references for in-depth research and clinical translation of oxygen-releasing materials in tissue repair and reconstruction.
This study develops Wire Arc Additively Manufactured (WAAM) Nickel-Stainless Steel bimetallic samples with silicon enhancement and investigates their face-milling machinability using a hybrid multi-criteria optimization framework. Seventeen machining trials were designed and conducted using a Response Surface Methodology (RSM)-based Central Composite Design (CCD) to evaluate the effects of cutting speed (8000-9500 rpm), feed rate (0.1-0.25 mm/tooth), depth of cut (0.5-1.5 mm), and tool flute count (two and four flutes) on surface roughness (Ra), material removal rate (MRR), power consumption (Pc), and cutting force (CF). A three-stage hybrid methodology was implemented, in which RSM modelled machinability behaviour and identified significant process parameters, Spherical Fuzzy AHP (SF-AHP) assigned criteria weights under uncertainty, and Fuzzy MARCOS ranked the machining alternatives. Run 1 (9500 rpm, 0.1 mm/tooth, 1.5 mm, four flutes) was identified as the optimal setting, exhibiting lower surface roughness (~ 0.6 μm) and higher MRR (~ 35.6 mm³/min), whereas Run 6 (8750 rpm, 0.175 mm/tooth, 1 mm, two flutes) showed comparatively poorer performance with higher Ra (~ 0.8 μm), reduced MRR (~ 34 mm³/min), and less favorable power consumption and cutting force, indicating weaker overall machinability. Cutting speed and depth of cut strongly influenced Ra and MRR, while feed rate and flute configuration primarily affected Pc and CF. Validation through confirmation experiments, criteria-weight verification, and ranking consistency demonstrated strong agreement between predicted and measured performance. Although limited to a specific silicon-enhanced Ni-SS bimetallic system and finite experimental range, the proposed framework provides a practical and robust strategy for multi-response machinability optimization of WAAM components, offering industrial benefits such as improved surface finish, reduced power consumption, enhanced productivity, and better machining stability.
Biodegradable Zn alloys have attracted considerable attention as candidates for load-bearing bone-fixation implants, yet simultaneously optimizing mechanical strength, corrosion-wear resistance, and multifunctional biofunctionalities remains challenging. Herein, a Zn-3Cu-0.8Sr (ZCS) alloy was successfully fabricated by a synergistic processing route that integrated hot rolling (HR) with deep-cryogenic rolling (DCR). The HR+DCR processing effectively refined coarse and brittle SrZn13 and primary ε-CuZn5 phases into uniformly dispersed, well-bonded fine reinforcements, while simultaneously promoting grain coarsening and precipitate growth by suppressing dynamic recovery and restricting atomic diffusion at cryogenic temperatures. This microstructural engineering strategy produced an optimal combination of mechanical properties, including an ultimate tensile strength (σuts) of ∼301.7 MPa, a yield strength of ∼245.0 MPa, an elongation at break (ε) of ∼33.5%, the lowest σuts loss of 12.5% and ε loss of 6.6% after 30 d of immersion in Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution, and the highest biotribological resistance among all thermomechanically processed specimens. The HR+DCR processed specimen exhibited the lowest electrochemical corrosion rate of ∼162 µm/y and degradation rate of ∼20.1 µm/y in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium with fetal bovine serum among all thermomechanically processed specimens. Notably, the alloy displayed enhanced osteoblast viability, osteogenic differentiation and mineralization, and near-complete antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus in both in vitro and in vivo settings. Moreover, the alloy effectively modulated the immune response, driving macrophage polarization toward a pro-healing M2 phenotype. Overall, the alloy combines high mechanical, biotribological, degradation, osteogenic, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory biofunctions, underscoring its potential for next-generation biodegradable orthopedic-fixation devices. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work reports a multifunctional Zn-3Cu-0.8Sr alloy fabricated using a synergistic hot rolling and deep-cryogenic rolling process for next-generation orthopedic applications. The alloy exhibits exceptional mechanical properties: σUTS of ∼301.7 MPa, σYS of ∼245.0 MPa, and ε of ∼33.5%, with minimal strength/ductility loss after 30-day immersion in Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS). It demonstrates a favorable electrochemical corrosion rate (∼162 µm/y), degradation rate (∼20.1 µm/y), and superior biotribological resistance in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum (DMEM+FBS). Biologically, it enhances osteoblast viability and mineralization while providing near-complete S. aureus antibacterial efficacy in vitro and in vivo. This synergistic combination of strength, corrosion-wear resistance, and bioactivity highlights the alloy's significant potential for advanced biodegradable orthopedic applications.
A novel dual-emission metal-organic framework composite, FS@Eu-TDA, was fabricated for the ratiometric fluorescence detection of phosphate (PO43-). This composite was prepared via an in-situ encapsulation strategy, in which fluorescein sodium molecules were incorporated as guest chromophores into Eu-MOF. The FS@Eu-TDA composite achieves a low limit of detection of 0.12 μM for PO43-. Benefiting from its dual-emission response, the composite enables visual PO43- detection. Specifically, its fluorescence color distinctly changes from red to green under UV light as the PO43- concentration increases. The practical applicability of FS@Eu-TDA was successfully validated in real samples, including tap water and fetal bovine serum. To address the limitations of powder suspension systems and achieve convenient detection, a flexible FS@Eu-TDA@PVP/PES composite hydrogel film was further fabricated, which exhibits a visual detection limit of 0.21 μM for PO43-. This work demonstrates that FS@Eu-TDA serves as a highly sensitive, accurate, and practical sensing platform for PO43- detection in environmental and biological samples.
We report a simplified strategy for fabricating a device that enables the formation of liposomes in microchannels. The device was prepared by directly patterning hydrophilic and hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane on the substrate of a mold. After optimization of the fabrication process, we evaluated liposome formation with the resulting device. We observed the solution collected from the outlet by fluorescence microscopy and confirmed liposome formation by identifying particles that encapsulated a fluorescent dye and were surrounded by lipid bilayers. The collected liposomes exhibited good size uniformity and with a coefficient of variation of 13%.
Organic phototransistors (OPTs) have attracted considerable attention for constructing advanced artificial vision systems due to their mechanical flexibility, solution processability, and tunable optoelectronic functions. Nonetheless, fabricating large-scale OPT arrays that combine highly sensitive near-infrared (NIR) photodetection and retina-like dynamic photomemory functions remains a significant challenge. Herein, we demonstrate reconfigurable NIR OPTs based on a simple semiconductor heterojunction design, achieving a responsivity of up to 3.82 × 103 A W-1 and a detectivity of up to 7.90 × 1014 Jones. By changing the gate bias, the OPTs can be reversibly switched between a photodetection mode and a dynamic photomemory mode, offering adaptability for diverse application scenarios. Furthermore, we fabricate a high-density OPT array (6500 units cm-2) with excellent uniformity via modified organic semiconductor-compatible photolithography to address the solvent compatibility issue of organic semiconductors, demonstrating a scalable pathway toward future organic electronic applications. As a proof of concept, the array is applied in two distinct configurations: the photodetection mode enables precise NIR pattern imaging, while its photomemory mode is employed to construct an in-sensor reservoir computing system for efficient image recognition. This work provides a promising device platform for the development of high-performance, dual-mode NIR artificial vision systems with integrated sensing and processing capabilities.
One of the most important factors affecting quality of life is recreation, due to its positive role in social and physical health. Adaptive recreation can be difficult to access, largely because market availability for adaptive equipment, outside of assistive devices for daily living tasks, is extremely limited. The purpose of this project is to develop an open-source repository of affordable Sport and Recreation Activity Assistive Technology in response to idea submissions from the disability community. Prototypes are developed using predominantly 3D printing coupled with commonly available assembly materials, a fabrication approach that allows for rapid and reasonably affordable development of custom solutions. Each prototype follows a defined project methodology: need identification, design (prototyping and evaluation), fabrication testing, and dissemination. To date, several devices have been designed and made available with full documentation, including swim paddles, an attachment for a miniature golf club, billiards stick handles, a game piece mover, a cornhole bag adaptation, an arm prosthetic vehicle shifter adaptor, and a curling stone push stick attachment. All device designs, part files, bills of materials, and assembly instructions are accessible through a publicly available repository so that end users or their support networks can download and fabricate the devices themselves.
The integration of digital technologies into complete denture fabrication has raised important questions regarding their accuracy, clinical performance and reliability compared with conventional techniques. Digital denture workflows using CAD/CAM systems, intraoral scanning and design software have simplified fabrication procedures and improved predictability. Evidence indicates that digital and conventional impression techniques demonstrate comparable accuracy with digital methods performing better for short spans and conventional materials remaining more reliable for full-arch impressions. Both subtractive milling and additive 3D printing offer distinct advantages, with milled PMMA dentures showing superior strength and dimensional stability, while printed dentures provide greater design flexibility despite weaker bonding properties. Clinically, computer-engineered dentures reduce chairside time and post-insertion adjustments while achieving patient satisfaction and quality-of-life outcomes comparable to or better than conventional dentures, though further long-term comparative studies are required to establish standardized protocols.
Bisphenol-A-ethoxylate dimethacrylate (BEMA) is an emerging non-cytotoxic, photo-responsive hydrogel that can be used to fabricate microchannel flow systems for use in ultrasound mediated drug delivery research. This study aims to assess the acoustic properties at ultrasound frequencies up to 50 MHz, in addition to the elastic properties of BEMA prior to its use in the fabrication of preclinical flow phantoms. As a comparison, acoustic and mechanical properties of both ex-vivo rat aorta and a series of conventional vessel-mimicking materials were also studied, including polyvinyl alcohol cryogel (1 to 7 freeze-thaw cycles), agar (prepared under IEC standard), and C-Flex®. In this study, BEMA hydrogel exhibited a mean speed-of-sound of 1608.6 ± 8.74 m/s, mean attenuation of 0.64 ± 0.12 dB·cm⁻1·MHz⁻1 and a median indentation elastic modulus of 425 kPa. In contrast, ex-vivo rat aorta was measured to have mean speed-of-sound of 1533.5 ± 46.9 to 1534.6 ± 38.5 m·s⁻1, attenuation at 0.61 ± 0.17 to 0.73 ± 0.20 dB·cm⁻1·MHz⁻1, for thoracic and abdominal aorta, respectively, and overall median indentation elastic modulus of 7.07 kPa (interquartile range: 4.92-10.14 kPa). Given the above results, BEMA hydrogel samples demonstrated high repeatability, however, to realistically mimic vessels, further optimization of the photopolymerization process is required to align the elastic modulus with that measured from vessels.
Accurate implant osteotomy positioning in the anterior maxilla remains a clinical challenge because the precision of different surgical guide fabrication methods has not been fully established. Therefore, it is of interest to compare the accuracy of osteotomy preparation using conventional vacuum-formed, desktop 3D-printed and industrially milled surgical guides in standardized anterior maxillary resin models. Thirty identical maxillary resin models with simulated central incisor edentulous sites were allocated into three groups (n=10 each) and osteotomy deviations from a single virtual implant plan were assessed using post-operative CBCT superimposition software for coronal, apical, angular and depth discrepancies. Industrially milled guides showed the lowest mean deviation at both the coronal (0.38 ± 0.14 mm) and apical (0.52 ± 0.18 mm) levels, followed by 3D-printed guides (0.54 ± 0.19 mm and 0.78 ± 0.22 mm), whereas conventional guides showed the greatest deviation. Digitally fabricated guides, particularly industrially milled guides, provided significantly greater osteotomy accuracy than conventional vacuum-formed guides in anterior maxillary implant placement.
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are chronic, non-healing wounds that affect up to 34% of diabetic patients. DFUs are complicated by infection in nearly 60% of cases and frequently progress to amputation. DFU pathology is characterized by a persistent inflammatory state, impaired angiogenesis, and infection. This creates a complex microenvironment refractory to standard care, with fewer than 20% of DFUs healing within 8 weeks. In this review article, normal and pathophysiological processes of wound healing, current clinical management strategies, and adjunct therapeutics in the clinical pipeline are discussed, followed by recent advances in multifunctional bioengineered platforms. These platforms are categorized into three main systems: hydrogels, electrospun dressings, and 3D-bioprinted constructs, in addition to hybrid fabrication approaches and the integration of low-temperature plasma therapy as emerging multi-targeted strategies. For hydrogels, stimuli-responsive designs that respond to mechanical force, pH, glucose, and excess reactive oxygen species to actively modulate drug release and scaffold behavior are discussed. For electrospun scaffolds, strategies for controlled, multi-therapeutic delivery, including fiber blending, surface conjugation, and core-shell architectures are reviewed. Next, 3D bioprinting as a platform for patient-specific, cell-laden constructs is presented and covers major fabrication techniques and the emerging potential of handheld in situ bioprinters for accelerating clinical translation. Multi-targeted hybrid approaches that combine these platforms, along with the synergistic integration of low-temperature plasma therapy for broad-spectrum antimicrobial action, biofilm disruption, and immune modulation are emphasized. Unlike prior material-centric reviews, this review adopts a function-driven framework that organizes scaffold systems based on their ability to address key DFU pathologies, including infection, inflammation, impaired angiogenesis, and delayed healing, providing a more clinically relevant perspective. Finally, emerging directions such as artificial intelligence (AI)-guided design, in situ bioprinting, and recent clinical trends are discussed to bridge scaffold design with translational application. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) present a critical global health challenge characterized by a highly inflammatory microenvironment that remains refractory to standard care. This review elucidates the paradigm shift from passive wound dressings to "intelligent," multifunctional bioengineered scaffolds designed to actively modulate DFUs. We critically examine recent advances in stimuli-responsive hydrogels (pH-, glucose-, and reactive oxygen species-sensitive), mechanically active contractile patches, complex electrospun architectures, and 3D bioprinting. Furthermore, by integrating emerging technologies such as handheld in situ 3D bioprinting, low-temperature plasma therapy, and artificial intelligence-driven design, this work provides a roadmap for the next generation of precision biomaterials capable of overcoming specific biological barriers to regeneration in chronic wounds.
For the goal of mitigating energy scarcity via hydrogen production from water electrolysis, the high performance, low cost transition-metal-based catalysts are essential to be designed and manufactured. In this study, we prepare chromium-doped nickel cobalt phosphide/nickel sulfide (Cr-NiCoP/Ni3S2) heterostructured hollow nanowires on conductive nickel foam through a two-step hydrothermal method coupled with low temperature phosphorization procedure. Benefiting from the remarkable electron transport capability inherent in transition metal compounds, the large specific surface area afforded by distinctive hollow nanowire architecture, and the interfacial synergistic effect of heterostructure, the as-obtained catalyst delivers low overpotentials of 67 mV for HER and 243 mV for OER at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 in alkaline electrolyte. Additionally, in an electrolytic system where the Cr-NiCoP/Ni3S2 acts as bifunctional anode and cathode materials, the 10 mA cm-2 current density can be achieved at a cell voltage of 1.47 V with good stability. This catalyst demonstrates better performance than the majority of reported transition metal based bifunction substances. The work described in this paper not only develops a new class of catalytic materials integrating application potential and expense advantage but also provides important strategic support for the fabrication and optimization of nonprecious metal electrocatalysts.
The sensitive and selective determination of targeted anticancer drugs is crucial for pharmaceutical quality control and therapeutic monitoring. Erlotinib (ERL), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of metastatic or locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), requires reliable analytical methods due to its clinical importance and potential impurities. In this study, an ultrasensitive nanomaterial-supported molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based electrochemical sensor was rationally designed for the selective detection of ERL. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were incorporated to enhance the effective surface area and increase the density of active recognition sites. The polymeric film was synthesized using 3-aminophenyl boronic acid (3-APBA) as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linker, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as the base monomer, and 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone as the initiator. The fabricated 3-APBA/ERL/ZnONPs@MIP-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The sensor exhibited a linear response in the range of 1.0 × 10-13-1.0 × 10-12 M (100-1000 fM) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.89 × 10-14 M (18.9 fM) and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 6.30 × 10-14 M (63.0 fM) (r = 0.997). Selectivity and specificity studies demonstrated that ERL could be accurately quantified even in the presence of structurally related drugs and ERL-related impurities at 1000-fold excess, yielding recovery values between 98.40% and 103.76%. The sensor was successfully applied to ERL determination in tablet dosage forms, demonstrating its suitability for pharmaceutical quality control. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) and Monte Carlo simulations elucidated the molecular recognition mechanism, revealing a precise "lock-and-key" fit of ERL within the imprinted cavities and supporting a target-induced "site-blocking" sensing mechanism.
The incidence of gastric cancer ranks fifth worldwide, and peritoneal metastasis is a crucial factor leading to high mortality. Combination therapy strategies have demonstrated great value in treating metastatic gastric cancer. Herein, inspired by the adhesive ability of mussels, biomimetic adhesive hydrogel microspheres (MSs) encapsulated with NO donors (S-nitrosoglutathione, GSNO), polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticles, and a chemotherapeutic agent (Oxaliplatin, OXA) were fabricated for gastric cancer combination therapy. Owing to the adhesion properties of PDA, the MSs can firmly adhere to the peritoneum. Benefiting from the outstanding photothermal properties of PDA and the thermosensitive characteristics of GSNO, the MSs enable photothermal therapy and NO-triggered gas therapy upon near-infrared irradiation. Together with OXA-mediated chemotherapy, the adhesive MSs can effectively eradicate cancer cells in vitro and potently inhibit tumor growth in vivo, while exhibiting minimal systemic side effects. Therefore, these biomimetic adhesive MSs hold great promise as a multimodal therapeutic system for peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : Gastric cancer often spreads to the abdominal lining, causing high mortality. Inspired by how mussels stick to surfaces, we developed adhesive hydrogel microspheres that combine three therapies in one platform: heat-generating particles (polydopamine, PDA), nitric oxide gas donors (S-nitrosoglutathione, GSNO), and chemotherapy drug (Oxaliplatin, OXA). These sticky microspheres firmly attach to the peritoneum and unleash heat, gas, and drugs simultaneously when activated by near-infrared light. This triple-action strategy effectively destroys cancer cells and significantly suppresses tumor growth in mice with minimal side effects. By integrating mussel-like adhesion with multimodal therapy, this work offers an innovative approach for treating metastatic gastric cancer.